UDC 621.833.1 : 001.4 : 003.62 Concepts and parameters associated with cylindrical gears and cylindrical gear pairs with involute teeth iectaeonaaelh rine pen F 2 DEUTSCHE NORM July 1980 ogritte und Bestimmungegrdssen 10+ Stimvlider (Zylindarréder) und Straradoaare (Zylinderredpaara) mit Evolventen- verzahnung AAs it Fs current practice In standards published by the International Organization for Standareization (1SO), the comma tas been used throughout as a dacimel marker. ‘Compered with the October 1978 ecltion the numbering system in this standard haa been changes, The new equation numbers ere numzered continuously within the main clauses and the first lait represents tho number of the raspactive main clause in wh Fase : Contents 2] 0 Other relevant stendarde a 25 Gonceots ond parameter eaccited wth sor Hl eee teeth arising from the postion of the standard basic #] 1 Sores ene 2 rack tooth profil relative to the reference cylinder 4 Symbols and torms 3 a) 1 arcane 2,1" Lead angie y, halk angle i lonol eubscriots 3 282. Fark direction, right-handed, left-handed E] 13 Units... ee ccceeees 5 255 Sign of the helix angle. 4] 2 concepts and parameters associated with 264 Addendum modifeation; sdcencum madication £| cylindrical gear teeth 6 ‘o0"islent sand sign of addendum modification 2) 2.1 numberof teeth 2 and sign af numberof teeth, 285 V-dear, zara gear 3] cee. seleranee arteced aia ava tues 258. Diemelers of geat tecih, angles at V-cyinae &| 221 Standard basic rack tooth profile, basic rack... 257 Geer teeth height : 8] 222 Dotum es dimaroons on he Senaord bese 288_Tootn tlkreses,spacewiains : rack tooth profi. 6 26 Goometrical limits for inyolute gear teeth... §] 222. Sections through eytndrical gear tooth 7 26.1 Undercut on oylindical gears with external teeth 8] 224 Georiaotn rofl, lenkprofle 7 262. Pointing tnt and minimum tooth thickness at §] 225 Tooth taose i 7 thetp circle of en oxternal gear... vv vs BY 226 aoduies my, nici in ty. ss 157 268 Pointing limit ana minimum speeswi at the B) 227 Reference ovinder teferance citcle;raference 0% circle of an internal gear 3 diameter d 7 204 Range of feasible nvolule gear teeth 2] 220 Base cylinder, base orcla; base diamotor a. 7 2.7 Test dlmensions for tooth thickness, 2] 23 tnvolute surface (involste helicaie)- 4 27.1 Normal chordal tooth thicknesses. 3} 224 ‘Genorator ofan involuto surtace 7 272 Bass tangent lengin Ws 2] 232 Baconoix angle fy, base lead angle 273 avi test dimensions tor tooth thickness S| 233 contect Ine £274 Diameueal test dimensions for tooth thicknass E] 254 Transverse pressure angle ata point aye tran. 275 Centre stance for double-flankengagementa = vorse pressure angio a, wgnticw ran 1 with master gear 235 Normal prassure angie at ¢ point @y,haxmal 278 Tip lameter day on overcut eylindrial gears pressure angle @ 8 3 Concepts and parameters associated with 236 Rolling engie ff the inyolute & — acylindrical gear pair 25.7 Radius of curvature 9 oF the involute, working 3.1 Gylindrcal gear pal, defiitions length Ly © B14 Externe gear pat. recess echoes 238 Involite function inv & 312. Intomal gsar pai. 259 Lead p, 8 313 V-geer pair 2.4 Angular pitch and pitches 8 314 V-O geet pale 244” Anau a © 818 Zero cear pair. 2A Pitches on the reterence eyiindar ° tino auanathes 243 Pitches on the Y-oylinder ¢ 3 eeu ge] 244 Pitches on the V-oainder 9 322 Transmission ratio 23] 246 Pitches on the base cylinder. - 1 828 Line of centres, centre distance a. 23] 248 Normalbase tenon... LILTL 10 324 Preh eyiiaers, ten cree: pitch dlameter dy B2| 247 avalotonz, 50828 Working transverse prassure angle Gqa OF a 33 3 aa Continued on pages 2to 48 be Explanations on page 48 10 10 tt itPage 2 DIN 3960 826 Working depth ly 827 Bottom claarance bottom clearance factor e* 2.3 Galeulation quantities and factors for mating goars 881 Reference centre distance ay 32 Centre distance mocitication 9+ my centre die- tanoe moditicetion coetficiont y-.... « 333. Cenire distance moditication cosfticiant y and sum of addendum modification coefficients Ix 994 Calculation of the sum of addendum modtication Cosfficients Bx ee 885 Calculation of centra distance a. 336 Adencum alteration f+ ray, addandum alt ation facter 9.4 Tooth engagement 2 84,1 Point of contact... 