GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT

A GLOBAL SNAPSHOT OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE AND AVAILABILITY,

AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYTONUTRIENT INTAKES
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

CONTENTS

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
What are Phytonutrients? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Importance of Quantity and Variety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Research Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Global Fruit and Vegetable Intake Falls Short of Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Global Availability of Fruits and Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fruit Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Tropical/Subtropical Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Citrus Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pome Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Berries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Vegetable Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fruiting Vegetables (excluding Cucurbits) /Mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Brassica Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fruiting Vegetables (including Cucurbits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3
Leafy Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Root Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–19

1
 ABOUT THIS REPORT The Global Phytonutrient Report summarizes total
fruit and vegetable intake in servings per day and the primary types of
fruits and vegetables available in various global regions. Inferences about
phytonutrient intake are then made by Nutrilite from this information.
The report aims to raise awareness worldwide about the importance of
fruit, vegetable and ultimately, the quantity and variety of phytonutrient
consumption, and their impact on optimal health.

THE PHYTONUTRIENT LANDSCAPE KEY FINDINGS

Nutrition and health experts around the world AMOUNT OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION
recognize fruits and vegetables are key components The vast majority of adults (60-87%) worldwide reported
of a healthy diet. In addition to being sources of consuming less than the minimum of five servings of fruits
many vitamins, minerals and fiber, they also are and vegetables per day recommended by the
sources of phytonutrients – the natural, protective World Health Organization.
substances found in plants that often give them The majority of adults worldwide would have to at least
their vibrant colors. Emerging research suggests double their current intake of fruits and vegetables to
that phytonutrients may also provide a range meet the WHO recommendation.
of health benefits.
Recent research reveals that approximately VARIETY OF AVAILABLE FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
1 in 4 men and women meet the minimum The most commonly available global fruits and vegetables and
recommendation of five servings (or 400 grams) examples of their associated phytonutrients are:
of fruits and vegetables per day.1 In comparison
to the available data about fruit and vegetable
intake, there is significantly less data available at
the global level about the amount and variety of Tropical and subtropical fruits, for example,
specific fruit and vegetable intake, which influences plantains (alpha-carotene and beta-carotene),
total phytonutrient intakes. Research in this area mangos (beta-carotene), papayas
(beta-cryptoxanthin) and guavas (lycopene).
generally supports the idea that amount and variety
are desirable and important for overall health.

DATA SOURCES* Fruiting vegetables, for example,

tomatoes (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
The Global Phytonutrient Report: A Global Snapshot and lycopene), corn (lutein/zeaxanthin),
of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability, and and eggplants (anthocyanidin).
Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes was developed
by Nutrilite using results from an analysis of fruit and
vegetable intakes conducted for Nutrilite by Exponent,
Inc.2 The analysis of fruit and vegetable intakes was
conducted using data from several sources:2
• World Health Organization’s (WHO) World Health
Survey (WHS)
In addition to providing a better understanding of the amount and
• The Global Environment Monitoring System - variety of fruit and vegetable consumption around the world, these
Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment insights point to the need for future research about intake of fruits and
Programme (GEMS/Food) vegetables and their associated phytonutrients. This will allow for a
better understanding of the role that these healthful foods play in the
• The Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) maintenance of optimal health.
Supply Utilization Accounts (SUA) and Food
Balance Sheets
To learn more about the phytonutrient research led by Nutrilite Health Institute,
*All implications and inferences presented in this report were prepared by Nutrilite
and represent the opinions of Nutrilite.
please contact Lindsay Pott at lindsay.pott@amway.com or Clare Wade at
clare.wade@amway.com.

2
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

WHAT ARE PHYTONUTRIENTS?

WHAT ARE PHYTONUTRIENTS?

Phytonutrients are organic components found in plants that are thought

to promote human health. The term “phyto” originates from a Greek word
meaning plant. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts and teas are all KEY INSIGHT Both quantity and
rich sources of phytonutrients. Many plant-based foods including fruits variety of fruits and vegetables are
and vegetables contain a number of different phytonutrients, even if they necessary to obtain the maximum
have been studied primarily for just one or two. That is why there is not
only a need to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables in general, benefit from what we eat.
but also to increase variety to ensure the best possible benefits.3-4
Phytonutrients that will be highlighted in this report are included in Table
1 along with their associated beneficial functions.

