Statutory Construction Ocampo Et Al V The Secretary of Justice Et Al GR No L 7910 PDF

RECENT DOCUMENTS
Ocampo et el. v. The Secretary of Justice et el. G.R. No. L-7910 (1955)*
Excerpts from the minutes of Jan. 18, 1955
In Ocampo et al. vs. The Secretary of Justice et a1., G. R. No. L-7910,

the petition was denied, without costs, due to insufficient votes to in-
validate section 3 of Republic Act No. 1186.
Chief Justice Paras and Justices Padilla, Reyes (A), and Labrador
voted to uphold that particular section;
Justices Pablo, Bengzon, Montemayor, Jugo, Bautista, Concepcion
and Reyes, J.B.L., believe it is unconstitutional.
The opinions follow:
PARAS, C.j.:
Under the Judiciary Act of 1948, Republic Act No. 296. the judicial
function in Courts of First Instance was vested in District Judges, Judges-
at-Large and Cadastral Judges. Sixteen Judicial Districts were consti-
tuted, and seventy-four District Judges were provided and distributed
thereover in the proportion fixed in the Act. Aside from the seventy-
four District Judges, section 53 of the Act provided for the appointment
of "eighteen Judges-at-Large and fifteen Cadastral Judges who shall not
be assigned permanently to any judicial district and who shall render
duty in such district or province as may, from time to time, be desig-
nated by the Department Head." The petitioners were duly appointed
and. had qualified under said section 53, four as Judges-at-Large and
six as Cadastral Judges.
Under Republic Act No. 1186, which took effect on June 19, 1954,
several provisions of the Judiciary Act of 1948 were amended. Now,
the judicial function in the Court of First Instance is vested in District
Judges; and although the number of Judicial Districts is maintained,
the number of District Judges has been increased to 114. Section 3
of Republic Act No. 1186, provides that "all the existing positions of Judges-
at-Large and Cadastral Judges are abolished, and secticn fifty-three of
Republic Act Numbered Two Hundred and Ninety-six is hereby re-
pealed." Shortly after the effectivity of Republic Act No. 1186, the
Secretary of Justice informed the petitioners that they had ceased as
Judges-at-Large and Cadastral Judges. The petitioners have filed the
present petition for declaratory relief and/or mandamus, for a judicial
declaration that section 3 of Republic Act No. 1186 is unconstitutional
and void, that the respective positions and offices of the petitioners under
*Motion for reconsideration subsequently dismissed in a resolution of the

Supreme Court of February 16, 1955.
768 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL
the Judiciary Act of 1948 still exists, and that they are entitled to exer-
cise the powers and functions. of said offices; and for a directive against
the Secretary of Justice to permit the petitioners to continue in the exer-
cise of said powers and functions, and against the Chief Accounting
Officer and Judicial Officer of the Department of Justice to pay the pe-
titioners their corresponding compensation beginning June 20, 1954.
Section 1 of Article VIII of the Constitution provides that "the
judicial power shall be vested in the Supreme Court and in such in-
ferior courts as may be established by law," and section 9 of the same
Article provides that "the Members of the Supreme Court and all judges
of inferior courts shall hold office during good behavior, until they reach
the age of 70 years, or become incapacitated to discharge the duties
of their office." The power of Congress under section 1 to organize,
reorganize and even abolish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, is con-
ceded; and the contention advanced on behalf of the petitioners is merely
that such power is restricted by and may be reconciled with section 9
in the sense that they should be allowed to continue holding their
offices during good behavior, until they reach the age of seventy years
or become incapacitated, notwithstanding the reorganization effected un-
der Republic Act No. 1186 and the express abolition of their positions
by section 3 thereof.
In this case we have to assume, both from the explanatory note ot
the basic Bill and from the sponsorship speeches, that the main objective
of Republic Act No. 1186 is to vest the judicial function of Courts of
First Instance in District Judges, eliminating Judges-at-Large and Cadas-
tral Judges, the creation of whose positions (by Republic Act No. 296,
section 53), as Mr. Justice Padilla says in a separate opinion, offends
against the constitutional mandate that no judge appointed for a parti-
cular district shall be transferred to another district without the ap-
proval of the Supreme Court. For under said Republic Act No. 296,
those judges could be assigned by the Secretary of Justice to any Judi-
cial District,-a practice undoubtedly allowing, if it had not already
allowed, the designation of any of them to try specific cases with per-
haps indicated results. Indeed, the present administration is to be com-
mended for thus totally doing away with the system of "rigodon de
jueces", which under the former law it could have maintained to its
obvious advantage. It is very significant that not a single District Judge
has been ceased out. We cannot accept the insinuation that the peti-
tioners have been purposely removed or legislated out, because the iso-
lated personal opinion expressed by one or two members of Congress
that undesirable judges must be weeded out, is not controlling and, as
already stated, all positions of Judges-at-Large and Cadastral Judges,
and not merely those held by the petitioners, were abolished. If peti-
titioners were not.: after the abolition of their posts, retained in the judi-
ciary, like the others by giving them appointment as District Judges,
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which involves a promotion to positions of higher category, that is not