84.2 Plene of action, jino of setion 843 Zone of action, langth of pat of contact 844 Usable diameter dy active and ussble ranges of the tooth flanks 29 945 Trenaverse angle of transmission Ye, transverse contact rallo ee...» - 31 3.48 Overlap angle yy, Overlap rato ep 31 847 Overlap lenath gy 82 8.48 Total angle of transmission @y, total contact FatlO bys vv ee 92 3.5. Sliging conditions at the tooth flanks. 82 35.1 Sliding speed 2%. 82 9.52 Sliding factor Ky 2 352 Spactic siding 32 4 Deviations and tolerances tor cyinctical gear tooth + 93 441 Deviations A of tooth thicknass and its test dimensions. . 33 4.11 Deviations of 100th thiskneas Ay 33 4.12. Deviations Az.of the normal ehardal tooth thick nesses a 4.18 Base tangent lenath deviations Aw oi 4.1.4 Deviations 4, of dlmonsion over bali er pine. 34 41.5 Doviatlons Ay, of eadial single-ballorsingle-pin dimension 36 44.6 Doviations Ay: of contre distance for double: flank engagement y FS an ‘axial pitch bite on the Y-eylindar lead reference circle radius ‘ip radius ase radius root radius radlus of the V-citale radius of the working pitch cirole radius of the Ycirale toath thickness-on the reference cylinder tooth thickness on the tip cylinder aso thickness (on the base cylinder tooth thickness on the V-eylindar tooth thickness on the pitch cylinder sooth thicknass on the Y-cylinder normal chordal tooth thlekness constant chors) ‘gear ratio siliing speed slicing speed at the acdlendur slicing speed at the dedandum circumterentia! speed, tangential speed addendum modification coetticient ‘addendum macification oetficient at undercut limit ‘eenersting addendum modification coefficient ‘mean generating addendum modification coatficient aadendum mocification eoe'ficient for couble-flark engagement ccantre distance modification eoetficient numoer or teety numoor of teeth of driving gear number of teath of drivan gear virtual number of teeth For addandum modification ‘alculations viral number of teath or ball or roller elmensions Virtual numor of taath tor base tangant leneth cal ulations, deviation doviation of contra sistanco aviation of centre cistanee for double-tlank en gagemant tip cele diamater deviation for avereut eylindrieal gears {oth thlokress dovlation (onthe reference eytindar) tooth thicknose doviation on Y-eviindor {dovistion of normal ehordal tooth thiakness deviation of dimension over balis or pins ‘deviation of racial single-ball or shigle-pin dimension base tangent length deviation starting point of meshing ‘starting point ofsinglo-tcoth eantaot on driving gear pitch point ball or pin diameter fend point of single-tocth contact on driving gear tend potnt of meshing composita and cumulative errors total profil error ‘tangential comaosite orror Fyerm Cumulative circuler pitch error over a sector of 2/8 . fr Fea Fy Rua Rw hi Ty Tw i Tha Tate a pitenes ‘cumulative working pltch error radial cun-out of a tooth system ‘radial run-out at rear of gear radial run-out at front of gear \working radial run-out total generant error {otal alignment error wobile sliding factor sling factor at tooth tip sliding factor at toozn root distance batwoan points of maaaurement Working length from involute origin to tooth tip working length from involute origin to tooth root working length to point ¥ generator ‘est range boaring centre ulstance on a gear exis profile test range tooth trace test range dliriension aver balls ‘cimension aver pins radial single-baii dimension radia! sinale-pin dimension contact peint (e.g, batween test ball and tooth flank) range of errors range of errors for backlash range of plich errors range of tooth thickness errors ranga of normal chordal tooth thickness errors range of arrore for cimenion over balls or pins rango of errors for radial single-bell or sincle-pin ‘imansion range of bese tangent length errors tolerance centee distance loterance tolerance on cenive distance for doublesflan en- tgemement tip diameter toleranca for overcut cylindrical gears tooth thickness tolerance tolerance on notmal chordal tooth thickness tolerance cn dimension over balls or pine tolerance on racial single-ballor single-pin dimension base tangent length talerance base tangent length over k measured teeth or