NSHREE I! SLULLV sD SHOP NO-103-105, 1° FLOOR, & BLOCK, SURYALOK COMPLEX, ABIDS, HYDERABAD-500001 MNO: (+91) 97 00. 2911 47 AVAILABLE ALL BRANCHES CLASS NOTES FOR GATE, IES, GENCO, TRANSCO, AEE & ALL PSU'S ALL STATIONARY MATERIALS AVAILABLE HERE INTERNET CAFE, SCANNING, COLOUR PRINT OUT, XEROX & LOT OF MORE THAT U NEE Co NO RETURN NO EXCHANGE NAME:~ SUBJECT:_ GEO TECH BRANCHS THANK YOU VISIT AGAIN9990900000 ~ ooo Oo oO oft SSI ova ¢ © i Csygixe of Soil, Bd[i- 2b an enconsolidates! particula& matesciaf. loose Chav ing voids) preduceo| dio to mec anme| of Rocks ang decompostion of ogee r : Osbgin. of & oO co-ebebhosting of Rocks © Decomposition of ogauic math pscoouces og anic Soils” fi fn Be} -@) produces inosganicsdils. Cumulose soils er Gravel, card, Sib , doy. Peat, hesmus, mugkete: + Posses daxk coloute. Beak Highly vegitetive and ooganic mates +fibus Gn natune. » Hummus: « Pretty decarnposed ewganic mnatter * Amosphous an nature C pocoden form) Tuo t= + Pasutty Inewganic Sue and patty decompose owgaric caghten. . Genevattry present jy swamps Cade)+ eatheoting of fo dU = 1. physical weathesd ng Chemis coecethesciag By cous clue ce physica! > due ts Chemicalatiork, ” ye teria? SEAMAL, BE tton, Myton 0 cCaxbpmation. oO ice action + penetration of ” oO plant roots o > procixces gravel sand ,Silb- — —* produces Caen ° + Geodogical cycle °- o Oo o eacthesding traneportation a de position re oeOee 8C90 0005 2 ) COS oe’ OL OO af [-ca.ns powt postation oF Set i OD witd w @ water ® ylaviex C Sleco moving ice mass one te grevity) 9 opevity wing — “gt Loess — 2. Woke *— 3 GRMAN | — “soils trans porteo| or clepo si teal bey wind, axe Qed ‘Aeolian soil” Sand dunes , Loess This dh a colin bloaa. cleposit consisting oF ety Sized — paslicte- weakly cemented bay Coleen Casbmak - SAL transported and ctepasiteo| water atong dhe hes, ane cabted“ AUuvial soils” Soil transperteol ano cteposttel by teases, . in the Jakes cateol “Lacustiine soifs” + Soil transpodes! and chaposi teof ay wele- in Seas calleol “ manIne soifc’” » S Glaciax %- — Séil transported and capesifec| oy gave ae aallea Glacien ctep ads” sist» Hyspovlty 5 dil transpate! and copofitedl by goastty xo cabled * Colggiat soil” 4 eS Totus Talus consistof Fock Ale found ab tae foot oF tha WIE: bis. and Ht is geanaty : \, oral ; ON talus 2 EBL ae oO 5 > Forces. 2 ——_—_— i aaaeueinnee —_ cerereaeeee oO J ‘| 9 wo=m . Susface forces, 1. Booty forces ce=™8) 2, Sugar 3 7 forces propestional ty mass. 3 forces. pooprstional ) 3 - self weight Specific Suepere oO 4 &q- electro chemical forces. a >» dominant in gravel Cohesion: O and "9 a — dominant inclays a © Gn case of Silty soils both body forces anol Suspace : fosce® aw equally senpat at - + felt Names. «Loam t~ A mix of sand» Silt aol clay. A grovel mixed with sed clay. * Moosum +~m2 x Masued clay t- Clay ansish of attesnate ttf Japon of Sle and olay ab th a Lacestine sdi [s & Bentonite tay t—- Th a Alecarnpase} volcanic ash > Bentonite ced fs cablen| “obsiLing reel y * Thisane veal ao operation do vesist the coulapciag oF 9 Bil sayer: |, k Black cotton edi] +— clay obtaine due % chemichl y weatheoti, —? parent rock =y Basalt or trap => Buck cotten soll exthibits sage swelti andl Shrinkage 9 due te presence of ‘Tent mori lo nite clay minerat”C2. Rel onships ed Definiibns a Faria Soturatea| adi] - soils + wafer -aty} 3 phases feully SAuwate edi} - solids + wafer? 2 phases Dat sdil Solids ray % 2phases. Fvogzen sdils ~ has 4. phases. Cie) = VuotVa y = Volume of sdil T Vy = Volume of volo space Vv Vs = Volume of coliol purhictes. -eee Ws = weight of solid paxticies © lao = welgut of Qo SGSC0S59eg ~ Septic tank, Cae sol| in wet condi ion cotain move Safes. "© ei Pe Cutt otigict of ei § “Deis the wel pexenif Volume.” oO Bulk onit weigttt of soi. CBeelk = fo tay) “DE is the total weigup per Wnt Volume of Soil.” a) 5 Mathemati 2 © Ratusated nit weigey of soil. C Ysat) Tis the belky uni ® oy writ eselget of soil Cia) 4 Yd = ' d @D Grit weer of Solids. CYs) f weigur Ina satunateol Condltor © Unif weigup of cooter Cyo) Yo = 981 KN/ms Yo = 1000 Kg-F/rm$ Q WO Kv fms 1 8™/co [24 Jmp)6 Sub mesged| rdf cwoeiged of soif (You) or(Y}) ~> Dis submeyged wt of soll pesconspaf vol: of soif [ieee eS ‘eat - 0 | ot A who body is complty dabmesol in vscke Dis baseel or Archmectis prmeipel- eee, Dail geuge a Donn: As por Aremiclz princi pas kayoney force OCF eepeoasef and net wetis (Ysat-Yo ) Vs? Yak? Y? Yay’ Yet> Ys - lessev lst Wo Ws, Ast NO aE J movev’ couge Ws anof ® Ye remains constant for & gen sold. Ms nochange, emo oes)sol D cw Hee > Mass sp ora OF soi @ = =, © — Bulk, Sp. —u ___Yeo , > Appanett sp. ——"—— fie = 3 = + Pe tor i 3 = 5 i prstiotly caterateot sil Cm 4 Oe for a Satake! dil Cin = Yar oO Yoo ae ee aoe (im = Ys ) @D a 4 Tt is measured uot wakes,” eS 21 s0kgFlro% "epspedtic uokiur of cemeuf 7 Bt oO (Gro) Ent Ute Cement > ayo kg 5/8 - : (HUO UY tm Mass spetific <— Yo = [700 , granity ¥0 oy consti Hom 2 nuveye oO Pre rrecr rcca tome ton cone ac] ° * Sele odie sida oOS @ He Relationship = ace [y_ > vecaeer)| fier = Yo CoS) oO (te Qo oO | = you 4 te Yd = Tr | 2 ——, 2 Yd = Na) Yor ; [Mees | 2 y = Yat Sv ( Year Yd) ; ——_—_——_ OT Oo vq = Ws 5 [he ¥| Wey 5 x x 6 ® \* Yq = YoY [re@ éceced] Q@ Due ste compaction fhe cid reve Cf sei] Prom F286 1 te o26 Whar is fo V0 lemme Change CReclucli ov) 6019 — Nt - iti at @=1 vvel =v, . Va. OG Qt Or 202 Vol = Va ° o > M = 2. 0 Vo 16 oO By aren doyto method —> Most acurate ©eHhod. los - 10°C ctl Cwetsample)? — §n.q oven or Te Wa a 24 bes. S01] Qef- Com ply d rg \ TT ee , \id\ wt of wer sil sample Wd = dog eof OF sample Wid = lls WI = We. xyeo [ Ws wy = Wold xigy Wd iF To {nd _gpetific quavity of soil $— by Pym@ometex method. pm. : o| | "oped It We CTotawt) Ws Cfotal) Cell rPY +e) @ = Bq Cony fied coir’) Gy = tar (W.-W) = CwW3-Wy)Cin >, _ @M Core cucttey method ~— sudlable for clays cnty @ Sand Replacement method. — fer any soil (petting owt J + ~O. Ccutten upoaxdls) re maton ==] la = Vv = Vd = W Ya = |tto UW) — tosing Vd = Yo ¢ oF te find }te © = Yo} -L Yd [core culber] @ Sand repiacemeny- rethod . > soi] \caS/ Container sand take anol ith wp in piF ih muse be EQual to voleeme of ell Semple ~Keken jn Containen.Po fied volume of shne- atone | A = Volume of aq soi Vs. Displae emapvo|:OCD ooo 9g ic) Lereg- 08 I = [od-Yo = 609 Wd = Ws += 80-Uo = 409m BW = W- Ws x90 bus = s0/- y= 180gfee ~~ LR: RM/m3 W, = S‘fo Yo =2. W, =lo7. a > (4a) 1+t0 . Cad MeL troy L Tw. 180 . [+sf Ve Utter. 