attributable to Republic Act No. 1186, for petitioners are in fact casual-
ties of the legitimate exercise by the President of his prerogative ap-
pointment. Moreover, if the petitioners were intentionally ceased out for
being "undesirable", no provision for the payment of any gratuity would
have been provided, because removal for cause is never rewarded.
It is argued for the petitioners that Republic Act No. 1186 has not
abolished any Court of First Instance and, on the contrary, it has in-
creased the number of District Judges. This is followed by the reminder
that in American States where the legislative power to abolish a judge-
ship was sustained, the corresponding court was also abolished. The flaw
of this argument lies in the fact that none of the petitioners was a
District Judge presiding over a District Court, and they were all only
occupying the positions of either Judge-at-Large or Cadastral Judge in
virtue of section 53 of the Judiciary Act of 1948, which positions were
eP. abolished and which section wal>. repealed expressly by Republic
Act No. 1186; hence it was no longer necessary to abolish any court.
It is not amiss to recall that the position of District Judge has hereto-
furc always been considered as distinct and different from that of J udge-
at-Large or Cadastral Judge, such that the latter had to look forward
to being promoted and made a District Judge under a new and different
appointment with increased compensation.
Our considered opinion is that if it be, as it is, admitted that Con-
gress can abolish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, it can do the lesser
thing of reducing the number or changing the category of judges presiding
over such courts. In the case of Zandueta vs. De la Costa, 66 Phil., 615.
lvlr. Justice Laurel, one of the most eminent members of the Constitu-
tional Convention. voiced the opinion that the legislature may abolish
courts inferior to the Supreme Court and reorganize them territorially
01 otherwise, thereby necessitating new appointments and commissions.
Indeed, only recently, in the case of Brillo vs. Enage, G. R. No. L-7115,
we ourselves expressed the view that "el derecho de un juez de desern-
pefiarlo hasta los 70 afios de edad 0 se incapacite no priva al Congreso
de su facultad de abolir, fusionar 0 reorganizar juzgados no constitucio-
nales," Citations from other jurisdictions contain pronouncements to the
eflect that "if the framers of the Constitution intended to leave it to the
legislature to establish and abolish courts as the public necessities de-
manded, this was not qualified, or limited by the clause as to the judge's
term of office," (McCulley vs. State, 53 S:W. 134); "a constitutional pro-
vision that judges of a certain court shall hold their offices for five years
must yield to another provision that the legislature may alter or abolish
the court, and therefore the legislature may reduce the number of judges
by fixing an end to the terms of certain of them although within five
years after they took office. State ex rel, Kenny vs. Hudspeth (1890)
59 N.J.L. 304; 37 Atl. 504, 37 Atl. 67; Nolle v. State (1698) 62 N.J.L.
533, 41 Atl, 832, affirmed in (1900) 64 N.J.L. 363, 48 Atl, 1118." (4