Table 1: Select Phytonutrients and Associated Health Benefits

EXAMPLES OF ASSOCIATED HEALTH EXAMPLES OF

COLOR CATEGORY PHYTONUTRIENT
BENEFITS FRUITS/VEGETABLES38, 39

Lutein/ Zeaxanthin Vision health5-7 Spinach, lettuce, kale, broccoli

Green
Broccoli, bok-choy, cabbage,
Glucosinolates Cellular health43
mustard greens

Prostate health,8 lung,9 stomach

Lycopene Tomatoes, watermelon, red grapefruit
health,10, 11 heart health44
Red
Ellagic Acid Cell health12, 13 Raspberries, strawberries

Blood vessel and heart health,14, 15

White Quercetin Onions, apples, radicchio
bone and joint health45,46

Heart health,16 cell health,17, 18

Purple/Blue Anthocyanidins skin health,19 digestive health,20 Grapes, blueberries, eggplants
brain health47, 48

Vision health,21 healthy growth and

Alpha-carotene Carrots, plantains, pumpkin
development,22 heart health23

Vision health,24 healthy immune

function,25 healthy growth and Carrots, Chinese cabbages, plantains,
Beta-carotene
development,22 heart health,23 cantaloupe
Yellow/Orange
bone health26

Hesperidin Heart health27 Oranges, lemons, limes

Heart health,23 bone health,26

Beta-cryptoxanthin Oranges, tangerines, papayas
joint health28

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 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITY AND VARIETY

IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITY Globally, a number of factors likely influence intake of fruits and
vegetables—and ultimately phytonutrients. Examples may include,
AND VARIETY but are not limited to:36-37
• Cost
• Convenience
• Quality
KEY INSIGHT Recent research in the
• Perceptions of the nutritional value
United States and Korea as seen in • Seasonal and geographic availability
Table 230-31 suggests it is likely that • Limited access to transportation
populations consuming low amounts • Limited access to cooking facilities
• Limited access to safe food storage options
and variety of fruits and vegetables
are also consuming low quantities In comparison to the available data about the amount of fruit and
vegetable intake as a group of foods, there are less data available at the
and varieties of phytonutrients. global level about the amount and variety of specific fruit and vegetable
intake. This data shortfall makes it challenging to assess the role of intake
variety on health, as well as to make robust estimates
of phytonutrient intakes.
While specific recommendations for phytonutrient intake
amounts needed to support optimal health have not yet
been established, it is clear that consumption of fruits and
vegetables is linked to phytonutrient intake.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the 5-a-Day
program in the U.K. emphasize consuming a larger
quantity and variety of fruits and vegetables.32-33 This is
because different fruits and vegetables appear to support
a range of biological functions. Consuming a variety of
plant-based foods helps to ensure that individuals receive
the optimum benefits from fruits and vegetables.34-35

Table 2: Phytonutrient Research Findings in United States and South Korea

UNITED STATES30 KOREA31

Falling Short on Fruit & 5% of men and 7% of women met MyPyramid 4% of men and 6% of women satisfied the recommended
Vegetable Intake recommendations for consumption of fruit and vegetables. fruit and vegetable intake.

Intakes of all phytonutrients (other than ellagic acid) were Intakes of major carotenoids, flavonoids and one phenolic
Phytonutrient Intake Higher
considerably higher among men and women meeting dietary compound were significantly higher among subjects
for Individuals Meeting Fruit &
recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes compared who met the recommendations for fruit and vegetable
Vegetable Recommendations
to those not meeting the recommendations. consumption compared with those who did not.

One or two food items contributed to nearly all intake

Lack of Variety in Fruit &
Vegetable Intake
For five of the nine phytonutrients, a single food accounted
of each phytonutrient.
for 64% or more of the total intake of the phytonutrient.
Carrots and squash are major sources of carotenoids, with
Tomatoes, carrots, oranges and orange juice, and strawberries
the exception of lycopene. Watermelon and tomatoes largely
accounted for approximately two-thirds or more of the
contributed to lycopene intake. Major sources of flavonoids
average intake of five of the nine phytonutrients.
were fruits, onions, soybeans and nuts.