mecaured epacowidthe any point on ¢ tooth tlank pressure engla at the reference oylinder pressure engla at the tip cylinder pressure angla at the V-cyiinder pressure angie at the pitch cylinder Working transverse pressura angie resgure angio at the Y-cylinder Breasure angle at lrcle through centro of bell pressure angle at maesuring circle pressure angle for double-fank engagement with master gear helix angle at reference cylinder base helix angleDm helkangle at measuring circle y lead engle at sefarance cylinder ye bese lead engle contact ratio fq transverse contact ratio ep overlap ratio 5 total contact ratio 6 specttic sliding & — Bpeeitie slising at end point af path of contact Nn -spacewidth hei angio at rotorence circia ny base spacewidth haif angie ny spacewidth half angle at root circle ny Spacewidth half angle at V-circle hy spacewiath half angle at pitch circle ny spacewidtn half angie at Y-circie £ rolling angle at tna invotute 4 rolling angle of the involuie at tooth tip ent 4 rolling angle of the involute at tooth root end oe e folng ancl ofthe iavolute at pint ¥ tadius of curvature, rounding reds fan tooth erest sounding rads In nofral section of ‘olin! gear fa, Hoel ocest nln tia ih Oy aus of curvature of invlute at polnt¥ Pangan pen 9 angie et te contre contact angle fe angle at the centre batwatn maximum velves for facial runout Fy an Fy de tansverse ange of ansmission 9 ovorep ancle total angle of transmission tooth thickness haf engle at reference circle if tooth thickness half engte at tip circte Wy base thickness halt angle Ys virtual tooth thickness natt angle tooth thickness half engle at V-circle Ww tooth thicknese half enale at pitch circle y tooth thickness half engle at Y-circle a) angular velocity oy angular velocity of diving gear wy angular velocity of driven gear 2) difference 2¥ length difference in basa tangant length mosouro: ment angular ditterence x sum of addendum modi Bz sum of numbers of teeth For further symbols tor gear teoth see DIN 3908. In adcition, the following standards alsa deal with symbols: DIN 1802 Mathematical signs and symaole, DIN 1304 General symbole for uee in formulae, DIN 1818 Physical quantities anc equations: concests, matnods of writing, DIN 63030 {at present at draft stage) Representations for names of units to be used in systems with limited graphic character cots. tion eoetficionte 12. Additional subscripts ‘Tho symbols indicatad in subclouse 11 may be eupple mented by the following additional subseripte: DIN 3960 Page 5 i for the tower mit of « quantity | for “eftchend” or tin the direction of a left-hand holo” fm forameen value n for quantities in normal section F for rightchand” or “in the direction of a right-hand heli {for quantities in transverse section or in the tan- sential direction x for quantities inan axial saction or inthe direction of the gear axis L for designating lett Ranks or a master gear M_ for designating a measured value P forquantitias of the standard basicrack tooth profile R Tor dosignating rant tlanks max fora maximum value min foraminimum value Zul for desianating @ permissbte limiting value (pes) 0 for quantities assccieted with the generating too! I for quantities associated with the smaller gear of goa" paring 2 forquentites cesociated with thelarger gear ofa gear paving for designating a Yaator with which a quantity fe ox pressed infractions or mutiplas of henormal modula (©9.c= 0" mor hays iigy: m,) or of thenumber of festh (eg. tis oF 254 OF hy). oF for designating a ‘change factor (e00 ¢lauss 6) 1.9 Units “Tha folowing standards or guidelines must be observed! DIN 1901 Pert 1 Unita: unt names, unit symbols DIN 1315 Angles: concopts, units VOEIVDI 2808 Circular pitches and plane angles; basic concepts for angular dimensions, angle measurements, angle standards and their orrore Accordingly tls convenient fo state the quantities deait ‘ih Ip this standard In the following writs modules end ail lengths in millimetres (mm), deviations in and tolerances on length in micrometres (um), ‘angles whereby aze is denoted in dogrees (*) (2.0, pressure angle. helix angle, rolling angle): for Calouiatione with computore It is advantageous to Use decimal subdivision of ths cagrea; tengles used in