180 = [+O0S L 88 IM]ce 4 = 890 qn = Ws ay Yo sat = 98IX2 = Ysot = Yo COrte) Te G81 = Geer C2112) eer mowers) cc@ qa oe Cae Year = Yo CHte) Ye = gear Cast) 1-H Yeak~ 17 169 = Be ee) = (1167 - 93] + = 7354 Veet . tyler ~Ysub 738t ipa = 283 [i (Cs) wd = l20gm = 120 Klo3 X10 we Vio = gam yd = Wd = 120x310 Vv Bo x06 = Isc00}9/ v0? Vd = ISK 1? Yq = yes (re le I8lK282 ire we ee OO SoS) one)06 ea, = 1 @ @ =06 yo. tel Ve [to Va = 0'@0V, Volumeloss = 207, o ny OF G = at 0 e = 0 tS” Y a = 69 & ioe sv 3) oqus = WX&FO ; L 3 W = 039° WwW = as}. 0g. ame. Oo WE = 8467 Gr9. Ww = kw . We = hid = 20:36gm- tad Q H = 268 = A62-20 By 06 : 36 i Ve = 24/66 cc. R0 e =% Sv =k = For. J y = a (re e = 2y Sr - [esr = o-oxr ee] —Oyo Mos to 9rIc0 Vv y = Yo C corr est) tte on c [ meete7n eee’) \te © 222s | Ans. © fe_=>8 esr = 0702-68 PS ee eecalonzes 225— Sr = G&L aH}. ans © Anothesx methed- Sees = |4o _ . Ho [too AS “eq = 10t4 Ite e = 2Qs wo = Iv oy = 264 ye Ya = 40 2-05 oul20 VS as C Compact: Conabito) [ Ve. embankmaent- pit ) 4 = bISSIce Yoo = 65-0 ce ERY w, = jo7]- Ws = Let oO M =2 ve = Jo00 m3 r = “i (Ho = ts6gMjce. To tind Vy a de “e di Moo Ls loco 66Ya = 1-56 Yd, = = tro eae 2) \S6 - bu reg Nv 1+2 Kk To raise we from cy be aolatdal aatoli nonany. « = Yq V Cw.) M de. / a (Ua = Me ( Ver] = Ver) = dive CO 1) 6S Gro] ee = 1-65 = 165x100 [0 1G- 042} Lone 400 [ro® = gg tons. y = 190 alam ya= te Oo = Q6F _ 1-90 w= 6t d= Tog Wd = a Ya Ite (19 = 267%) dp W. the wWtof wates,- cecoctosyn wey 8 ® o4g = ole x26F pec eens @ y= ose 9 as lor ams ° = i ; a = org = 0 o2lg. =9. = BV, [Or- 1) yo & : FO (600 = 1800 I+) [a = o1as| = 4267 _ a £03191) = wake — aldeat Yaa\a LO 15-0195") a oor = (6cox1o4 ic; : Wr = OAs 3 Another _methad_ oles ontotae)! = 0°02 ly. =0') 7 wv 8 TotalwWales4= 0°0240°02 wt = O18 _ oy owt Bw = Ol8 + S:04- 0:02, ~ e804 We = 6: O2kg-@@ Se = B07 Jair | faa = AER! eg = wly | odes or) coud |e | Se = dw Lt dv oe = io , cy z [a = baer] 5 e@ = adv = TRS ° ds ds ; og = Lae ) ds ” ds = 2600 d Rial tuiceness d= AWids = 2604 12S = S154. ; 9 D Propesctey Borreoarea Truck Cloore) Feta! ermabkrmat- : YO/c6) 1666 a £82 a) > wv]. 3 6 dy ca } eee ee “ Ye Ys la eS Va = 100 ese | & = wo) * “ie SOMELed Yo, = Ye = 108y Vas (402 Yds - YS 2 (996 lt3 Te find “i M2 Nas Vs Yd) co xeleesleme Oui ~ ug To Find no of truck, loaals. No = Yd3 Va Vdo Un = typ mo no of fuck lads = To = 14°Sn fog = ao 1 @) W = sgaaf » Se = = 1°8y = Ysak An YO fsaf- = Yo ( one] bey = to-3930 or 8 93g | Of > 274 |& = uu OF = ao wo = 12 a> Ww = VS Ite e ou = 2 re To $d Oe content: (92) apse ab e = Wet Sar @ wrt of eoater, addif to be OatdiHonaty. = YdV [2-13 ~ (tee vcore [1 0-6 10) Ger x too [2 266-0112) = 22 tn Veacohen 2 @ ler e=Ww Vv Vs ewe Wo Nv rdolumeof water, adtalae vol ratio ischangeol @ be void ratio apinurease vol- Ne leo Mv (te, bos, = !@2 vt \+0-66R C2 = OTE C2 = wry ér os = eat as W2=03 | 2 = 807 Vv = '8Scm3 We = 1s g = Wd = BE = veo? ARS WA = 4.66 gem? D - wo~ Wot x loo eS aM [o_= 44-492 = Why ar So OeaCe et Ysot = Wa 156 gm/ Ysat = Yo [ Sue . 1 te So = £[ Gtoud Gy VP OU Gy eos Ww Vs Y= Ws oy = Me O99 2.01 9™ce SACI eo O1F is05: Seil Structuxe cad ays primenalegy ® i 4 ) OL UCLes This Q geomebs ca] ann Of, £03 | pe in soil maw: @ ingle graines| — Presentin grawel » Carrber Sanof ‘Types ® toner -corth — Ineine Sand 2 silty 7 ® Rloceertateal: §- in andlistusbed! hays. ° ) Dispesueat . - In Remowld lays: ‘ 4 o (visfurbance ) oO Sage gerine) steectumes - oS contact to maunyna-of a eee &0i| pasbicles. cies ooh dingie grou nee| pe bienat This is Caureol collie body Creed agony psig. Clooseatsiaee) (Denses sa e=ost 2 =0-3s- ; ® Tene - Comb shuefarre . Having lange void 2pace) © Thsis coud due ty Ssuryare force, 0.000, ge, cop Of collapses due dp vibration © anol Sackination alco: O00 * Volume also decreases. + TfL cocuws In case of Silt and clog. SOO Soi on coheat [ whencien spriateld wacko voleme : Soar raduceo| 34: Shapes of. pasbicler — Roundes|(o), Argutan CO) present ia grovel, Sand, mere fee prea Smart} ~Huclenys == ( Motebook) present tn cay: \ neecll€ -. Corak cleposits: The clay paselicie has Some electric chasge 0 chotem belo ferent D locceetateat Shuefere ¢ acchesing Pp roppescty ) sists Cautcof Aue ty ddhesive — sf, eS . peice Qnre awrrange eage | a ae a ot eng hy f siabittig a P eae es SS : pulicles ae aurrange. - = face te face ontentation aes os + + Beoane of Repulston poxtives sl eedly Changed | ovienteo| themselves. . { strengih .He Thixotrepy i Regoweg OF Lest strength, with pasage of ime yndesy conataut usates} — Comtent AE Remousaling * - Reconshitention » 4 strongin, Rebuiltecof Soi] oe oO Rebuttep Facet We ed (in Laboratory) ¢ ot atinsanation) [& ~s0ton 7 + - eT C wt Aten send Hee) 0 -) f cay Tris foot place MY duets ple Trinotopy: o) -Hove no conjoe abi Having Supace SY & = Quastz, 1 Kelier ot a 4 Peldspau Be 4- Kala’ Kaotaste. dite Mentmorillon fe D Caolinite s— hantogste + TP causes no swettt § Shri nkage * Siable — minexay t a ching cow,D Tulle Mineal: + Cauys mediem sete A shri neage DR Mont mori Uonite s- + Causes aq etting 3S Shrinkage presette in” bettonite and black cotten soil y Hollogsite + otmipy to kaolinite’ ———— -<=, “4 water ee koourtens moleedar (aspen (nom pola) fF QYfuse Seute layer andl addosrbed wake 44 > ola a dae t SSS !l= — \ Peo ——Z = Po a Ie a 4reewakes, cuseibed wakes [= Umttofatoaun Coin Flr eoateot) erst only for clays, ute bmdeof on one. Surrhase of coy. pasucues o Pmpars plastelty property fo atay. One ote we Ow vyad CD om a a + Kessiene = placitit pacity = ne plashie Dp coun diet inany @hape.04 DCNDEX PROPERTETS oF SoTLs. Sei| propesctt es I 7 | ~— Index propeui es Eng. propescties. — indicative of behavicr —> vwfup for Eng. ae : appu cations. rg gratin size Clismibution, 4: peemenbitity , Relative aeosity 1 carat Umi} - swength. B Orraain Size Cistri bution *- @ sieve