4

RESEARCH OVERVIEW
An analysis of the number of servings of fruits and vegetables consumed
in 13 regions around the globe and the major types of specific fruits and
vegetables available in each region was conducted for Nutrilite.2 From
these data and other information in the published literature, general
inferences about phytonutrient intakes were made by Nutrilite. For the
remainder of this report, the term “variety” refers to the major types of
fruits and vegetables available in each region.
WORLD HEALTH SURVEY (WHS) DATA
In the analysis of fruit and vegetable intakes by region, or geographic diet
cluster, consumption data were based on responses to a World Health
Organization (WHO) questionnaire on fruit and vegetable intake provided
to a group of individuals participating in the World Health Survey (WHS)
from 2002-2004.2 Information on fruit and vegetable intake was collected
from a total of 196,925 adults from 52 primarily low and middle income
countries around the globe.2 The WHS data therefore were available
from a subset of countries within each geographic diet cluster. The data
provided information addressing two questions:2
1) How many servings of fruit do you eat on a typical day?
2) How many servings of vegetables do you eat on a typical day?
In general, one serving of vegetables was considered to be one cup (80g)
of raw green leafy vegetables such as spinach or salad; one-half cup (80g)
of other vegetables cooked or chopped raw, such as tomatoes, carrots,
pumpkin, corn, Chinese cabbage, fresh beans or onions; or one-half cup
(80g) vegetable juice.2 Likewise, one serving of fruit was considered to
be one medium size piece of fruit, such as an apple, banana or orange;
one-half cup (80g) chopped, cooked or canned fruit; or one-half cup
(80g) fruit juice.2
or or
ONE SERVING
1 cup (80g) ½ cup (80g) ½ cup (80g)
or or
1 piece ½ cup (80g) ½ cup (80g)
GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
(FAO) DATA
Since the WHS did not collect information on the
specific types of fruits and vegetables consumed by
each participant, data from the WHO and Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), which provided
information on the quantity of major types of fruits
and vegetables available by country, were analyzed.2
These data were used to estimate the proportion of
fruits and vegetables available by type in each of the
thirteen geographic clusters.2 It is important to note
that the fruit and vegetable proportion data are
therefore not a record of what people actually ate;
rather, the data are a proxy for actual consumption.2
THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
SYSTEM (GEMS) CLUSTERS
The analysis of fruit and vegetable intake in servings
per day and the primary types of fruits and vegetables
available was completed for 13 geographic regions,
which are based on the 2006 GEMS/food clusters*:
• Americas and Australia, e.g., United States
• South/Central America, e.g., Mexico
• South America, e.g., Brazil
• Southern Europe, e.g., Italy
• Western Europe, e.g., Germany
• Northern Europe, e.g., Sweden
• Eastern Europe, e.g., Russia
• Asia (A), e.g., China and India
• Asia (B), e.g., Japan and Korea
• Northern Africa/Middle East, e.g., Morocco
• Central Africa (A), e.g., Cameroon
• Central Africa (B), e.g., Nigeria
• Southern Africa, e.g., South Africa
The 13 regions in the analysis correspond to the 2006
diet clusters identified by the WHO Global Environmental
Monitoring System (GEMS) – Food Contamination
Monitoring and Assessment Programme (GEMS/Food
Program).2 The clusters will be used for the remainder of
this report and serve as the key to describe the data in
the tables and figures within.
*A list of countries in each cluster can be found in the Appendix. Asia was separated by
GEMS into two clusters, with both diets being high in rice and wheat. Cluster Asia (A)
was characterized by higher availability of fruiting vegetables, milk and milk products,
potatoes and fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, while cluster Asia (B) was
characterized by higher availability of fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, maize,
milk and milk products and brassica vegetables. Central Africa was separated by GEMS
into two clusters. Cluster Central Africa (A) was characterized by higher availability of
plantains, cassava, rice, wheat, maize, milk and milk products. Cluster Africa (B) was
characterized by higher availability of cassava, sorghum, milk and milk products,
millet, rice and maize.
5
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

GLOBAL FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE

Figure 1A. Average Number of Fruit and Vegetable Servings Figure 1B. Percent Consuming Less than 5 Servings
Consumed Per Day of Fruits and Vegetables/Day

6 100

WHO Minimum Recommended Servings

5

percent (%) of the population

80

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utilization accounts
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utilization
2 Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply utilization accounts data.2
Geographic diet clusters based on 2006 GEMS/Food clusters and FAO supply utilization accounts data.

KEY FINDINGS: GLOBAL FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE FALLS

SHORT OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Adults in all regions around the world have average intakes of fruit and vegetable servings that are below the
recommended minimum of at least five servings daily. Average intakes ranged from 2.7 servings per day in Northern
Africa/Middle East to 4.2 servings per day in South America. The majority of adults (60-87%) worldwide reported
consuming fewer than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day.

6
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

GLOBAL FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE

Figure 2A. Average Number of Fruit and Vegetable Servings/ Figure 2B. Average Number of Fruit and Vegetable Servings/
Day Consumed by People Meeting Day Consumed by People Not Meeting
the WHO Recommendations the WHO Recommendations

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10 10

8 8
servings/day

servings/day
6 6
Minimum Recommended Servings Minimum Recommended Servings

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Vegetables Vegetables
Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply
Fruits utilization accounts data.2 Fruits utilization accounts data.2

KEY FINDINGS
A small percent of the adults within various regions consumed five or more servings per day with typical intakes between
six to seven and a half servings per day, or approximately three times what the low-intake consumers reported. Among
the adults with low fruit and vegetable intakes, the combined intake ranged from 1.7 to 2.7 servings per day, or roughly
one-third to one-half the minimum recommended level.