equations in rediens (rad) (e9, angular pitch =, tooth thickness he spacewidth helf angie n, overlap angle #}: ‘angular deviations n mitiracians (mrad) arn microradians (ured) (soe subclauses 63.14,63.1.6,632.4,63.25); ‘angular velocities in radians per second (rad/s); ‘number of revolutions (frequeney of rotation) in one per second (1/8) (instead of the unit tii hitherto mainly used, the: new system of units adopts the unit tis, sco DIN 130. For enculer units the following relationships apply: = 360" rm anradPage 8 DIN 3960 + wed = 1 1 med ~ 9.497 7'~208,26°~ 200" t Fag t8d = 0017458 ra " 0,291 mrad=0,8 mrad ” ~ 485 pred~Syrad 001° = 36" = 17.48 prad For conversions the following applies 120 in degrees = ~~ (ain radiane) = 87,205 780 °(@ in radians) may happen that in systems with a limited character set (eleprinter, data handling), the unit symbols for ceoree, minute and eeeand in tha case of angle data cannot be represented by the suparsoripis °,', In these cages the following letter symbols representating the units according to DIN 68.030 shall be applied: deg or DEG tor degree (angle), mnt of RINT for minute (angie), sea or SEC for second (9, It recommended to use 6, m and s as further abbre ations of the unit names, £9, 17d 27m 27s. 2 Concepts and parameters associated with cylindrical gear teeth Alidetinitions in this clause relate to gears free from deviations and tolerances. Thus, the equi tions apply to the nominal dimeasiane of tha gear teeth; for exceptions ove subclauses 2.7.6 and 2.7.6 ‘The nominal dimensions of involute eylindrical gear teeth ere determined by the following peramsters which aro Independent of one snatner: number of teathz standard besic rack tooth prota normal mocule m1, hotx engle 6 addendum modi fecowidth b 24 Number of teeth z and sign of number of teeth ‘The number of teeth z of an external gear must be in- sortad in ha equations bolow as a positive quantity, whist ‘the number of teeth 2 of an intarnal gear must be inserted as 2 negative quantity. This satisfies the concept that duting the traneition from an external to an internal gear ‘the goar Glometor increases until in tno first instance at d=-402 a rack having z= Is reached, As the transition proceeds further, the gear diameter swings over to and thereafter assumes a finite negative size, By establish: Ing this ane tho dein tions contained in subclauses 25.3 and 25. concerning the sign of the hallx angle anc! of the addendum modification it is possible to use the same ‘equations unchanged for external gears ae well as for Internat geere. Henge, for an internet gear, negative values are obtained inthe calculations tor all the quantities dapening on the humbar of testh ~ these are the diameter and radius, the angular pitch, the tooth thickness angle and the space- Width angle, the cadlus of curvature of the tooth flanks, and of the test dimensions for toot thickness: the bac tangent length, aiso tho radial and diametral singie-ball ion coefficient x In praduction spectatonsfereving dia howovratst dimensions and the numbers of teeth apotere et. a aiweye quoted a poitive quanti, an ti aso apples te ineral arth exception the sadenau mea Calon whieh has ioe Inserted wth He aoproprate Sign (seo subslause 2.5.4), pron ° 2.2 Reference surfaces and datum lines 2.2.1 Standard basic rack tooth profile, basic rack ‘The slendard basic rack tooth profile of oylindtical gear teoth is the normal section through the leeth of tne basic rackwhien ls produced from an external gear tooth system by incraasing the number of tecth until 2 = « and hence the diameter until d= +=, Tho flanks of the standard baste reck tooth profile of involute teath are straight lnos {n transverse sectons (and only in traneverse eoctions), the flenk profiles (left flank and right fiank profiles) of & cylindrical dear with involute teeth are portions of invo: utes to a circ (in brief: volutes). The flanks ere involute helicoids in the ganeral ease, ana involute surfaces In the ase of straight teeth 222 Datum tine, dimensions on the ‘standard basic rack tooth profile ‘The dimansions on the standard basic rack profile arise ‘out of the module m and the datum jive. on the (straight) datum line, the pitch p, the tooth thickness sp and the