Analysis ---- it PISHm O eaimutation Anosycis if <7s pe a Rive Anatysis t- E22 |, Gers om sie Wi 9.26 mm Sie O:0]S my (ISM) SME fan Size +]. Retained Comutative f- fe Fioes, 4715 m0 R= AM x10 A =P, loo-P, ae = Pa = He niog Pp = Pith |o0~Pe t ' 1 ' 1 1 t 1 } ! ' ' carnpressibiU ty. shease oO Oo oO y> indiresp Methed <5 methed based on stokes tau. ¢Validupto 0-241 fo o-2mm) [Me = & cs-09" + 1g v 5 Il Va ~ selfing ot Sect? monfartion, Analy Sist- @ veloct sed 4 5 Va_= good™ : { oO Mmrefsee mm 0 Assceumprion - @ Laminay Aow 206 particle settlement withock aus énferference ee) Pipate Methed ' © “Hydscometese Methed: at Correction fer Hay asometen rnnclng ® Meniseus correction ® Temp: crrection- —(27'¢ sj temp:) re Dispession agent correnti oy Meniscus. c eocture herq meta phosphate ae «) Ae Oyrain size cLishS bution data ) cre f Fine uo vis egg 2-36 — 4 In Hus soil Tf of Part ‘cue Cog Ot) { QAO finer fran 238mm SIZ mans Ch dy & 36mm J 0°OTS mm 42 O'002 Mm 18veo} t 9 f gpantuatroneng BIA) go qo vt yap grecesf ; caehh gy tcc] Shoe. fo CALypeet particle te et / veilabe a € x — orife gradtacl a (AU pasttice raring yom 5 aia) 9) ieee eee \ ao he ; Size Crm) — log sarle, ) inain gine Distwibeetion cuswe- Depending upon gize. Soi[ is dassifted. 5 D Lett grado) Ciacutaation } 9 @ Grp gradail ~ horizontal shape Crave gap aiaiabe) 3 @ (Ohformly grates sell Craving equal Dua) Csamesize) Qo ‘7 oO i d fos construction petpore - voll Greate sci] *s best haxivg. 5 move Si AO + mere Shea sheng th, Differcu= oD pore of differed Size gies mune chengrhe, Oo KE 1 newt al f Sizes Dro, Dzo + Deo D—- Diam 10, 90, —> hfinen. Dio —> etfertive dameter.Vp Pas ovoh od a éizeCinm) ~ 499 scake oO -— + ee Dp [Dro - lor-of particles. fevig Gio. Jess than or equap o _f5__0 009mm ata: fem +han 0-009mmM. oO ae 7 O 4 Coefficient of Caijermity [Cx = deo o* Deo D> for wel gredaol grarels Cura oo fee vel graded Sand Wig 5 Ty Gu ues bern [o FG ibis Catled Ur foront 9 ra0L00/ . rap Coesficent of Cus ature O 7 for veut goaded soil Cc. wes be © § @ OG. for a Soil te Cu and Cc. values arg +§ 4 kespeckief. what is the Ratio of Deo Dio- o o Cu = M0 = 4 - : Sol Dio = Doo = 4D1o Ce = Pot = db Deo Dio » Coie es cee - 4 Dro: “Dio o Pao 2 | Dso «SG -2 g De Dieib Cmax = at soosesp Sfabe © ~ Natural void ratio suf Sil in a doosest Slag Ce =emax ) Then Ip =0. 2 MY wil is in a done stale Ce = emia) Hen To=lodf- < oO < TS 100/. Te tind e Yq = Yor (te ema and ematid in (aboratinct - Ke censig’ Gmif CAltieseb geri) © quid Und Lby or WL @® plastic dard PL ow Sop @® Shrinkage ued Bounds wafer covenE belogzen two states of 9 Soi}. F gLOr WsLiquid state ® (cohen soil avixeo] wth cdarey behaves Lie slurry 3 Goi] mixeal up. ipacie 0, V2 (Cohen toueeh fh it plaste : Prepeure indliffext shape) . cated plashe stele J | Wag ¢ [when toch if . nop iad - safe, nor soll, nop plashe Calle sem colid efale) | w=0 Ny [¢ Total solid no} wake conten catieol purely Sobel stew Volume —>3 biguid Umit _i- = by Casagsendoeliquid Limit test: ; —f Handle. Cy wate, Jon. TS ‘ al Standard rub beu __/ t pose clay. up = wwates, ConbeuE mm =~ no-of rotation. —> n®cblows) cdeg) ao - standard Casagrandq value, Corres ponming as- peagl Jie water content thar coil] Bre liquid Uoy'f vate of soil.The Slope of 4a Placed cusue wat Nori zovtaf Cable Hao IWdex- steep__| & oO mCtess) TN Cmare n0-0f retaso) YO * liquid has No Shean strain * Sei] has move shear stent C bcoz more noof Yeobation axe veqwirer). Se) aces Sei Cehean vesisfan @)AE digquid limit condition fon [aa strength iS = 270 KFA | AL Liquid state. Bhean strengih is esto] * At ce less than wo Shean Sheth 7 270 kPa] werk. Con beep e stead of standand rubbey base tf Bolt Nebbey, pare ws ved thn diquid Umit Yato tocregses - uy hard robber base ved then wy decrease?’ (more reaction ) 2. Plastic tintit + plastic Unit test or “chread test” yoo} Cthveaolaal only fo cee conel ion) —_——_——_ Camm) threat. + puiimem eaten contene ap which Clay can Pe coeentoting uph ery withouf — CrtumbuMng @ Shrinkage Urb ~ trio = ~redetdion Ia Volume. watex coviten -- beyond” which Yolame Noh decreases. — IFS CStauy -T [votas | [w i wh “4 aa eret \ Solids fs . ~ : e@ =oms oe > Sr-0 Svad ° Void ratio ratic will be constant or same whenever waky coleut i changes eMinimmy Watey conkenk requireof to make a soil fale Sateusg teal. Shrinkage Uri ffesti—Nd WM oo Shrinkage KaLio > wd (O19). -OCoSooMm # Volumetric shrinkage: Ye Vs = Nt-Vd_ x16 Mv SR = Ns K wrws ate Cy Fadex ; [Fp = 2p She OP ato aca Tp reported Qs zesio. i Ip tp =0 = non plaste soil o ee ee oor piston a TOF = Mectiem plastic Ip7rit = Highly plastic atk Shrinkage Yndex. Is = wp- ws| —___ |+ Toughness fndex Lp :- hoa if te nsisjance index Te = I. = W-0 I He Liquiclity Pnoex t- Lo aD [torte = Lor soo | W= Nafuwrah water coment: of soi]. @Oih W>t tren soil ina gequid stat. = Ww-&p Fe WL-TOp WYWL Hence Uaioe State HW Activity on Activity Nombox. A = oecveccoActivity ue = swetting cure] Shrinlege Chakafesh'cs. § ncticateo|: &® Ip a kos ib ts cated Inactive 808i]. 2 O75 Las Norma{ Active © A> eas Active Soil. Active soi] .— which exhibits shrinkage Fecoeteing Eg- Black cotten soil Dnockivesoi| — Doesnt exhibits swetti ng Sstin'nkge ~ Consisfancy ‘= “resigjance te clefor mation: ' rie ar pasticlly = (cing) (eaagcuperal) propety Due ty Which plastic alefermationoaum.”Lerveh-0 2. © T = Wxrwop_ wl- wp to LOL Hence stiff and tligue Platte @ As Isp = Tsxio* mm Vs = 3600? = §:06aS Ms Vs = o:so0cm]).s @ 60 lve] - we = 661 Tp = 1s} w = 4c. ner ia [ewer ae <= 56 - wp wp = And. WO Be = 45 '/ Cnat- we) Lo fauS bey? We and WP ip ts plashe sfesta"@ € = O50 Cdtey conc!) oy = 272 Shrinkage Wmte =? . oon oa) RTD ) a Wem 18-38 J, 0 @ Ip = eman-e x loo max — erin maz = 0649 5 eruin = 0462 yd ew TYE Td LAC 86/6) ° Ye/ = CLV BRAY =WYq = 1607. = Jesse 0 cee = 2 OG. gro] ce q = Me = 260 yo Yd = Yoo ite [go] = 2000x260. Ie C ~0+6\z%58) > > Tp += © :6Y42-0'°6lF SEND Oe 064 2-0'U62 [Fo = ts90r] Op = ast wr = 48h ne yf = O64 Seedy similar troingie- or L2Nd _ “we-wP Coe qs-23 Os = Ot X\ G0= 286 y X16O vd — “aSi= 2G] = 4 a a w - Foe Cm = bIy Cotten dying) = Sy at neat = yo CELE” Ng- + es = OO 8 +esv_) Year = WoC Stee = Certo. Ysa (ae 2 = 1 (et o-4oe) % ( [+o'40 4) [a= 292] Shrinkage Umif Ws = 2 xI0d Ode ie © = void ratio of dry Sf@ = shyinke ws = £ xloo of = 2'8F xD 2-9o Ws = oat]. Rat'o « sR = Nd Yo = by E SR ~ eg | Wi = 9869" Wd = 43-59% Ne Nd = 24:4ee fe aise ~ (4214) £9 | x1 Wel Ww = (9561-4855 (es8= 84H! Jie ag a6 433 = m7 oovo9coscosTo Findlay = Edge mil qn) a Olona eee Ad 8r)cc yo Veo fue Ws = (Gi t, jue a 4 0 aap = (tee yt To Hind IniHaf vold ratio €) 5 tata) weaker conbesh 040i! 2) = WI=Wld aioe Wd : = WS-6~ 4B Sx 1025 2 was a > = 19 Aco 9 = LI9T/ Oo er, = Ger Se = WSK 6S— ° [e_ = ee] Arnothe othe cf{— Tnitial = ke 2 © ‘ ‘ey a 0635 gee Yas" = O63 : 6ae S giccAnothe mithod a rat = Ry = vagaries ee | pee <0 ( Het) ey = 21S” TpHtocl foal esoth ratio , Op = Ws KO = O'UF w= btO amb. anoths, meted Yq, = Va “, Wr ws 307 =itsh ye 2 Vi Ley er = Oi Ve (te, se =~ 0°30K% 2-99coe 020,04 IS K2T2 = oUgg = tho-8lb| [+o:4usg 0 ase 9 Wd = 2¢0gro Md = gasem* & = 24 es = wy Yd = Yw( vite) +e 93 2 1 (2aqe) (te S G. = OSt oO [a = ost | et e, be Ha vole ratio AE Pr en Mo 2 Le Oo VN le, oO boy = Yep nen me 4G; {40s} Ce = 068g C4 = wocy osgs = OMT = QS4nf }Baseol on ‘indlex propestres. oO Ig particle gize classi fication system. Basis On Csi efria, 2M 15M us jomm — [aur [ sand | opravet | connie J eoutetey Amrm = joooft soe : F Codtiods Sdi| [MIT syste) Ps eo < day poise se ° yD HRB classification (tu Peas@roh Band) coietesio- O — fasclitle See istribation . © Cnsisjancy Units: > “suitable fr puement design.” 7 ils Boa Gren greups NS Ae sees , smatiey ju A: good for poxemout Black cotton 3| —> fall ondesy ATgrOUP. 7 Av, Ao, A, => exeetlont ta god: : Ay -- - Ay => fasr te poor ) ‘ ca pauify, tee quabity of Si # Gpmap Indes ved to 2allfy qyiabity if witkin Hs oo Peep se dapends Upon dy +l Al passing Is ju sieve @) @ Upa GI Ranges fram [o — 20] K Snare tro CYL Votre bethesr fer parce alas tn > Designation ie) § Croup no. Orr © @ Use (alhied sei Class ieation system] o csuctoda —€) grtin size. distribution daly (i) Conskiterncy Went , ay Com pressi bit chaxarheustice > ad sea] Lo Exu920 peo Y Corcentries . ® Cndian standard wil classification systema: [15:Syskern] Couteowa — sano asabove => wi ved 49 Ondia: by and eng: clopastnents. => Tr is deseo! from USC System i 1 1 [Pe] ) Cc Sot : o Gy. soi Fey Soil, eee © Mare than sof. ao he o Soi} potices retai reo PASSES Hhroeg n SM. on pee owt q = blacks Aasdubroun SiltCea) claya) — organic () ~ bad odour Crave |Co1) Sane C3) eq- Peak. retainaloniIs —— gassingaas—> coante froaution ~~ cm . TR ob yep sieve: a 1s. L . we. “ate mm fine fraction § fines « I N siece tt Gpravel i- se Sand DY wetf graded grarep, Gh © wer} gracta} sou] Stl D poosuy —u— aP ® poosey —e— SP ds —u— as © ily anol sm a clogey ete @ clayey cand. S* Stl sand SIE CORR OIY A sIAAL Clty sandy sith sand ai & silt ate i layers Sandy. O1ravel hye ty 4 sondatyh vera, $ Silt + Loco compressibie silE Clow plastic silt) Mt Antes neliak — compressibte Silk MI t Aight Compressible sil} MH * q- Hh Organic so}. « Loco @rmpvessibe ay. cL an * Ont Compressible oor CL o ° rag compares bie city cH oH 2290090 5%Totof = 18 groups a , ® Co tl = 444 To tah = CG. Soil = ste Plasticity chase’ — to classify F-Ot- Soils. — A w@sagrande A Line Tp =0-73CWL-20) MH 3 on Id 30 30 4 SD 60 16 0 wi — (ea f comprestie - ft sett ement- ) @L , Op % ide oxg atc BONS 1 Ip = ©- twp D Colour test — — dak. colours. — @ odour test — bed otlewr @ «@ lest = for organic diy, HL Aeereaser Ay rd of , ‘Ws aditiel §— Volume“Tf tue point segieg both CL SCL. itisgienas cu-c1. ‘4 dying in WL =50- glen as. C1- cH. ; bol for boundsy— Sieslone MH- a4 aual sy aon Cases ~ OH - CH Qt Posdil WL= Gov » Pp = 201: odi| mame =2. > Tp = ‘uP = 4o7 Ctp 073 C@L-72) ~ 073(60-20) = ry is nigh compressible our soy) Hew psy soil 2 Crp. 2 407292 TE plots above A-Uae cH Qk Gy R0f WP = IST Tp = oh ctp ~ 693C80-a } O > fs]. Soil Name — | CL-MLGW t- W fines it (li) Altesrbescg Wits Fu wa AbOVE A-Une pith Tp>t 2. elt Ip ues between 4-7 = Dis bovdey Case. Dua sy robel is Gren. | OM OIC c If foes = 6 to 12]. required duel Syabol a SH GyW- 0179 | Gip - or we- CO | OTP Toe Oe Gravel 5 Fines ~8% > Cua S, @=2 9 Ip = 6} > gdi| name = Ga = Gin - 2 = IM ~ Ge dns + qu-am (bcoz 4 L coarsertnan 2g ) [or Sang above atf value wil] be same Ox2ep- Lure |Loe} -02 ©) Size | +/s Retained Cumulative RIES 360M 2U0 x160 = 407 do (SO-4Yo = 60 600 SOOM | 200 x16 =s0s | Jo W2-Jo = to 600 asp oer (od loo - Joo = 0 Deo = GOOM Dio = Soofl = DEO ~ Goom 42, Cor 60 = 600 -120 Dio sdof Sal classification - SP - sand Peer ge poorl4 Gradeoh @ — Hine fracion = “, coante frection Majority Of COame fradjon. Hence Grrse. Gravel fraction (parry Gas - reterinealn it) Sand froutjyon 2852. x00 = as]. lood = lod-ag = 1st (O1ts] Oo B8sd-lowp = ISO 160% = ist oo = co} ,oOCCUVUSsince ynore than sol vetaingéol onTsm. FY is @ 9 quantity ip is ead coame grand soi). dince gang & mayer 3 Bl SU] tines 657 sp o SM : a4 5 ee. j Fine >124 Dp of soil = 42-20 = 227. ? Tp of A-Line = 7F3C UW - 20) " = 0°73C42-20) = 16} Ts plois Above A - Le. Hence [sc |gett 2013 . the Jabovadry test resutp Of q Sil sample aro gien below iy. nex than +15 mm = 60 Pe ee a wiquid Limit = 35h @ Plastic Umit = ott Sil classification is. a ay GM. b> 6M eroe 96d > Mt- MT Sol fine fraction = 307 coarse fradjon = W0-30 = Foy COrts) Greaves frauen = 180-60 = 407" cand fration = 10-40 = Z0%7- Zince >so/> retaind on “18mm itis coanse graind soi | aince Gravee JS Mayor In Ge ibis Grewely- go) | Ty plots bead A- Loe.22) Pexmeabit gy ® => flow occurs only due fp the clffference an the dota) head betueen tuo points => pressure cliference alone cr datum heaof dSfference alone or veloliy heasl diffrence hone cannet case the bled: 9 Heaol of watey = Enesggy ofedatey - Pofertyal ofroates,. 9 Totus Head = Pressusc head + ater heaof+ tetoci ty hea | H = 4 + 2+ 3G co | Plezometyic head = fyz wo i etes, 9 piezom — o8ee to measure P wo At POIn-D | At point® £oa=h ae Ya ca a ) z =o Beh H =h+to H=hto H=h Joo eRO 9 Noles Pn soll mechanics. rhe. velocltee heals Asw neglected. o [rey oma” 9 The total hal cijjewnce pinis © FO oe total o head oss betneen point @ © “ > > Note The heal Loss between 4eoo point ja soil reass He tox) equal Te the otiffrence én the Aeratiry o of usater “mM +e two plerometer Kept at those oe ue" pote” : 7 \ ) BL = 102m us obepth = 2 BL = fooLER rere] q [ Az yoy 5 Cross Section. at%-x» = b Total cross Sectional Arena si] A at actual Area Of flow GAreaof void) Av = nA = pores. of- Soi]. = Awl =P tg wel A 2 Discharge, vetocdty v= cy CAppanent Velocity ) * ehaahanagst =) Coane, = Av-Vs - “AV = AvVs [eeva | Apo 4 Dancys Law t- vod K. = coefficlene of pesemenbi Vig oF soil. 0 Trio =te vek : oO ‘The wetodty at ghen wat nycrauubic gradient” 9 9 Dances eg? Vv = ; Q= AsKE 2 Assumptions :- ) larainas How So soils ok Re