These data indicate that a majority of adults worldwide would need to at least double their current
intake of fruit and vegetable servings to meet minimum WHO recommendations.

7
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

GLOBAL AVAILABILITY OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

GLOBAL AVAILABILITY OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Based on the system FAO uses to group fruits and vegetables, a total of nine fruit categories and ten vegetable categories were
examined in the analysis. Below are select fruit and vegetable categories from the analysis:

FRUITS VEGETABLES

Fruiting vegetables (excluding

Tropical/Subtropical fruits: bananas,
cucurbits)/Mushrooms: tomatoes,
plantains, figs, mangos, mangosteens,
okra eggplants, maize, mushrooms,
avocados, guavas, pineapples and papaya.
and truffles.

Citrus fruits: oranges, lemons, limes,

Brassica vegetables: cabbages, broccoli,
grapefruit, tangerines, mandarins,
cauliflower and other brassicas.
and clementines.

Fruiting vegetables (including cucurbits):

Melons: watermelons, cantaloupes, pumpkins, squash, gourds, cucumbers
and other melons. and gherkins, chilies, and peppers
(e.g., green peppers).

Leafy vegetables: lettuce, chicory,

Pome fruits: apples, pears, and quinces.
spinach and other leafy vegetables.

Berries: strawberries, raspberries,

gooseberries, currants, blueberries, Root vegetables: carrots and turnips.
cranberries, and grapes.

8
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

FRUIT AVAILABILITY

Figure 3. Variety of Tropical/Subtropical Fruits as

a Percentage of Total Fruits
FRUIT AVAILABILITY
100
TROPICAL/SUBTROPICAL FRUITS
80 Tropical/subtropical fruits are widely available
percent (%) of total fruits

globally and accounted for the vast majority of total

60 fruit available in Central Africa (A and B) and Southern
Africa, representing 79-93% of total fruits. While
40
bananas and plantains are the most available tropical
fruits across most regions, mangoes, mangosteens
20
and guavas also make a contribution to the available
fruits across all regions, and are most available in
0
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ro

n
m

A
So

Eu

e
r th

r o
n

beta-cryptoxanthin (e.g., papayas) and lycopene

he

N
ut

(e.g., guavas).38 Alpha-carotene and beta-carotene

So

Other (Dates, Olives, have been shown to be important for maintaining

Cashewapple, Avocado eye health,21, 24 while beta-carotene and beta-
and Kiwi fruit)
Papayas cryptoxanthin play a protective role in bone health
Persimmons by minimizing bone loss with aging.26
Pineapples
Mangoes, Mangosteens, Guavas
Figs
Plantains Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO
Bananas supply utilization accounts data.2

Figure 4. Variety of Citrus Fruits as CITRUS FRUITS

a Percentage of Total Fruits
Citrus fruits are frequently available and accounted
40 for 30-35% of total fruits in the Americas and
35 Australia and South/Central America, and 20-
26% in Eastern Europe, Northern Africa/Middle
percent (%) of total fruits

30
East, South America and Southern Europe/
25
Mediterranean, respectively. In the remaining
20 regions, citrus fruits accounted for less than 20% of
15 total fruits. Oranges were the predominant citrus
fruit available across most regions but Asia (A and
10
B) had higher availability of tangerines, mandarins
5
and clementines. The Americas, Australia and South/
0 Central America had higher availability of lemons,
i ri a p i
limes and grapefruits compared to other regions.
la

ca

pe

A)

B)

a ro ro
(A

(B

as

E
rc
p
ic

i i
a(
a(

t rc ric
ne

ro

le
er

sa
a
e

Af

r
r

E E A
dd
r th u

Eu

Au
m

ra

As

A r
m

fi
s

ite n n A
n

er e
f

h
lA

lA
n

nd u ed te st M a th
r

er

a/
l

ou Citrus fruits are rich sources of vitamin C, as well as

ra

tra

So Ea n
tr

M
es
nt

s r
en
a

C C
ic
W

No

S
Ce

rc
e/
a

phytonutrients, such as hesperidin (e.g., lemons,

Af
op

r
h/

r
i

n
ut

Am
e

Eu

n t
So

rh

o limes, and oranges), beta-cryptoxanthin (e.g.,

er

h
N
ut

tangerines and oranges) and lycopene (e.g., red or

So

Tangerines, Mandarins,
pink grapefruit).38, 39 Lycopene has been shown to
Clementines support prostate health,8 as well as promote lung9
Grapefruit (inc. Pomelos)
Lemons and Limes Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO
and stomach health.10-11 Hesperidin has been shown
Oranges supply utilization accounts data.2 to have effects on heart health in part because of its
lipid-lowering properties.27