spacowidth ap ot tne standara basic rack tooth protito are Slated as multipies of the module m; similarly referred to the datum line are the addendum jigp end the dedendum ‘ea, See figure 1. Addendum and dedendum together yield ‘the profile height fp The tooth end st the tip line With the normals to the datum line, the flanks of the stan- dard basic reck tooth profile encicse the pressure angie ‘ap; May merge via the root rounding into the root tine. The pressure angle ap of the gear standard basic rack tooth profile may differ from the pressure angle apy of the cutter standard basic rack tooth profie, “The standerd basic rack tooth orofle according to DIN 857. ‘97 DIN 62400 dictates mirror-imaged identical involute oth flanks for both sides ct each tooth SESe {Tooth centre ine \ fatnoticerre ine ae Flank engle 2 ap pem-x pitch ee ‘spacewidth on the datum tine sp tooth thiexnose on the datum fine he profile height Typ adgencum fie sedenaum Go progeure angle bw root rounding radius22.8 Sections through eviindrical gear teeth 22.3.1 Transverse section ‘The sectioning of cdlindrical gear teeth on & plane perpan- dicular to the gear axs yields s transverse section A trans- Verso section of a rack is Its intersection with a plane perpendicular o the axis of the eylindrical goer matect ‘with the rack. Quantities in the transverse section are denoted by the subscript 22.32 Normal section “Tha sectioning of Involute helical gear teath by 2 surtace isposed perpendicular to tha tooth traces of the involute halico\dsyields anormal section. The surface ofthe normal ‘section is curves three- dimensionally. In tha case ot a spur gear the normal section and transverse section evincica Arnommal section of a cack Is ils intersection with @ plane perpendicular to the tooth traces of the teeth, ‘Quantities in the normal section are deneted by the sub~ serip ‘The subscripts n and tare not appliceble to spurgearteath 2288 Axial section ‘The sectioning of cylindrical gear tenth by 2 plane cantain- Ing the gear axis yiolds an axial section. An axial section of @ rack is [ls Intersection with a plane perpandicular to the reck datum plane {see subclause 2.2.7) which contains the axis of the eylindriesl gear meted with the reck Quantities in the axial section are denoted by the sub: seript x. ‘Adal sections and the stating of geer tooth quantities In such sections are noi meaningful whare spur gear teath ‘are conoamed, 22.4 Gear tooth profile flank profile ‘A gear tooth profile results as the line of intersection of the gear teoth with a plane. A flank profile Is the line of intersection of a tooth flank with a plane. Right flank profiles and! lft lank profiles are to be distinguished where necessary, 2241 Transverse profile The trensverse profile is the gear tooth profile lying Ine trenaverse section, The tranevarse profile af spurgeariesth and the transverse profile of the gear mating with such teeth Ile in the same plane. 2242 Notmal profile, virtual spur gear teeth Because of the curved normal section it is only possible In the case of @ spur gear with involute helical teeth to indicate an approximate normal profile lying in a tangential plane of in an osculating olane to the normal section, Geometrical studies are therelore often based on virtual spur gear teeth iying in the tangential or osculating alana ‘hoir datum lina boing ¢ circle of curvature on the normal section of the feterance aurfaca ot the helical sath (seo subelauses 27.1.1 and 272) 2243 Axialprotile “The axlal profile isthe profile of tna gear teeth yng In an ‘axial section, 225 Tooth traces ‘The tooth traces ara lings of intorsaction of the right anc loft flanks with a cyZinder tho als of whien coincides with ‘the gear ax’s. Hence, right tooth traces and left toath traces are to be distinguished. DIN9960 Page 7 Vine of intersection of the— possibly imagined as exiended— invalute flane withthe base cylinder (see subclause 2.2.2) the base tooth tracas are the holices of the involute hell (olds (s00 cuboisuse 2.3.1), The tp toath trace (root tooth trace) isthe ine of intersection of the — possib'y imagined 2s extended ~ involute flank with the tip cyinder (root cylinder) The tooth traces are helices In the case of helical gear teeth and