B= thts 30 Weta ive hie ce tng ce heaol losses repectively => hf, =hh = Ms» PF length Of seeprge usil| be same. = 1 -h als. Jee Ky = ong pean of the eftire Soil {= a hyarouic gradient of entire Bi} i= ht v GQ = Ut + Kab = WAT tab Ast Ka isAs ky (zeeresyxr = EAD Ko.(22x1) + kg(@a%l) Cl apiclts c/s ATCO Jot olirection of Flew) Seen to ro)3d cn. me Os = Go nef aoe ii Q=KE Asome oH fetal | 3 h hfir hfe hfs head Losses hy = [ ar sayers oO @ © vspectieg- & Pe eenee ” Total heal loss he = hf ghf, thf, p a bf, Z ln = bh Zp Total ang hyotsrauedeo, GrUient for entire géil. = hf CZz422 429 0 Qi = Ka be Ai . Oo oS nfl). Ay ui Ge = Ke ba A. oO Ze do = Ke hf a Za Ky = avg perbreabitity for entire soi]. Q = kwiA = lew [Ag ¥ [Fiares ] AKy = Z+22 42% Fl 4 Z2 +23 Ki weal 02 Wo = ([20KL = 207 incease @ ce hp = Jiihg guen that - . (ty J Ne Gee Gy f Hl, hs ' b= Ot sage Che) he Lhe he hg he = the ne ® Gee eee Oks faz > ke = 2 [ fo = osm )BH = k= Ko = 3 Ka = 2 ky Zi + Za Ko +25 kg Te ta ks Z2itZotZ Z (wd xi0d + 1X10") ae. CSO 4xIe4 cro} sec Zino Zz. =! 3 = 2 = ZitZ. +2 El ote 2a Ki Keo Ke = 24142 res ena) +Ss Pp ® 7 Ko= at dege ch) At A= a Cosy = 01196 em 4 A 2 Ato = 79-54 cme L = 200mm = 20cm t = She = 3xb60K60 K = 4:5 x%106 CM] sed = 44+ em 18 ~ 672 maa 128 = 10-43 .Crosec. q = "A k. OffAB X44: 1% Koos 0172 cro] See = Ki = onax 247 Vv ku ie Vi > 0286 Veo Mw = C286 = ¥ ouy = 01536 Cm]aee , oOA= 44-41 emt a- By xa = 0306 ome t = (5x60 = goosec. hy = 15cm ho = 24 F- K =. 6306 KID-2 adage (JE Hey 4) KIS a w& 6:22x108 cm] min Avky Ky 2 2tt22 +23 21 4 22 +23 ) Kee Ka : = 6 +6 +6 6 : a +_& +_6 Boxlons” 4x04 ES x1oy Kv = uxio-y em }sec t = 2x18 Love ( as = 3743-46 sec t t= 62.44 minyo AE U & = 2 hx Be RAKE Toso AQAABS = 970188 60 X60 Ko = PEUxIo® Mjcec co) ueUs Seereeeeeeeeee eee eree eee Tota! heaol hf = L20m uz Total seepage length L= 120m Gee toreeeee L : ; en Head loss fer Q length xX is = ix [ser m J = 1x08 4 4) ~ Oe fa) ae ea at pont R ts Siete on a = o'4om Assuming datur line at bottom of soif elevation head au point Ris = oun. 5) Total +nead “Ht = O'44+0'Y4 pas. [eer ewred ~ ag Anothey _ metho “ 4h datum une is taken clewo Stream wates Suiface« 5 Elevation head at Ry & =0 Re boy ey) ee toro we © [aw re oul = O4nmoF EFFECTIVE STRESS. ) > Tris the Stres due ts total to 1. Total stress C qetal dood = Wtef solid + wtof eater + Wt OF SuRchange Chany L Newtrad stress s eth oe pore woafen Presse 1)? Dpis the Stress due toate, Dn eresig direetjon stress Will cy be same- ° a> a a 9 , / 3 & effective sires (TST tis the totap stress emious | reutrat stress. a +Dris also callel INiexrgranuarr Q Pros U9 Ib ig Stress beton to aifjeront gro 5 + pressure oer bekween the grin 2 + The s of 461 +he Volume chany | of iil the behoveiy of Soil We Cartref *Y the effective Shrers. of soil or behaves Te prep ane influenced eq effective sfvesc,uz te Jo find © u, FO" os Ke A Ki = total dead of $07 | % = Ane of <6 C Avt As) w= Yoh h = pressuxe head of- wakes coPteincal les, prezormefe, c= Ww A = AZ Ycak A S = ZYsat “for = Yeape ; Y= Yoh Y= Yat | Chaz) oc = ©-y a = (Ysatz —Yuoz)u plan © -@ v= Yt u =0 vo’ =o0-U 4 pax @@ T= Yde +Ysat 4 Uo = YOH c= 7-4 = Yaz Your H - Yoott = Yd% + Ysub 4 i © ES Us You o P\ Nofe %-® of wate table rises and u increase but ¢! decreases _ © 1 watey teble fay, o ang Uy cecnane oo! Fncreases. Change Gn Wafer sevef cael - difference to Shes ceeds) 9 ry so0a05lysatz+Yeou) Yo(horz) YZ te Oaigram. OQwvigrem Ceric 7 within waters or upt +he bed levef effective stress =o. Note %- Dn case Of @atey bocty [ take, Ocean, wien etc ] | The effective stress beloco “the bef leel ts Inctipenctent- of Hie depth of- water: | He] present aboe tg bed lesel: Surcharge q CKfa) 3 Ca ° qt 5 et safuneled = 7 So’ i ~~~ : i : Ute ° a Yz In pasdi o @ - “f TY Satusctt eof Keep piezo meter if show Nor v sing ely Water hence Yy =o ° ony in Cale Of Yo or Yoap'u to- Surcharge when Sencharge applying above Git. ‘the ‘shregs diagram same at i aa} constant 2 Lon hong * Surcharge stress cwill be constant ewhan earch ge apply over tha intine an se Hh cha ap faite ereq Me when sueiche aPrhur 7 ‘ ~ change, cHress Will he Stress cLiagram ost be get commean( TON: 20KPo. Aye om a , ie \ , yO Be vie \ é oO fd vi \ fe ee oo 4 — Busstand, cricket stadicsm . “ 1S Kn? » dbeda tll Cingiat ) x [2m Beke}ms Lo dpurt oi.© wren plezormebe Kept not rising of wate to hence U =O : 0 4 total empHiedf uy ings =y 2 r incase of Ysarso}] nop rising ofwats in piezometesy 1 care y Stebr ERG eof 601] waten comes UP fo Water sovel. 9) SQ teelof uey - growtol wales, lerel . * Dn rainy secu ssils become. Satundteo! not Steb mesgeol .sate Capi Uascty oy Rising of water against gravity dktmm “tt capillang, tensien dxo static compression > OR-— aetp upward > gravity et - ae} doce woarof - Sole s- “Due ty copilarity capillary wartey is ondes tension later capitan tube wal is Under [ Root ofdree absorb tle Capillary water] cy uDn sot = 34 = ameter ef voids ml he = capillary hug cm e= W Vs : 3 VW xd 2 9 Ug % Dio o 3 =d « es ) Dio% . 