9
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

FRUIT AVAILABILITY

MELONS Figure 5. Variety of Watermelons/Other Melons as

a Percentage of Total Fruits
Watermelons and other melons, including cantaloupes,
were also among the top contributors to fruit availability 35
in Eastern Europe, Northern Africa/Middle East and Asia 30
(A). accounting for 20%-32%. Watermelons made the

percent (%) of total fruits

predominant contribution to melon availability across 25

all regions but other melons, such as cantaloupes, 20

contributed to availability in Southern Europe/
15
Mediterranean, Northern Africa/Middle East and Asia (A).
10
Melons deliver phytonutrients, such as lycopene
(e.g., watermelon) and beta-carotene (e.g., 5

cantaloupe).38, 39 In addition to supporting healthy 0

immune function,25 beta-carotene also supports i a p i

li a

pe

a
pe

A)

)
ra ro

(B

(B
(A

as
E

ric

rc

rc
st i

a(
rc

ro

ro
healthy growth and development.22 le

sa

ca
ia
Am

Af
an
Au rr E A

r th u

Eu
m
dd

Eu
r

As

fri
fi
rn A

n
he

lA
th

lA
n
te

ite
a

n
n u ut

er
d

ra

er

l
i
sa

tra
ed

/M
n o

tr
nt S a

st
es
o
ia

en
/M
ri

ca
C
Ce
C

No

S
E
pe
c

h/

f
er

Am n
ut

ro
So

Eu e

r
r t
n
or

h
h
e
ut

N
So

Other Melons (including Cantaloupe)

Watermelons

Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply utilization accounts data.2

POME FRUITS Figure 6. Variety of Pome Fruits as

a Percentage of Total Fruits
In the European regions, pome fruits make up 19-24% of
available fruits, although pome accounted for no more 25
than 16% of total fruit available in other regions. Apples
were the predominant pome fruit across all regions, with 20
percent (%) of total fruits

pears making larger contributions in Southern Europe/

Mediterranean and Asia (A and B). Quinces were only 15
available in a few regions.
10
Quercetin is the phytonutrient that is most prevalent in
pome fruits.38, 39 Quercetin is important for maintaining 5
blood vessel health and heart health.14, 15
0
c
li a

an

pe

pe

pe

B)

e
(A

(A
(B

as
ric

ric
a(

ic
ri
ra

e
ro

ro

dl
ia
ia

ca
e

Af
an

u
r
st

As
Eu

Eu

Eu

As

A
fri

fr

rn

i
rr
lA
A

lA
lA
d
rn

rn

/M
he
ite

r
th

u
nd

tra

er

ta
ra

ca
te

he

n
ut
ed

st
sa

en

nt
o

es

M r
So
rt
S

Ea

Ce
Ce
ic a

fi
W

A
No
h/

e/

rn
er

op
ut
Am

r th
So

e
ur

E
n N
o
er
th

u
S
o

Quinces
Pears
Apples

Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply utilization accounts data.2

10
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

FRUIT AVAILABILITY

Figure 7. Variety of Berries as BERRIES

a Percentage of Total Fruits
Berries and other small fruits (e.g., strawberries,
15 raspberries, gooseberries, currants, blueberries,
cranberries and grapes), accounted for a small
12 proportion of fruits available in Southern Europe/
percent (%) of total fruits

Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and Northern Africa/

9 Middle East regions and were low (no more than
10%) or virtually nonexistent in the other regions.
6 Berries are an excellent source of anthocyanidin
(e.g., blueberries, currants, cranberries, raspberries,
3 red grapes, and strawberries).38, 39 Anthocyanidin
is important for cell health,17, 18 skin health19 and
0
t
supporting digestive health.20
l ri a pe pe pe B B
ia

ica

ca

ica
)

r ro ro ro r
(A

(A
as

tr ia E
ia
(

(
a

ne

e ri
dl
ia

ca
e

Af

E E E
c
r th u

u
m

Am

As
us

rra

As

A
fr

rn

t i
lA

lA
lA
rn

d
ie

M a
he

n d
h

er

er

a/
d

ra

te

sa
ut

ra

o a n
ut
st

tr
nt

rc
e

es

nt

ia
/M

So
Ce

e
W

E
No

Ce
Ce
fi

A
rc

h/

e rn
op

r
ut
Am

r th
So

Eu

e
rn

N
o
he
ut
So

Grapes
Cranberries
Blueberries
Currants
Gooseberries
Raspberries Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO
Strawberries supply utilization accounts data.2

KEY FINDINGS
The fruit availability data presented in this section highlight the variations in fruit availability across
the globe. These differences suggest that both quantity and variety of phytonutrient consumption
may vary widely in different regions of the world.