AL.R. 216); "the legislative power to create a court carries with it the
power to abolish it. When the court is abolished any unexpired term
is abolished also. The judge of such a court takes office with that en-
cumbrance and knowledge. (Cherokee County v. Savage, 32 So. 2nd
503); and "the legislature has the power to abolish as well as to create,
to diminish as well as to increase, the number of judicial districts" (AIk-
man vs. Edwards, 30 L.R.A 149, 55 Kan. 751, 42 Pac. 366).
The reasons for the above pronouncements are, among others, that
security of tenure is certainly not a personal privilege of any particular
Judge (concurring opinion of Mr.' Justice Laurel in Zandueta vs. De la
Costa, supra); a public officer, no matter what the department of the
government in which he serves is a public servant, and while the public
should deal justly with him, his individual rights are by no means of
primary importance (AIkman vs. Edwards, 30 L.R.A. 149, 55 Kan. 751,
42 Pac. 366); the judge's right to his full term and his full salary are
not dependent alone upon his good conduct, but also upon the contin-
gency that the legislature may for the public good, in ordaining and
establishing the courts, from time to time consider his office unnecessary
and abolish it (McCulley vs. State, 53 S.W. 134).
Properly and logically speaking, the petitioners were not removed
from office because a removal implies that the office exists after the
ouster. Thus in the case of Manalang vs, Quitoriano, G. R. No. L-6898,
promulgated on April 30, 1954, this Court said:
"This pretense can not be sustained. To begin with, petitioner
has never been Commissioner of the National Employment Service
and, hence, he could not have been, and has not been removed there-
from. Secondly, to remove an officer is to oust him from office before
the expiration of his term. A removal implies that the office exists
after the ouster. Such is not the case of petitioner herein, for Re-
public Act 761 expressly abolished the Placement Bureau, and, by im-
plication, the office of the Director thereof, which, obviously, cannot
exist without said Bureau. By the abolition of the latter and of said
office, the right thereto of its incumbent, petitioner herein, was neces-
sarily extenguished thereby. Accordingly, the constitutional mandate
to the effect that 'no officer or employee in the civil service shall be
removed or suspended except for cause as provided by law' (Art. XII,
Sec. 4, Phil. Const.) , is not in point, for there has been neither a re-
moval nor a suspension of the petitioner Manalang, but an abolition of
his former office of Director of the Placement Bureau, which, admit-
tedly, is within the power of Congress to undertake by legislation."
(supra, 50 0.0. 2515.)
To the same effect is the following:
"To dispense with an unnecessary court is not to change his term
of judgeship, nor is it to affect the guaranties of the Constitution as to
his salary, nor does it remove the judge from office. The office no
longer exists, and, of course, a removal from an office that has no
existence is not a conceivable proposition." (McCulley vs. State,
53 S.W. 134.)
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For all practical purposes and to all constitutional intents, a judge

of first instance is on the same footing as an officer or employee in the
civil service insofar as permanence of tenure is concerned, because where-
as the judge is to serve during good behavior, an officer or employee
in the civil service may not be removed or suspended except for cause
as provided by law. In both cases the office is statutory, and it is
fundamental and elementary that a statute cannot be irrepealable. The
petitioners are certainly mistaken in believing that the only way tore-
concile section 1 with section 9 of Article VIII of the Constitution is to
hold that any attempt to abolish the position of a judge should only
00 made effective after the expiration of his term; because it is no
less tenable and sound to rule that a judge may hold office during
good behavior only as long as his position lasts. It may not be urged
that the latter construction would render section 9 meaningless, for the
reason that, in the absence of said constitutional provision, the Congress
may fix the judge's term of office at, say, one year, two years, three
years, or any definite period.
The case of Commonwealth vs, Gamble, 62 Pa. 343, mainly relied
upon by the petitioners, is not decisive, since the statute therein involved
singled out a particular judge. In the case at bar, as already pointed
out, all positions of Judge-at-Large and Cadastral Judge were not abolished.
Besides, the case of Commonwealth vs. Gamble was invoked in the case
of AIkman vs. Edwards, supra, and the Supreme Court of Kansas did
not follow it, holding:' ''To allow the legislature, while making one new
district, to legislate the judge of an old district out of office, and provide
for appointment or election of two new judges, would clearly be vicious
in the principle, and this is the class of legislation which falls within the
ccnstitutional inhibition. But to prohibit the legislature from abolishing
a district which had been improvidently established, and thereby va-
cates the office of a judge, is another and altogether different thing,
which the Constitution does not, in express terms, prohibit."
There is no point in the observation that the implied power of
Congress to abolish inferior courts cannot prevail over the express con-
stitutional provision on tenure of office. The petitioner's case is also
necessarily premised only upon the implied proposition that said tenure
may not be shortened. If the power to abolish were intended to be
qualified by the permanence of tenure, the Constitution would have,
along with the provision that the judges of inferior courts shall hold
office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy years
or become incapacitated, further ordained that their term shall not be
shortened or affected by the abolition of any inferior courts; in the same
way that although the judges "shall receive such compensation as may
be fixed by law," the Constitution contains the express limitation that
772 PHILIPPINE LA.W JOURNAL
such compensation "shall not be diminished during their continuance