1 al Gravel Coanse sanol Fine sang silt CUE Cee L______ eds 0 ; he exist: highest he nequgire he . : Sin cue of clay TM hevaline can be upto Max efgerro : Que ty capill astite. the effective Stray in tee soil © A mestea 6es ‘Nase walker Pension) ase all seo [Compression] ~sé| particle, Sianifinnce ( disaawantare) Frost heaving — Fncreasi og. _ Powern eur oF volume dire (ce formas atnigas S. Frost bei] - process of Sofnig. Sf SlFrost neaveing anol Frost boil occas IN Silt and ne sano. > This may preenied by — Rrepacing Silt cons canal providing crave (ts to 30cm Hack) ep [ ko beoch_} strenghs capillary aetion f j 1 Ydet WatherYoui iOH) Yael © @® js Plane ©-@ 7 e a) fust above @ pup belo - T= Yd eee (46-2008 S710h9 oe Q = Yohe. o' = oy i eo~ce-u)| og? ete up U =o co [oy = rey one sts OXF FQ (a-tF) ” am Yh Tm 9 c= Sy etoy am Weed = fag? 9 oO > p ay Plane c-c A ao | 5 VeEh6 2 - 3 : 9 = yxre tos(eu- Yo) c fase cay o Yura, =~ UxXre T35 Lré-t) b aro qeuey Ysur = 1 925° ——_ >» = Gss tor a At Plane D-D go ot = uytrasy't 4y' . aR EE FBEX (1-94 F4(P GAS) “ = {8.25 t] rotIm for sano 2m Vd = You t a) 2 IK 26S 5 Loy 9 = 189m Kae[ ro o ; ° Bar = Yol aie) y tte 5 = 2n7R er Vey oan a Rejre riseof | Aflercrise of “A cagilasdte | cappi jan te kaj ten. © = 39} Not inn Band. 30 eae aro a y! 2 278 . , = Degas 2 ( te-s2-10) +3 [20-90-10 ) i +S ysar clay bro nox oad o = LY+ WYsat +1 Ysek + SY sah = 46h = AxiT +120 + 1x20 FS X18 U = CY =% = 164 ots ey Uois GY = Sb 86 = 102 4kg] OS SU = Los: lY kPa.~ IOS" 1Y = jor ly S| ey ae yn above probir effertive shes ap a a, loptP ef 24 belo Orl: Ca $02 p. = 2 2g Qo = 48x = 98h ° at 2.4en coprh o oe 2 OU RYAt 5 = aKi7 toy x20 4 = 42 Pa: 5 . ' soobige arfar2-4 : ue -8 kK OG EL chee eal 9 aad a Fence H —— 9 = ~ 6.86 Khas au taken) oc = o-4, Q 42- C886) ) c= 44-86 Ka, 7 4 ca > =609 2 ° At dopth Jotay Garey YAK gh Oo AY Sar + Dour = NS KA : : U = BYo = BAO Khe cand ‘at Seep IT TTOIITIT TTT TTI, oOo = o-U = Iso ee = agraa oO sue ue a= CD = 70 os S-4Y fug Do = Us-3e = toKPa. ; @ © effective stress ar acleptn of 4™ ° two aes we hae- @ Jusp hetero. @® Just above o = thse AKRIGE o = UXYsak = TBKPQ. = 12 KPa e q a 6x49 =60 KPA uo = dw = FoRFa o-y ol = oY Cos — : ‘= 1gKfa. s' = 38MMfa 0 At & site whexe sand ceposits to greaf depth. the @ ground water “able is Lowes from 2m. below OrL. HS mM belGd See GIL ~The ‘Increase tn Sffective ees A a daphy ef 3m, beed oveis Ya YF toler fine SolDi— when wake able 24 belar dato bn Girotnol = 2Yd+ YsarX! [= ~ 1y2+4+ 10x) ae = 42 KPa when Ware; JTable. arm. bela ore, | AS = Sar oe SO = BYq = 3x1b= 4? Se u ZO ee, U6 Le m>e Seepage. Pressure and © Grr tical Huy dsrautic, eproascal seerege- At bottom of scil T= Yost Yserh w= Yaftoretn) s'= ¥ALE oa SO = Ye ~Yok At batters fs] ros ywoHw + sate uis Yol Hot 2-h) woos ony r= _v2+ too rraglient Upward seepage. Pressuse actin 603] Jetaitial if Yoh YE-Yooh ® oO a arto hationee 8 deco 250 Seepage, U Presswe auting @ttotim oy sob] MOF tarriag it is beat) 9 oO oOAt bolton ap soi| T= Yoho tysab z it HE: 2 |Loss i Us Yol Hot & J eee — w= Ve Chee ne frocd of watey Static condfien Oo Mo seepage. sy o DO & = Y2- Yoh 5 : ® oo = yz tyoh we Tp thene ds seepage then : use © Sign fer uproar Mee ure @ sign ber lou word How h = head dass = Seepage heno. = head causing flo Ps = Yoh Ps Seepage pressure. : Seepage presseugs— ° Pressure cates! ay the seepage voalcar oF ae 66 pwlicle is Cate cate pressuste The seepage pressure ‘aloays atts 2D Hee diredbjon of mpagefF Seepage Fewe Ps = Ps-A = Woh A 7b iz A Clay [- Seepage fre pest Gal Vol- of oi | = Yo] Nofes- Geepage pressure are_oseol hm comput thre soil. spon Sncase ety righty. porrnaabie Sot. Sane, cto prevention seepagetp CRU COL hydauble graotl exti— or Dn prowl eeopage o’ = [ Ye-Yoh] Col = ht) At odticay condition Co'=0) , ye = Yoh 9 ti = hz d > The Dae gadieut atwhich effective stress 18 Zeng is called criticas anauhic JvAQoLi cu f- 2 fo te--- property Of oi for scl te-wq b Quick Sand ov Quick condition or Boiling Gndtition 4- Ab bottom of soil o = y2-yoh Shear Sheth Si] = clrerang Ser cohesion les S01] 5 = chang At caltical ondition s'~o \sL ibis safe. ep KL - Unsafe. pet - critical Cabout to fail’) AQ Te minimum hedd reqdiresl to came quick: emdition Is 2 equal ta ice [= lew . 0 "ayn a sae og vty os ta O monimem head required to cause Yucles condi hon Y an be hound as shyum beloo- So = Ute ~ Wh cBticay condiho cco 0 = WY2 Yeo,# pipe is noth tf bur exesion 6 f soil Tus phenomanm acct) 19 ore and St D Reduue hyparouti c qadienk - 1 Width, Provide D Provide Fnvesuen| fillesy at Djs end - Q Her Designs he Grye Yo D2 9pg - : iping ® FOS aga ost pipe F jest = exist hg naulic GraaLionf * Jo prea fiping Sheet piles. Filter. fT oma. particle keep UF lap Yhon tr eaily esctpe ouf hen porovicle oy 6 oldera [i> Cs) they ; Ors) ese — uq > Gy to allow escape of archer, i > OS) site 4S... J to prAIcat escape of soil (Ded tase particle oO Pil bes — Allocate] ory parsing Sf edeefen No} soi] Predicieg , Fo allow +e udaten escape otherwise tS cwil) creak UPL pressure: Ab downstream slole. Leve} -of © C062 fre 5 GO = 262 Pexmissible nyctraubic gradient 1 +2. . tos Ol = 26 2 ak 9D {te {+ 062 : te de £ = a s Yeon »® TM tof mun hegal reaqulrecf to produce Quick / Bano condition fs w= lee jos CO = 2FHI {OFs To find Hi ot = 6-426) Yat - Wor o = 8X21 - LOXH, SNe = YW Yo = HO = LM /x0? To Frad Ho o' = (6-5) yas - Yeo Hy Oo = LxoLr - boxH, H = QLm | Vee ete eH —_ E cept by which oatex table get doen: J nad wate, — Yo— ft{3SO 0% _ 2 uu = bas ankwian pressing T 4 | Er ¢ ET head Holy Ue _| [ EM Just below the cla | YH yy yeH-y) E _ tre rhe cs! =e-u sand eMaha Ph riasian o = Y(H-¥) - Ywha TITTIES ) itica) condition (6'<0 in wate, will oof rise 9 aroutel a but ingaro ertu level riseres 9 YCHy) = Yoha duets ond. pressuee. O tas 33 = 6m 2o[3-y) = 1oxe ° ® If q =F -, Verse ei 20(.9-F) = toxha fie = | 2 water lete{ }s to be dmocraal down by, EY =try Aos- = 240 o> Ysaie—Yoh = Ypat{2s-a}= 1orha ~ ISS (45) = lOxhg [he = &3rp eeein O04 = 2x13 KT K A f= OGG see y = fz eh {oe eH}@ The effectie stress At Hue batters Of seFfas. si = Y2- Yor al st * [Year -yeo.Jz - Yor etsy) om ae , po 0 Gio = 486 gifam ny re 9 ’ ° the. effective stress at middle fy ed is 5 : ° G6 lo I > 486 % | oO 10 0 em = SxX486 ac | +t; 86 — Mm = 2:43 [Fe 2 ag )em ; [v! = 24aghem | for a sal te effertiie sig 0°06 mr void retiy Is 063 . Then he clea vise. oS. = 0 ob o Pr® | 2 A = [ed 2)% t = ’ = (0°63x 0063) 3 = 0-0sie mm he fee eens = Bam. Ad O00S BoM \09. Gee pane Palys Bod ine!