Footnotes:
Bibliography:
The bibliography is located at the end of the essay. It lists
all sources consulted in alphabetical order, whether or not
they have been specifically cited in the main body of the
essay.
Example of a bibliography:
Chilvers, Ian. The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Oxford: Oxford
University Press 2nd edition, 2001.
Crow, Thomas E. Painters and Public Life in Eighteenth Century
Paris. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985.
Distel, Anne. Gustave Caillebotte: Urban Impressionist. New
York, London, Paris: Musee d’Orsay, Paris and The Art
Institute of Chicago with Abbeville Press Publishers, 1994.
An exhibition catalogue.
Dunlop, Ian. The Shock of the New. London: Weidenfeld &
Nicholson, 1972.
Eisenmann, Stephen F. Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical
History. London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1994.
Fascina, Francis. Modernity and Modernism: French Painting in the
Nineteenth Century. New Haven and London: Yale University
Press, 1993.
Forgione, Nancy. “Everyday Life in Motion: The Art of
Walking in Late Nineteenth Century Paris.” The Art Bulletin,
87 no. 4 (December 2005): 664-687.
Gott, Ted. The Impressionists: Masterpieces from the Musee d’Orsay.
Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2004.
Herbert, Robert L. Impressionism: Art, Leisure & Parisian Soci-
ety. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988.
Watson, Peter. From Manet to Manhattan: the Rise of the Modern
Art Market. New York: Random House, 1992.
The first footnote to a specific source should include all
relevant detail. Second and subsequent references to a
CHICAGO
source take a shorter form.
First footnote: REFERENCING
8
Rosalind E. Krauss, Passages in modern sculpture
(Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1981), 27.
A Guide for Citing Resources Based on the
Second and subsequent footnotes: Chicago Style Manual
12
Krauss, Passages in modern sculpture, 125.
When writing essays and other academic papers you
or
must always cite the source of your information. The
12
Krauss, ibid., 125. National Art School’s preferred citation method is the
Chicago Manual of Style, which uses a footnotes &
[ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin ibidem, meaning “in the bibliography system.
same place”.]
When writing essays you will need to identify all books
Example of an essay using footnotes: and other sources that you consulted. This allows the
When Napoleon III came to power in 1852, he embarked on an reader to easily identify where you have used other
people’s ideas in your essay, and where they can locate
ambitious rebuilding of the French capital. At the beginning of the 1830s these sources for themselves.
large sections of Paris were disease-ridden. Many Parisians lived in tene-
ment or slum housing without fresh water and with minimal light. Between In the body of the essay references to specific sources
are identified with footnotes. Footnotes are numbered
1830 and 1880 the population of the city grew from 576 000 to over two references that appear at the bottom of each page of
million people. 1 Under the guidance of Baron George Haussmann slum the essay. The bibliography is located at the end of the
essay. It lists all the sources consulted in alphabetical
areas in the city’s centre and east were demolished. Haussmann’s ambitious
order, whether or not they have been cited in the main
building program resulted in the cutting of new boulevards, the widening body of the essay.
and straightening of existing roads, the installation of street lighting, the
creation of transportation hubs, the destruction of old wooden housing and
Examples of Chicago Referencing
its replacement with new commercial and residential buildings. 2 Hauss-
mann improved the provision of fresh water for the city and revolutionised The following examples set out how to cite correctly using
the Paris sewer system. He built single span bridges across the Seine and Chicago referencing. Note the use of punctuation, italics,
capitalisation etc. For more information about Chicago
quays along its banks.3 Long, wide, straight tree-lined boulevards replaced referencing see The Chicago Manual of Style Online.
narrow twisting medieval streets and provided easy access to the new railway
stations. He instigated the building of large markets at Les Halles and the http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
new Paris Opera as well as numerous parks including the Bois de Bou-
logne.4 In doing so, Haussmann transformed Paris into the world’s first
truly modern city.
1. Peter Watson, From Manet to Manhattan: the Rise of the Modern Art Market
(New York: Random House, 1992), 76.
2. Stephen F. Eisenmann, Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History (London
and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1994), 238.
National Art
3. Robert L. Herbert, Impressionism: Art, Leisure & Parisian Society (New
Haven and London:Yale University Press, 1988), 3.
School Library
4. Watson, From Manet to Manhattan, 76.
Books
Bibliography
Krauss, Rosalind E. Passages in modern sculpture.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981.
Footnote
Rosalind E. Krauss, Passages in modern sculpture
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981), 27.
Books with more than one author
Bibliography
Parker, Rozsika and Griselda Pollock. Old Mistresses:
Women, Art and Ideology. London: Pandora, 1987.
Footnote
Rozsika Parker and Griselda Pollock, Old Mistresses:
Women, Art and Ideology (London: Pandora, 1987), 136-
137.
