GRAMMAR ITEMS

VERBS

VERB TO BE VERB TO DO VERB TO HAVE ACTION VERBS MODAL VERBS

Present Past

Is Do Have drive/drives drove can

Are Does Has come/comes came could

Am did had play/plays played shall

Was go/goes went should

Were take/takes took will

grow/grows grew would

wait/waits waited may

might

must

ought to

ARTICLE PRONOUNS PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS SENTENCE GERUNDS

CONNECTORS

A Subjec Object in and Then, Reading helps….

t
AN on but Next, Jogging is….
I Me
THE under or Therefore, ….enjoys fishing..
HE Him
by because Furthermore, …has finished sewing…
SHE Her
above as Moreover, …for littering..
IT It
behind although Finally, …at building…
THEY Them
at so Besides that, …no use crying over…
WE Us
through if Hence,
YOU You
from also As a result,

about In a nutshell,

for To sum up,

before

until

along

around

across

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 INFINITIVES ADVERBS ADJECTIVES NOUNS

To find immediately beautiful COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE

NOUNS
…tried to help… quickly big
boy – boys sand
…how to make… beautifully old
foot – feet rice
…what to say… suddenly round
parent – parents salt
…only to realise… confidently blue
lady – ladies milk
….are not to see accidentally Thai
child – children water
hopefully leather
student – students knowledge
carelessly dining
sheep – sheep homework

woman - women sugar

POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS INTERROGATIVE RELATIVE DEMONSTRATIVE

PRONOUNS PRONOUNS PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

Mine Myself What who That

Ours Ourselves Who which This

Yours Yourself/ yourselves Whose that Those

His Himself Which whose these

Hers Herself Whom whom

Theirs Themselves Why

its itself

SECTION 1: SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION

A sentence is a group of words that makes a complete statement.
1.1 SIMPLE SENTENCES
⮚ A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
Study these sample sentences:
a) Some students like to study in the mornings.
b) Min Ho plays football every afternoon.
c) Alicia goes to the library every day.

SENTENCE WORD ORDER

SIMPLE SENTENCES

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 SUBJECT
GROUP/SUBJEC VERB GROUP/ ADVERBS OF
T VERB OBJECT MANNER PLACE TIME

in the
Some students like to study
mornings.

every
Juan and Arturo play football
afternoon.

Mary bought a bag yesterday.

home
They can go now.

The bus driver shouted at us angrily

at the
Jane and I ate our meal in silence dining
hall

across
The boy with red town
drove his sports car
spectacles

Now try these:

SUBJECT ADVERBS OF
VERB GROUP/VERB OBJECT PLACE TIME
GROUP/SUBJECT MANNER

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1.2 COMPOUND SENTENCES

 It contains two simple sentences joined by a coordinator.

 The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
(Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS)
Study these sample sentences:

a) I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend listened to me. 

b) Safi Sali played football, so we cheered for him. 
c) Ahmad asked many questions, for he did not understand the lesson.

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The above three sentences are compound sentences.  Each sentence contains two
independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma.

SENTENCE WORD ORDER

COMPOUND SENTENCES

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT CONJUNCTION SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

Jack

fell off his bike but he was unhurt.

polish it.
He washed his car but did not

We stay in hotels for we can afford it.

Safi Sali played football, so we cheered for him.

to speak
I tried and my friend listened to me.
Spanish,

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT CONJUNCTION SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

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1.3 COMPLEX SENTENCES

⮚ It has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.

⮚ It always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative
pronoun such as that, who, or which.
⮚ When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator, comma is required at the end of
the dependent clause.

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⮚ When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle, no
comma is required.

Study these sample sentences :

a) When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 
b) The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 
c) The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
d) After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. 
e) Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
f) It is a shame that she has resigned from her job.
g) I am glad that you are feeling better.
h) The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics.
i) The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
j) The house which Abraham  Lincoln was born in is still standing.
k) The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Now try these:

1…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

2……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

9……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

10……………………………………………………………………………………………………

DIRECTED WRITING

1. SPEECH / TALK:

You recently won the ‘Best Student Award’ in your school. You have been asked to give a
talk during assembly to share tips with the other students on what they need to do so that
they too can become successful students. Use the following notes to write your talk.

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Suggestions:
● set goals
● be motivated
● pay attention
● ask questions
● be organised
● complete homework on time
● prepare well for exams
● take part in co-curricular activities
● obey school rules
● respect everyone
Avoid:
● wasting time
● skipping school

When writing your talk, you should remember to:

● address your audience
● state the purpose of the talk
● use all the points given
● end your talk appropriately

FORMAT OF A SPEECH

Greeting

Topic

Introduction

Point 1
Elaboration

Point 2
Elaboration
Point 3
Elaboration

Point 4
Elaboration

Point 5
Elaboration

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 Point 6
Elaboration

Point 7
Elaboration

Point 8
Elaboration

Point 9
Elaboration

Point 10
Elaboration

Point 11
Elaboration

Point 12
Elaboration

Conclusion

2. FORMAL LETTER

Your class is unhappy with your school canteen. As the monitor of your class, you have
been asked to write a letter to your principal, to complain about the following:

⮚ food left uncovered

⮚ attract many flies
⮚ food served is stale
⮚ food too expensive
⮚ oily plates and cups
⮚ rude workers
⮚ workers not properly attired
⮚ dustbins not cleared daily
⮚ same menu daily

In your letter, you would also like to offer three suggestions from your classmates:

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 ⮚ stringent checks
⮚ cheaper food
⮚ serve a variety of food

When writing a letter, you should remember:

- to set out the letter correctly
- to include all the points given
- to write in paragraphs

FORMAT OF A FORMAL LETTER

Sender’s address

Recipient’s
address

Date
Salutation
Subject Heading

Purpose

Details

Point 1
Elaboration

Point 2
Elaboration

Point 3
Elaboration

Point 4
Elaboration

Point 5
Elaboration

Point 6

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Elaboration

Point 7
Elaboration

Point 8
Elaboration

Point 9
Elaboration

Point 10
Elaboration

Point 11
Elaboration

Point 12
Elaboration

Suggestions/
Problems

Hope
Note of thanks
Complimentary
close
Signature
Name in capital
letters

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