11
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY

VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY
Figure 8. Variety of Fruiting Vegetables as
a Percentage of Total Vegetables
FRUITING VEGETABLES (EXCLUDING 60
CUCURBITS)/MUSHROOMS

percent (%) of total vegetables

50
Fruiting vegetables, excluding cucurbits, accounted for
the greatest proportion of total available vegetables 40
in most regions. This category accounted for 23%-53%
30
of vegetables available in all regions except Northern
regions of Europe and parts of Asia (B). Tomatoes were 20
the most common fruiting vegetable across all regions,
and corn accounted for a portion of fruiting vegetables, 10
particularly in Central Africa (A and B) and South/Central
0
America. In Asia (A) and Northern Africa/Middle East, e e e t
op ( a (

li a

an

B)

B)

a
o

(A

(A
s
ric

ric

ric
p

op
eggplants were more commonly available. ra ric

ne
u i

E
ia

ca
ia

a
e

Af
r

r
st

e
Eu

Eu
Am

Am

As
As
rra
rn

dl
d

E
Au

fr

rn
r

lA
lA
n

n
ite

he
th
al

er

i
nd

/M
te

tra
tra
ed
r
n
ou

ut
st
r th
Tomatoes are rich sources of the carotenoid lycopene and
nt

es
sa

ca
Ea

en
/M

So
Ce

S C

No

Ce
ica

ri
pe
h/

Af
er

a source of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene.38, 39 Corn

ut

ro

n
Am

er
So

Eu

th
rn

is a good source of lutein/zeaxanthin, which have been

r
No
he
ut

found to be protective for eye health especially in aging

So

populations,5-7 and eggplants contain anthocyanidin and Mushrooms and Truffles

other phenolic compounds, which have been shown to Maize
Okra
support cell health.17, 18, 38, 39 Eggplants Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO
Tomatoes supply utilization accounts data.2

BRASSICA VEGETABLES Figure 9. Variety of Brassica Vegetables as

a Percentage of Total Vegetables
Brassica vegetables represented 29% of available
vegetables in Asia (B), 21% in Southern Africa and 30
16%-19% in Western, Northern and Eastern European
25
percent (%) of total vegetables

regions and Asia (A). Cabbages and other brassicas were

the predominant vegetables available in this category. 20
Cauliflower and broccoli also made contributions to
brassica availability in Asia (A), Western Europe and 15
South/Central America but were almost completely
10
absent in Central Africa (A and B).
5
Brassica vegetables are good sources of phytonutrients,
such as anthocyanidin (e.g., red cabbages), beta- 0
carotene (e.g., Chinese cabbages) lutein/zeaxanthin and l i an e pe pe (A Ea
t
(A ( ri
a
ia

B)

ro ro
(B

s
ric

rc

st e i i c
ra

ne

ro

glucosinolate (e.g., brussel sprouts and broccoli).38-41 Eu Eu As le fi A

a
a

ica
a

Am
e

r
f

Au dd Af
Eu
m

As
rra

e n rn lA
r

er r
n
lA

h
nd
n

a
er

ed st t M r r th
it

u
i

a/
ra

Beta-carotene is important for heart health23 and healthy

l
e

sa
t

ta

e a n n
th
nt

S M
s

Ce o
o

W
u

r
r
Ce

ic C
c
E
No

e
a

i
/

immune function.25 Lutein/zeaxanthin5-7 and beta-

pe
h/

Af

o n
er

Am er
ut

u
r
So

t
E

carotene24 both support vision health. Glucosinolates

rh

o
rn

e
t
N
h

have been shown to have strong antioxidant effects40, 41

u
So

and provide cell protection against outdoor pollutants.42 Cauliflowers and Broccoli Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO
Cabbages and Other Brassicas supply utilization accounts data.2

12
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY

Figure 10. Variety of Fruiting Vegetables Including FRUITING VEGETABLES (INCLUDING CUCURBITS)
Cucurbits as a Percentage of Total Vegetables
Fruiting vegetables, including cucurbits, accounted for
12-21% of available vegetables in all regions, except for
25 South America. The vegetable type that predominated in
this category differed considerably across the regions. In
percent (%) of total vegetables