Books of essays
Bibliography
Broude, Norma, ed. Gustave Caillebotte and the Fashion-
ing of Identity in Impressionist Paris. New Brunswick, N.J.:
Rutgers University Press, 2002.
Footnote
Tamar Garb, “Masculinity, Muscularity and Modernity in
Caillebotte’s Male Figures,” in Gustave Caillebotte and the
Fashioning of Identity in Impressionist Paris, ed. Norma
Broude (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press,
2002), 182.
Journal articles - printed version
Bibliography
Kalina, Richard. “Test Patterns: Warhol's Rorschach Paint-
ings.” Art in America 85, no.1 (January 1997): 88-90.
Footnote
Richard Kalina, “Test Patterns: Warhol's Rorschach Paint-
ings,” Art in America 85, no.1 (January 1997): 89.
Journal articles – electronic version
Bibliography
Westfall, Stephen. “Richard Diebenkorn: A Reasoned Sen-
suality.” Art in America (October 1998)
http://findarticles.com/. (accessed November 21, 2007).
Footnote
Stephen Westfall, “Richard Diebenkorn: A Reasoned Sen-
suality,” Art in America (October 1998)
http://findarticles.com/ (accessed November 21, 2007).
Newspaper articles – printed version
Bibliography
Sorensen, Rosemary. “Bursting With Colour, Olley Still Drawing
Crowds at 84.” The Australian, November 23, 2007, 12.
McDonald, John. “A Big Story in a Few Strokes.” Sydney Morn-
ing Herald, November 24-25, 2007, Spectrum, 16-17.
Footnote
Rosemary Sorensen, “Bursting With Colour, Olley Still Drawing
Crowds at 84” The Australian, November 23, 2007, 12.
John McDonald, “A Big Story in a Few Strokes,” Sydney Morning
Herald, November 24-25, 2007, Spectrum, 17.
Newspaper articles – unattributed
Bibliography
The Australian. “Sculpture Win to Help Cancer Treatment.”
November 19, 2007, 3.
Footnote
The Australian. “Sculpture Win to Help Cancer Treatment,”
November 19, 2007, 3.
Newspaper articles – electronic version
Bibliography
Roberts, Jo. “Halfway Around World, Winning Artist is Working
on Sunshine.” The Age, (Melbourne), February 24, 2007.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ (accessed November 28, 2007).
Sydney Morning Herald, “Painting Found in Rubbish Sells for
$US1 million.” November 21, 2007, http://www.smh.com.au/
(accessed November 26, 2007).
Footnote
Jo Roberts, “Halfway Around World, Winning Artist is Working on
Sunshine,” The Age, (Melbourne), February 24, 2007,
http://web.ebscohost.com/ (accessed November 28, 2007).
Sydney Morning Herald, “Painting Found in Rubbish Sells for
$US1 million,” November 21, 2007, http://www.smh.com.au/
(accessed November 26, 2007).
Exhibition catalogues
Bibliography
Peter Sharp: Whale: 29 June - 25 July, 2004. East Sydney,
N.S.W.: Liverpool Street Gallery, 2004. An exhibition catalogue.
McDonald, John. Federation: Australian Art and Society 1901-
2001. Canberra, A.C.T.: National Gallery of Australia, 2000. An
exhibition catalogue.
Footnote
Peter Sharp: Whale: 29 June - 25 July, 2004 (East Sydney,
N.S.W.: Liverpool Street Gallery, 2004): 5.
John McDonald, Federation: Australian Art and Society 1901-
2001 (Canberra, A.C.T.: National Gallery of Australia, 2000):
76.
Websites
Bibliography
Malyon, John. “Artists by Movement: Art Nouveau”,
ARTCYCLOPEDIA (2007). http://www.artcyclopedia.com/
(accessed November 26, 2007).
Footnote
John Malyon, “Artists by Movement: Art Nouveau”,
ARTCYCLOPEDIA (2007), http://www.artcyclopedia.com/
history/art-nouveau.html/ (accessed November 26, 2007).
DVD / Video
Bibliography
Singing in the Rain. DVD. Directed by Gene Kelly and Stanley
Donen. 1951; [United States]: Turner Home Entertainment /
Warner Bros, c2002.
Collings, Matthew. This is Modern Art. Part Six: The Shock of
the Now. VHS. [England] : Oxford Television Company for
Channel Four, c1999.
Footnote
Singing in the Rain. DVD. Directed by Gene Kelly and Stanley
Donen. (1951; [United States]: Turner Home Entertainment /
Warner Bros, c2002).
Matthew Collings, This is Modern Art. Part Six: The Shock of
the Now. VHS. ([England] : Oxford Television Company for
Channel Four, c1999).
or if you are citing a special feature or specific section of
the DVD…
Gene Kelly. “Commentary,” Singing in the Rain. DVD. Directed
by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen. (1951; [United States]:
Turner Home Entertainment / Warner Bros, c2002).