- Noe along which usakey Pleo takes place enui prietdial lives — The ine where equal head Flow Nek s- Network oF Ftod line and equupofertial line, F Chasactersticss — Plowline and eq’ Line nof Cross each othos. bub combi nent cress fo ze eaeh Athen. oe No eqn tine and Plow Boe Slax from dame m Ls point: ean Ns “line qu pokatial ioe > pont 1,80 Gre tying on @5 ine hare obifference Clowatiion heaoh . Pressua head will be same at D 4D Reep Pelaometer — elauralion wil | be SOre. AY comes eal vohore Same. Space cally lewd chnanal - Lasyorent bj. te90 Flo lire) BQ = seepage Flora rate in each fteea channef * BQ is same jn wey fioo channef.‘length to will} satio Muip be same per any potlds. 5 Application otPlew néks— ) oom find Seepage flea rae g. ,@ 7 2 @ } ) ) To find seepage pressure p, To find Uplift presser. Pu / fo fed exit by dnautic gover Cexist eH Me (-#8)} » for rectarputan shaper Fes tos. for SYWrt shaped ferlolsNE = no of Flee Channels eae Nd = No: of potential chops bef? tuo lie. NRE = 4 dee td) . — at = Shape fartor of flo neh discharge dopends “pen OE 2 Flow net dees nef dopensl om seepage Mead: uecheatha Hirer ddxeaus. f40 nef deesnofchane. © & To fad seepage prosere ak pour C er a ho He he H = Total seepage renal: hy = heal toss eupto points ie = n-AH Ay = potential drop bf Any tooo aeyacent- equipotcn haf ines.= No of potentiaf dxops upto 6” 62 To fad uplift pressune at D Pu = Yoho hus = pressere heas| at point D. be ostag Peszotnetess Show water. depth, 4 pressure hed = — tofat neadl- etovection hand oO Ak To pind exit: leait = AH AL 4) 4L = length oF feild at pit point Cratched fren) "IK lexit pie 5 piping ' ocour: : therfore FOS ainsp — pipin F “8 Piping: Impesw ious.Phreatic Une Top most Utne parabolic shape pressure head =Zeswo on phreatic Une. Rock toe is provide| te pret +e seepage at as m= coalage fase ge fora X30, A © =k -x sina tand | 30° < % < 60° C< 60° = Kx SMH] ZA) = aK t @ = (regina Y a ft ‘ ke Phreatic Une IX Alrvectrix p Pegning oF Filtes, Qe do be foOt.c . Coundiey tekooen foo Soils. ~ “4 Ree to ees 1 TS equipof: | line S iv to He bocenchstye wo / kp _ o Sol @ OQ 8, — loftestion anges. tana, ~k Ke ~~ ewhen floa ine Passi through. bepo soi} 2 E get dlofteeteal . wi ome angie. “te Anisotropic Sdil:- Lkx # ky) a) Oo ¢ Ta the ese Sf AN Anisotropic soil the Ka 7 Ky the flow nat is to be drawn fo the Lransherres{ seatron lich is obtained! ey Teducing the norizeniaf cli mensier ana Keeping — venticte o'mension CAehangesh ‘ A ; i 5 The horizontal climension is Tecluc eof by erutip ying ust — reduebion. Coe fficieut- ot ky| ) a =e ear “Gerorunl SECLEnbevel - 02 @ gwen ke = 846 micay SH cy = 18 m/day B = loom. b -adky Wee _ U eS D ood $5 9 b = 658 oO 5 Realuced dimension, th ux Sate = 658 _ v.69 > eS 2 @® ke = 4:0 x10 M/s ie ny ky = RKloF mg: Nd 6 Q = kan ne Nd - kq = Ka: keg ) Kq = Qxtot , = Qxtotx20x4 ? x 4) le Q = ttt m/s. ) = foxwF es) eo eGo Dio = Ofer kK = 2 qe =(0 kK = ox)? = oot @e« KH NE = GOLK3BK2 Nq&® Wa Hehe . [He ny J ; H = 18 m= 3 ) By = a => 18 21-626 : a Leer &) A - wrong B- correlp: 9 ° . oO o Parca rack of Blake, colten soi Is basa orb, for the fuen Flow ner cate Hae yous wing oO © ‘he seepage ms PUT in 10? / day per Lm length of; vere fake k= 4% 10° cro/6ec- ) seepage presiune ang upuft pressang ab fun pointe D Showy jy pique.take poundation aapth ay osm: so © exit heyosantic grote Ip eng le 2090 a Tk specific gouty ave] veiq rato ef doi] ae obp alive &E ano oF uekafp is tho potter oy con apie ea no: ef Flew chahneL = NF =3. Ng. 0 Noop polentiaf olxeps = Nd = § hod © - KH ONE 4 a ME = Fxto-3 x 107? X 60X69 X24 x 3x4 . Q@ = +256 roan ~~ & igy ® Gind Ps atD. eee os Nd 7 Os mM. Mee - ooSeepage pres wrt = Yoh = tox [Rs = iskea| Jo iad uplift predate ap 0 luo = h-@ \ % =(os 40:3) = 1S Gos) = -0'8m. h® = 2.3m Belao te datun) aynign Ci bign- fu = Yoho = 10x23 Py = 23kPa anol ow 60H particle. seepage as " Qual better Of Structure hence , upujt prosue rowiele A) bait gradient lett = AH = OD _ oes AL 0.90 fo = Gel = 21) ~4e@. ite tog pe Ie = t 2 424 eve 06S GU oo SOU ONDsé fissemptions . 2 isotropic © semi tnpialte oO hommageneoue @- 5 - — ee i ewhen séi{ ts bocendadf hovizontay Plane cytendlus Up® Infidit beloed qhq hoveontal errr @e ed comdingiate ke = Boussineg's influence T = Pedig| Usjane -Ty oad 4 - OM the busfQee of xp —— - 4CiKPa) le as Ro equivalent poiabsoeo{ oo = (8 | Ss Ti! {s yo ac to beat Cly zy ——_———— Qis assumed Te acting Co. eee a ipoting Of ax3m having a toa) infensi of — 16 thm 1g “provictesl at a clepth of Is bebt the ground leref. cohat jo the cescticaf stress inducey «) atte cornen eh fating ab 4 depth of dm. betow the booting ator gen = OEP Ie t=3 Be Q@ = GBeI!Io S 60 tn[m> = ‘| Gy Ht MH MH = t+ Bom= Tere ae “Tg IvuLooCoscsS f alg x 8 he — ah > iB =a ‘9 above probler) dare ug veceticaf islance yo below te centre Sf footing R= 4+ a + Oe Iv =o | Q = 60t/rnr ) Es 4m E=0 a o Ge = 149 troBe IG Sz, f R' po 2 (41 Bl | 62 ee nl] t 6e2 i - dine Join in / equal verticaf stress. iso bast dine Join pong: ef equal vertical stress Nof Une 3 aphenical cused Suspace €g ~ onion. C3 dimensional specay ceseof sep) Away. go stress paul y psoas bulbs DF is the zone of sell §n which SKalliicance stres presestt- + byoma| pressure bulb the rox dp negugible. oad applied undin p- b> proatucces gtness at airaing. @ { zemax. 62 yaiadjon on hovrzonat!| planeJa aL site 4 ey siento licalteg going clove OF vasuable om a verrticte plang beled the Leaol Stress JUS beloca He Load ts infin - bcoz Z=0;=0.- {—r.—___, ) bai 8 B = 39°)s” tanp = Bw L__*| ‘a Lh a verte Plane is drawn at radial cbistance of 2a) fray a poink Joacl Mt what adapth Cmax. ecu al ton =f,# Cieculay loadin _Areat= & - Chrcutan —colamo footing. useful ony fos Ci eculan a ey fe aay] # Nem masyes Inpuence chart ¢- D fo bind S at any pt cmaer ang shape D dovelep baxal en Bassinesq’s eqn 2 each Getor Causes equal Stress. o } dlapth line ~ Seutr __ SoM or Bom. ae. -y ps Loaded akea OtZz S4 [ | tracing paper, | | ace) ln ; | 1 \ 3 Lk jt ( Foot FQ iG sale ; 9 6am = lotm capi» Une = ciepln af Polak nese 9 ¢ reef 5 es Len = 2m = ompetreel # trading popen Shout} pep sushiice cerbe of chant where Stress Quy required ° ee Gd Influence coeffictent of chant ¢ dead lofensity oF Footing Me No: of sectors covercs! ky footing Tota . NO Oly Sectors of chany = Nd" of Civcles x No OF radttaling62K 4 Ze = - Ey 22 2 & sy o + &) 62). 