20 Central Africa (A), pumpkins, squash and gourds were the

most commonly available fruiting vegetables, while in
15 Northern Europe, Eastern Europe and Asia (A), cucumbers
and gherkins were more available. In South/Central
10 America and Central Africa (B), chilies and peppers
were more available.
5
Pumpkins and butternut squash are sources of alpha-
0
carotene. Butternut squash also contains beta-carotene
i e pe pe ( Ea
t
( i and beta-cryptoxanthin. Red peppers are sources of beta-
li a

ica

B)

ro ro
(A

(A

B
s
rc

rc
p
a

e si
tra

us Eu e i
er

cryptoxanthin and other peppers contain quercetin.38, 39

a

ca
ia

ca

Am
Af
n

E
Eu

u
m

As
rra

er
fri
dl
A

fr

r
lA

h
A

lA
lA
n

id
ite

r
er

er
nd

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin

ra

h
/M
te

ta
ut

ra
ed

a n
ut
st
r th
nt

es
sa

nt
So

W
Ea
/M

So
Ce

ric
No

Ce
Ce
ica

all support heart health.23 Beta-carotene and beta-

pe
h/

Af
er

r
ut

ro

n
Am

So

Eu

cryptoxanthin are also important for bone health.26, 28

rth

o
rn
he

N
ut

Quercetin is important for heart health and blood vessel

So

Chillies and Peppers, Green

health by maintaining healthy blood pressure.14, 15
Cucumbers and Gherkins Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO
Pumpkins, Squash and Gourds supply utilization accounts data.2

Figure 11. Variety of Leafy Vegetables as LEAFY VEGETABLES

a Percentage of Total Vegetables
Availability of leafy vegetables was relatively low
15 across all regions accounting for only 12% or less of
available vegetables. Lettuce and chicory were the
percent (%) of total vegetables

12 predominant types of leafy vegetables available across

all regions. Asia A and Asia B were the only regions
9 that had aquatic plants.

6
Leafy vegetables deliver phytonutrients such as
beta-carotene (e.g., spinach and romaine lettuce),
3
lutein and zeaxanthin (e.g., lettuce and chicory, kale,
spinach) and quercetin (e.g. radicchio).38, 39 Lutein and
0
zeaxanthin are key nutrients in supporting eye health
l i a e e e ( ( Ea
t
( ( i throughout life.5-7
ia

A)

B)

A)

B)

ro ro ro
s
ric

rc

rc
p

t e e i si
ra

ne

Eu Eu Eu e
dl
a

a
a

ica

Af

fr Af
ric

n
Am

Am
us

rra

As

A te n n n er
A

l id al
nd ta
lA

ed t t M t
h

r
er

er

er

h a/
h
i

sa ou
ut

ta

o
r

or a n n
tr

M rc
es

Ce
en

ia
S

Ce

S
/C

fi
/

A
N
pe
rc

e o
th

u ur n
m er
r th
So
A

r
No
n
h e
ut
So

Aquatic Plants, All

Cassava Leaves
Spinach Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO
Lettuce and Chicory supply utilization accounts data.2

13
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY

ROOT VEGETABLES
Figure 12. Variety of Root Vegetables as
Root vegetables (e.g., carrots and turnips) provided a Percentage of Total Vegetables
13-19% of total vegetables available for consumption in
Western and Northern Europe, while in all other regions 20
they only accounted for 1%-8% of availability. Some root

percent (%) of total vegetables

vegetables are excellent sources of carotenoids, including
15
alpha- and beta-carotene (e.g., carrots).38, 39 Alpha- and
beta-carotene are important for vision health21, 24 as well
as healthy growth and development.22 10

0
l a e e e t
i ( ( Ea ( ( i
ia

A)

B)

A)

B)

a
ro

s
ric

rc

rc
p
op

op
ra t e e i si

ne
Eu e
dl

a
a

ica

Af
fr

ur

ur
E E Af

ric
n
Am

Am
us

rra

As
A te n er

A
l id al
nd ta

lA
n

n
ed t M t

h
r

er
a/

er

h
i
sa ou
ut

ta
o

he
r
t a n n

tr
M e rc

st

s
Ce
en

ia o
S

E
r

Ce

S
/C

fi
/

W
A
pe
rc

e o

N
th

u ur n
m er
r th
So
A

r
No
n
h e
ut
So

Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO

Carrots and Turnips supply utilization accounts data.2

KEY FINDINGS
The vegetable availability data presented in this section highlight the variations in vegetable
availability across the globe. These differences suggest that both quantity and variety of
phytonutrient consumption may vary widely in different regions of the world.

14
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
In summary, a large proportion of adults around the world (60-87%)
consume fewer than the recommended minimum of five servings of fruits
and vegetables each day. In addition, there are notable differences in the
availability of different types of fruit and vegetables across geographical
regions. Because different types of fruits and vegetables provide various
levels and kinds of phytonutrients, variability in availability may influence
both quantity and variety of phytonutrient consumption. Other factors such
as the form in which fruits and vegetables are consumed (e.g., cooked or raw)
may also impact phytonutrient intakes. While this report considers potential
intake of phytonutrients from fruits and vegetables, it is important to note
that other plant-based foods may be a source of the phytonutrients
reviewed in this report.
Using the data on the availability of different types of fruits and vegetables
in geographic regions across the globe and information on sources of
phytonutrients in these fruits and vegetables, the Nutrilite Health Institute
concluded that commonly available fruits and vegetables in most regions
worldwide and their associated phytonutrients include:

Tropical and subtropical fruits, for example, plantains

(alpha-carotene, beta-carotene), mangos (beta-carotene),
papayas (beta-cryptoxanthin) and guavas (lycopene).