straight lines in the case of spur gear teeth 228° Modules ity, ty The module m of the standard besle rack tooth protte is the normal movie (mad in the nermal section) iy oF the gear tecth \natrangversg ection the transverse module mils founds wore a en For @ holical gaar the axlal module min an axial eaction le found as TTR Tesy Tan ee Fora spur gest =O and the mode's (ny i= mi The basic module ms is rity = miyd [tar a 08? (29) 22.7 Reference eylinder, reference circle; roferenca diameter 4 ‘The reference cylindes the reference surface for the gear teeth. Ite exis coincides with the loceting axis of the goar {gear axis) Hance n tne case oferacktne reference plane Isthe rack datum plana. Quantities on thereferencecylinder are stated without subserat The reference circ Is the Intersection of the reference cylinder with a plane of transverse section, The reference ameter ¢ ia determined by bette = Ete 4 cos a, Nota: Inthe cas a an itera! get the reference wam- ler s a nega vee see subclevse 2. 220 ase cylinder, base cle; base diameter ds Thebase cyingers tat cylinder coma! with te reference Coder that is cetermiatve for the genration of the invite surfeces vote heicods) Guanes esocled vith tha base vinder ere denoted by tho eubee"@t Thebase cecleis the intersection ofthe nase cline with 2 lane of trenavoree aoolon the Invoutes ofthe base Gola form the wante pare ofthe tooth protioe, The bass Cdameter dis ven by a 2 my £08 a 208 = 2+mal |i, boos pe zm, (28) dyad cosa, 2m -cos = Note: In the ease of an internal gear the base diameter Isa negative value, see subclause 2.1, 2.3 Involute surface (Involute helicold) 23.1 Generator of an involute surface In davaioping the envolopa of tha Dace oylindor, an onve lope ine of the nase cylinder deseribas an invoiute surtace: fa spur gear tis the generator of the involute surfaca, straight ne inclinedto tne envsiope linein tne developed:tam y= tan a“ €08 2) tun ayn ~ tT 6° 605 fy 10) Fora spur gear = 0 and & = 6, = & 180 y= Ay.= a, 2.3.6 Rolling angle Gof the Involute “The angle of the cantre definad by the origin U at the invo- Jute and the contact point T of the tangent from point Y to the base clrcle is the calling angle ¢, of the invalute, see figure 8 The bese circle aro UT is equal to the tangant portion YT, hence § = tan ay a} 28.7. Radius of curvature 0 ofthe ivolute, ‘working length Ly ‘he tangent portion YT i the raius of curvature gy ofthe Involuta a polnt Yanda the seme time the working enath ‘belonging o point ¥, Le the doveloped beco excl are ‘rom the invalute ongin Inthe triangle OTY tis the side oppocite the transverse pressure angle cy, atthe centre of he ccle 0, see Figure 3 Byrerherertanay sep Vp re (212 Note: Inthe ease of iteinal gaar the redlus of curvature (s nogatire vale, see subclause 21 2.3.8 Involute function inv @ ‘Tne angular difference ¢—a, is termed ths volute function ff angla a, and is denoted by inv «(to be read as: invo lute a), see: Figure 8. inv ay = G~ ay) = tN ay. ~ 219) Note: Ithas previously been customary to use the symbol ‘ev a for the Involute function. In conformity with ISO 701~ 1978 however itis recommended that In futura the eymbot iny # should be used. 239 Leedp: “The leed p, (0! an involute helicold, of@ tooth flank) is the partion of an envelope line of a cylinder concentric with ‘the gear exis botween two euccosaive turns of an involute helicold (of a tooth tlanio, sea figure 4. The lead Is indo pendent of the diameter of the cylinder. L2lomg st _lelenm sn Peal tan lelpe @.t4) \ Reference cylinder ‘nvelope lina, eer ais Figure 4. Helical gear: lead p, helix angle ? lead angle y 2.4 Angular pitch and pitches 2.4.1 Angular piten © DINS960 Page 9 215) oo inaegrees (2.16) Note: In the case of an intemal gear the angular pitoh is 1 negative valus, sea subclause 2. Figure 6, Hollest gear; diamoter, angular piten, pitches 242 Pitches on the reference eylindor 2424 Transverse piteh (piich) a ‘The tranaverse plten (alten for short) py {p in the case of 2 spur gear) 1s tha length of the reference circle are be tween twe successive right or left flanks, see figure 5. ar tye porte heme 242.2 Normal pitoh py ‘The normal pitch py isthe lenglr of the hele arc between ‘two successive right or leit flanks on ha reference eylincer inthe normel section of the goar tooth, a= Pi! COS Mig 242.8 Pitch span py “The pion apan py s the reference ello are batwoen two rignter left lanks separatad fromeach other by kreference circle pitches such that I< f- # m tangy (239) Say sk Sean Cores wan25.2. Flank direction; right-handed, left-handed In the case of external and intemal gear tocth the flank direction Is right-handed (let-handed} if the nelical toot” {race correspond to @ rignt-hanc hele (left-hand helix. 