2097. 622 2 Wes aanols_theo - Gultable fer cteatifie) asi] Clayenr by LoyeH AeuAm) — Vasueo} eng (| elernate of site and cay’) fer [& 250 |r Bossi nesqus eg? gies higher. strewes. % compared to weateydurols equations. for JR = 150 gives came sires VAliLg. “EZ LB > +50. | ewesfengeurals <9" gqies sUghtly 2 higher. valees - campared to es Bossinegs eqt+ New Maxks method to fied ©2 at eorney of reefonge etocraked ANEQ « LO eee i ce ae IL a: z . Ee = influence coefficient 62 olspends pen m an o Limitations. fmlo lat 2 6: roln [x 3 amy applied For comes stresg. ) st Aprox mat Methad 9— D 2Vetial zp 1 horizontal Load cispersion Method ~ [ 1:2. doaal ctisp exsion | Hiv q t /i—3—, | \ I 4; CkPa) ‘No I i % 8B /o : ie ion 4 7 Plan ATU TIT} 7 i * fe ose|—-g fo 524 be—_—— Bag —______JO= Total Load je. O : - (arz) CL+2) fet Qi aid fool 4 > settHemen ual {orn siatee any poith oettemenf Same. contant psess. is non (aufernm. CI ey Sires mare confinea|. = Leg | Ve kK p_y pressure vasiiator) dleperds on stiffnew’ G4 eat and tyre st 60%: Flexible footing- =SetHomanf Is non Uubferm - ontat pe Js enifero poy ae sand ex peou- “stem REEDE (PETTY oaSIeeSSRESSEEES SECO SEEESIER SS ESEEEE SE CEEESE STIS SSSSEESESOIESEOSESIOSS — — patsons ratio for Sarfuralech coy = Os change in Value © ni saturateat Clay & negligible ee él oh om Giz QS = ey t{mt | wae)” &- 2 lve + - THe - 2:36 : - gs 1 2 os ae o re] Oo Oz = o77Y fo? | o® % = M+ nq. = 0005 X62 XSO oy o2 00328 oe oY 00934 a eee I = 00329 Me b= Ae =oy N = B/g = 02,Sar ba = cos Ney 6f 1mx2m . IxXG 0° 0328X6 = 02624 Ae contre Gy any = = 4Ctq) = 4%02624 = 1054] m? Mo Hag Sr beled Hue cetre of AY. m= £ = 4 =0 4 =0% gt iene thaten t= 0-093 = BG © FOIIXE = O75 Mf me * .O Jods} of each @Jemn pola : ‘ oad. | ! ' r® } @ ! LQ L Qa My Stee, 7 SC ba vv ° @ = @ =@, = 200 ~ GrErtm, 3 Tz, = Stress Ate Ay befow the columnOs, = stress due te Qo belad He colh@ er Ba, = stress due tf Gx below Hu colmn® Vo pind Car O22 =9 623 ~9 Qi = 666F Qo = 6664 Qe + 66-67 Z = 2m Ao on um cv =o wT = . ‘ Sar = 145 tet O22 = OU Ym 82g = RAS ° orig 7) C2 = O44 622 + 62g = ase Foyt 8x2&) beh S34 ie} K-30 - 3 62 = 4Xx100 = 400 kn) m2 9 Grp CL42) @+) CH) = s0 mo ade (oo x Cu)ii. Cons solication, 63 oe ea a property of soi] due t calich rectucto of wolume o@unes nden Comp ressien Compression Of soil due fat “NS © mpressio a+ { expebsion ofuir and voids a @ esmpe of pore water - weter escapes And s 7 Voids get emplticd. 0) COmpression af water and sald grains is neguigibie water ancl solid soil may nef compwesier only wid axe compressed. Compaction — camprersion op soil Tax due ce arr od voids Short Cnation raoving OS ea Loads - A * Consolidation: ‘Dt ts compreasion of sxil mass due ts o espe of pre vedien Uniden shetic te forum woaaing It Bb a Blood process. - Build ing. oer ty compresrion, % Building ony at 8 Comm p7ese It occours in LO. } = Ny cbeostatic pressure or pore pTEsseerr* More tu stiffness move +e slare Joading . + Stiffmess Of vwatex iS F Qs Compare 4, solid (eZ usa sy {acompreye ble and — olafterti'en v's ZesO 7 sn fidile @) L shffness ofp water is Ges Hydsodynanuc press ae or exceys pore weakest pressee. ite Nwoatenr. poate, Gomes outf solid particle comes ctecte cage compression — and, foun proses — conselidtaliog > After sebeving yodier — presscue. Othag : on wale Bigs Csecess + an tame eifestive ; stretecs on soi] t = pave watey pressure decreases , —— 5 > After some tme excess f ce { pore watt, Prceun leereres, a and Finally ond u wemain consjaufp — 0} YG =0I Atthe endofk Irnmedeatt Puricg G@nsolida{” a amsouidas? at Ashen loadsing . ~~ J u= 4 ucq | a =o =O so =0 oe 4 Hoe ey Ute = 4 a+e =4 2 Note &- G decreases, oF Oo Thegehore descing the consolidation but total “etress remains ° Stiffness = toad letormnattion @ propedy wrich 4 Property which t 9 , 7,e wok o 1 Yo, settlement: compvessi bili Shear la t cay partic cb tues Other ) constant: eohich consfectt o 1 Sr C= loot, Pores yemaid Wy Tvoo" ope e- o'Cusue cba) > ici ibility jav = AS Coficient of compressi ty > coefficient of cornpeessicn indole = Co~ ef dg (SE) co = AS | 99 CSE, xy Co = 0°00 CWL- 10) -. fer Remoutoted cloys- [ disterbed clays) Co = 0°009 CHL ~ 10) ~- fer feild consslidatjon. os coefficient of volume change Ye Oo coefficient of vokeme compress Bit a? C Av | for a gien eail 1av and my decrease with f inc for a ladtenaiyy con fined sof > freq = constant SY. A Vo Ho —_ >' ~ —_ pops. «< A == => whe ory Load only Height is change. noF saseral Aimension av _ _4e Vo [t€0 [t€o 4 To kind Ultimate ov final consolidation settlement Sjord @ [AHL 4e Hor Sp = Be ( cc 8 al £ Ho [ \reo o Wo [sp = Ho cence of eo Ses ed ~ 5 f i 8 C “s ) sy! = cot do ay my = BH : | ewes eral oo SH or sp = Mv HH) do’ - 14F Based on_histeg history of doacking. dtypesoF cys. oO Nov roallg co nsolidateo| clot NCC @ over consolidated cay: oc B® Undey consotictates clay , ucc. C uedles, still process) S= I60kfa, pyise"? x =log KPA, = normal ConsoUdBtesf. Clay . => pre consoUdiated stress oc! = (ookfa. co! =1oCevet Oven Consol latest clay a- Fly oven is Ncc being constructed. (vecten construction) Occ Over conssidation Ratio .jocR = Se! = occ use, = preconsolidition stress. = prtesert- stress on the soil, Neez=0cR =4 oR >l ocr XLaL ar > soil is lateraty confined => watey escape. omy fin one veselecaf ivertion LU 9 ofa hiyddcody namic ise . A sonal, pressure yame oO every ushere. ° Whent =0 * sang * C beggining) Double olraineol olay : Q , T Bycisochvone J ’ i : ° to Cohent>o oS : ? ot | the slope of s0Chteme is equal co ( ) +) * Hyasostrastic pressure vast nof ony wot I © me but alse depth of soil. at eand. a tsechrome T 6 ° ° whent=o whent>Po At theend of dingle_ drained eee ca nseldagioy.d = otrainage path A= Ho for double — dwainee 2 one dad = Ho ~--- fer single arained oto. oT Ky ot myo az* , ) oO a Ceo) _-[. clifferential eg afamsolidaten ee ob az oO eo ; . (fie ava fare sec sec: Time e factor Ty We S- ) 7 tx Tv od [% = Su ou Th Sa Cvt dz Dequee of Consolidation ox fe of settement U oO Use 3 x100 Sf