in office" (Section 9, Article VIII, Constitution).
There is nothing to the distinction attempted to be drawn from
the circumstance that the legislative power to abolish a court sustained
in American cases, was expressly conferred by the Constitution, whereas
the right of our Congress to abolish is merely implied from its consti-
tutional power to create inferior courts. In both cases the power exists,
and we cannot see any difference as to its force and effect when exercised.
Let it be clearly understood that we are not here concerned with
a case of one or more judges of first instance being singled out for
elimination nor with a case contemplated by Mr. Justice Laurel in his
concurring opinion in Zandueta vs. De la Costa, supra, when he gave
the warning that where the violation of a constitutional provision re-
garding security of judicial tenure is palpable and plain, and the legis-
lative power of reorganization is sought to cloak an unconstitutional and
evil purpose, it will be the time to make the hammer fall and heavily.
As the power of appointment carries with it the power of removal,
it is more logical to suppose that, as the judges are appointed by the
President, the security of tenure contemplated by section 9 of Article
VIII of the Constitution, was intended more as a restraint against Exe-
cutive removal; and as a matter of fact, in implementation of this objec-
tive, it has been provided in section 67 of the Judiciary Act of 1948
that no District Judge, Judge-at-Large or Cadastral Judge shall be sepa-
rated or removed from office by the President of the Philippines un-
less sufficient cause shall exist, in the judgment of the Supreme Court,
involving serious misconduct or inefficiency, for the removal of said judge
from office after the proper proceedings.
We are not blind to the great importance and imperative desirability
of having and maintaining an independent judiciary. At the same time,
we cannot abridge the powers of Congress under the Constitution. It is
not for us to judge the wisdom of the framers of our Constitution in
granting Congress legislative power with reference to the establishment
of courts inferior to the Supreme Court. But with all the constitutional
and statutory safeguards, and any device conceivable by the ingenuity
of man, for judicial independence, after all there can be no surer gua-
ranty for a true administration of justice than the God-given character
and fitness of those appointed to the Bench. The judges may be gua-
ranteed a fixed tenure of office during good behavior, but if they are of
such stuff as allows them to be subservient to one administration after
another, or to cater to the wishes of one litigant after another, the inde-
pendence of the judiciary will be nothing more than a myth or an empty
ideal. Our judges, we are confident, can be of the type of Lord Coke,
regardless or in spite of the power of Congress-we do not say unlimited
but as herein exercised-to reorganize inferior courts.
PADILLA, }.:
.In so far as the security of tenure of judges is concerned, I am in
accord with Mr. Justice Bengzon's view. A fixed tenure during good
behavior, long recognized as essential to an independent judiciary, has in
this country been translated into a constitutional ban limiting the powers
of Congress in dealing with the courts and for that reason not to be
written off with the argument that as Congress has the express authority
to establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, it necessarily has also
the implied authority to abolish them. For how could there be a fixed
tenure if the office may at any time be abolished? As the Constitution
expressly prohibits the removal of a judge (except for cause) during
his term of office, reason dictates that the implied power to abolish courts
must be deemed withheld where its exercise would bring about what is
prohibited. What the Constitution prohibits the Congress to do directly
should not be allowed to be done by indirection, circumvention and
resort to an implied power to nullify an express constitutional mandate.
The Constitution provides and ordains that "all judges of inferior
courts shall hold office during good behavior, until they reach the age
of seventy years, or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their
office" and "shall receive such compensation as may be fixed by law,
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office." 1 It
also provides that "No judge appointed for a particular district shall be
designated or transferred to another district without the approval of the
Supreme Court. The Congress shall by law determine the residence of
judges of inferior courts." Z
Section 53 of Republic Act No. 296 provides:
In addition to the District Judges mentioned in section forty-nine
hereof there shall also be appointed eighteen Judges-at-large and fifteen
Cadastral Judges who shell not be assigned permanently to any judicial
district and who shall render duty in such district or province as may,
from time to time. be designated by the Department Head. (Under-
scoring supplied.)
This is the law that created or established the office of the petitioners.
The law offends against section 7, Article VIII, of the Constitution, not
only because it does not determine or fix the residence of the petitioners
as judges, as ordained bv the Constitution, but also because the authority
to designate them to render duty in districts or provinces other than those
of their residence is lodged in the Department Head alone when accoru-
ing to the same section and article of the Constitution the authority
must be exercised with the approval of the Supreme Court. There is
no reason why section 9, Article VIII, of the Constitution should be
given effect and section 7 of the same article nullified.
The last paragraph of section 3 of Republic Act No. 1186 repeals
1 Section 9, Article VIII.