Fruiting vegetables, for example, tomatoes (alpha-

carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene), corn (lutein/
zeaxanthin), and eggplants (anthocyanidin).

Additional analyses providing insight on associations between health and

intakes of different fruits and vegetables and the variety of phytonutrients
they contain, as well as how these intakes vary by gender, age and urban
versus rural locations hold potential to further our understanding of
phytonutrient intakes globally.

To learn more about the phytonutrient research led by Nutrilite Health Institute,
please contact Lindsay Pott at lindsay.pott@amway.com or Clare Wade at
clare.wade@amway.com. For Nutrilite Health Institute news,
please visit globalnews.amway.com.

15
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes
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 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

APPENDIX

2006 GEMS/FOOD CLUSTERS AND WORLD HEALTH SURVEY (WHS)

2002-2004 Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Data by Country
Source: Exponent, Inc. Global Assessment of Phytonutrient Intake by Level of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. March 2014.

2006 GEMS/FOOD CLUSTERS WHS 2002-2004 2006 GEMS/FOOD CLUSTERS WHS 2002-2004
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CLUSTER COUNTRY NAME CONSUMPTION DATA CLUSTER COUNTRY NAME CONSUMPTION DATA
A Angola C Libya Arab Jamahiriya
Burundi Morocco YES
Cameroon Saudi Arabia
Central African Republic Syrian Arab Republic
Comoros YES Tunisia YES
Côte d’Ivoire YES D Albania
Djibouti Armenia
Eritrea Azerbaijan
Ethiopia YES Belarus
Gabon Bosnia and Herzegovina YES
Guinea Bulgaria
Guinea Bissau Georgia YES
Liberia Iran, Islamic Rep of
Madagascar Kazakhstan YES
Mauritius YES Kyrgyzstan
Rwanda Moldova, Republic of
Sao Tome & Principe Romania
Seychelles Russian Federation YES
Sierra Leone Serbia and Montenegro
Somalia Tajikistan
Uganda The former Yugoslav Rep of
Macedonia
Yemen
Turkmenistan
B Cyprus
Ukraine YES
Greece
Uzbekistan
Israel
E Austria
Italy
Belgium
Lebanon
Croatia YES
Portugal
Czech Republic YES
Spain YES
Denmark
Turkey YES
France
United Arab Emirates YES
Germany
C Algeria
Hungary YES
Egypt
Ireland
Iraq
Luxembourg
Jordan
Malta
Kuwait

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 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

APPENDIX

2006 GEMS/FOOD CLUSTERS WHS 2002-2004 2006 GEMS/FOOD CLUSTERS WHS 2002-2004
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CLUSTER COUNTRY NAME CONSUMPTION DATA CLUSTER COUNTRY NAME CONSUMPTION DATA
E Netherlands Paraguay YES
Poland Peru
Slovakia YES Saint Kitts & Nevis
Slovenia YES St. Vincent & Grenadine
Switzerland I Benin
United Kingdom Botswana
F Estonia YES Cape Verde
Finland Ghana YES
Iceland Kenya YES
Latvia YES Lesotho
Lithuania Malawi YES
Norway Mozambique
Sweden Namibia YES
G Afghanistan South Africa YES
Bangladesh YES Swaziland YES
Cambodia Togo
China YES United Republic of Tanzania
India YES Zambia YES
Indonesia Zimbabwe YES
Laos YES J Burkina Faso YES
Malaysi YES Chad YES
Mongolia Congo YES
Myanmar YES Congo, Democratic Rep of
Nepal YES Gambia
Pakistan YES Mali YES
Sri Lanka YES Mauritania YES
Thailand Niger
Viet Nam YES Nigeria
H Bolivia Senegal YES
El Salvador Sudan
Guatemala YES K Antigua & Barbuda
Haiti Bahamas
Honduras Barbados
Mexico Belize
Nicaragua Brazil
Panama Columbia

18
 GLOBAL PHYTONUTRIENT REPORT
A Global Snapshot of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability,
and Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes

APPENDIX

2006 GEMS/FOOD CLUSTERS WHS 2002-2004

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CLUSTER COUNTRY NAME CONSUMPTION DATA
K Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic YES
Ecuador YES
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Lucia
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
L Brunei Darussalam
Democratic People’s Rep of
Korea
Fiji
Japan
Kiribati
Maldives
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Philippines YES
Republic of Korea
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
M Argentina
Australia
Canada
Chile
New Zealand
United States
Uruguay YES

19