2.5.8. Sign of tha helix angle Ir signs are needed for the hol angle (2.9. for evalusting the nominal dimensions ot @ cylindrical gear pair the fol- lowing apatios: For an external gear a holx angle belonging to 2 right- handed flank oiraction counts 2¢ positive, whilst 2 halix ‘anole bolonging te a left-handed flenk direction counts as Rogative, For an internal gear the sian are roversed. Tha Sum of the helix englos of a pair of oylindrical geare is therefore zero, Note: In production documants only the absolute values Of the hellx engles are used with additfonal incication of the hand fr for Hant-handed, | for lef-handed). 2.54 Addendum modification; addendum modification coefficient = and sign of addendum modification ‘The addendum modification of involute gear teeth is the displacement of the detum line trom the reference cylin der, The magnitude of the addendum modification is ex- pressed OY the adcendum modlticalion coafficiant x in ‘parte of the normal module ‘addendum modification = x ty (for epur gears: addendum moditicatior An adendum modification is positive it the datum ling s displaced from the reference t’lecla 1owarcs the tip circle; as @ result, the tooth thlokness in the reference circle is greater than for zero addendum modification, sce figure 7 negative if the datum line is displaced from the reference circle towards the root circa: asa resul,the teotn thiokaess in tho reference circle Is smaller than with 2era addencum mocifieation, see figura 8 Nota: Where internal gears are concerned, this standard reversae tho deflation of tha sign of tne sddenaum mad!- fication comporad with DIN 3860, August 1360 edtlon, ie for inornal gears ©: ray acearding to this stendard equels ‘=x: my DIN 3980 (Augus! 1969 edition), see suaclouse 2.7 me 28.5 V-goar, zero gear | cylindrical gear with addendum modification js termed 8 V-gear (Vays goar i adconcum modification le postive, V pins 968" I'adcencum mocification is negative). A cytin~ ileal geer with zero addendum modification is termed zero gear 2.5.6 Diameters of gear teeth, angles at V-cylinder ‘The position of thestandard basic rack tooth profile relative to the reference cylinder gives rise to the following cylin dtleal surfaces and diameters in reepact of tho gear teeth. Note: Inthe case of an Internal gear the diameters and ‘adil ars negative values, ses subclause 2.1. 2.564. Tip oylinder, tip circle; tip diameter 4, ‘The tip cylinder is the cylindrical envelope surface at the tis of a gear tooth system; trensverse section yielos t79 DIN39e0 Page 11 Datum tne Figure 7. Positive addendum modification on an extemal gear Datum tine Figure ® Negative addendum modification onan internal sear ‘The tip diameter d, amounts In the case of gear t (see Tigure 7) to dy 2 200-dg~ 2-6 AD xp omg t 2 hyyt 2 home 36) and in the case of gear 2 (see figure 7 and figura 8) dg-2a-dy-2-e Bayt Qemgimy a 2h t 2 Kony 297) Noto: Fordetintions of the quantves 2, ¢ and & see sub- clauses $2.3, 827 and 3.36 as weil as equation (2.47). if the tip diametere ere dimonsionad according to these ‘equations, tre bottom clearance will be c+ O,157 +m, or ¢=0,25- my, depending on the standard basic rack tooth profile of the cutting tool. Fer details see DIN 3972 or DIN 58412, For an extemal gaar the ralalionship should be doZds, +2. mq. For external gears this sats 2 lower limit for the addendum moaitieation coeticient , ase eubclause 26.4 For an internal gear the ralatonship must always be [dal > [4p]. For intemal gears this sate an upper timit for the eddencum modification costficient, see cub clause 28.4. 2882 Root cylinder, root circle; root diameter dy ‘Tho root eylinaer is tha eylindrical envelope surface at the bottom of tie tooth speces af gear tooth systema trans