2 Section 7, supr«.
section 53 of Republic Act 296 quoted above and the positions of Judges-
at-Large and Cadastral Judge are thereby abolished. The paragraph
is assailed on the ground that it infringes upon section 9, Article VIII,
of the Constitution. By repealing section 53 of Republic Act No. 296
and abolishing the anomalous judicial positions therein created, the Con-
gress has but rectified a grave error-with intent, no doubt, to make
the judicial system conform to the Constitution by eliminating there-
from judges that could be moved about at the pleasure of an Executive
Department and to that extent exposed to extraneous influences. To
permit the continuance of a system that offends against the fundamental
:aw would be :a dereliction of duty on the part of Congress. On the
other hand, the Constitution is upheld and not violated where judicial
positions created or established contrary to its provisions-such as those
held by the herein petitioners-are abolished.
For these reasons the petition should be dismissed.
REYES, A., J., concurring:

I concur in the opinion of the Chief Justice. But I must say fur-
ther that even supposing that Congress may not, as a general rule,
abolish a judicial post without allowing the incumbent to finish his term
of office, still I see weight in Mr. Justice Padilla's opinion that to allow
the petitioners herein to continue as judges-at-large and cadastral judges
without permanent assignment and forever subject to being moved from
one judicial district to another without the consent of the Supreme Court
would be to perpetuate a system repulsive to an independent judiciary
and a clear evasion of the Constitution.
LABRADOR, J.:
I do not dispute the fundamental principles which my brethren
have expounded as underlying our scheme of government. The inde-
pendence of the judiciary, its inviolability against executive or legislative
encroachment and the permanence of judicial tenure are so plain as to
need elucidation. I am also aware of the fact that the judiciary is the
weakest of all the three departments of the Government. However, in
our zealousness to conserve judicial independence we should be careful
to guard against self-pity and passion taking the better part of reason
and allowing them to becloud the real issue. The question should be
dispassionately considered, bearing in mind, on the one hand, that every
presumption of good faith should be accorded a coordinate department
that had decreed the passage of the disputed legislation, especially as in
the present instance the legislative department has been expressly granted
the power to organize <?rreorganize inferior courts (Section 1, Article
VIII, Constitution of the Philippines), and on the other, the nature of
the offices abolished and the underlying causes for said abolition, as these
circumstances in a very great measure may give an aspect to the issue

different from what it may appear to be.
The office of judge-at-Iarge was introduced in this jurisdiction in
the year 1902. It is a peculiar contraption unknown in other judicial
systems. Under Act No. 396 (Philippine Commission, May 9, 1902),
four judges of first instance, in addition to those created in Act No. 136,
were to be appointed, who "may be required to perform the duties of
the judge of first instance of any province, when directed by the Civil
Governor." But under the first judicial reorganization act (Act No. 2347,
approved February 28, 1914), the positions of auxiliary judges of first
instance were created in the place of judge-at-large in that he is ap-
pointed to a group of judicial districts to which he is appointed and
acquires the right to hold court and exercise judicial function only if
and when he is assigned by the Executive Department to a district.
Under Act No. 2347 the auxiliary judge was to hold session in the place
of his residence. Specific prohibition existed against his serving in any
district not included in his commission. (Sec. 4.)
The positions of auxiliary judges were continued in the Administra-
tive Code of 1916 and 1917. Under the latter, the stations of auxiliary
judges were fixed, and they were to hold court thereat without need of
assignment by the Secretary of Justice, but only upon request of a
judge of a district. (Secs. 157-160.) These positions of auxiliary judges
were continued until December 6, 1932, when Act No. 4007 by amending
Section 157 of the Administrative Code again created the positions of
six judges-at-large, who were not assigned to any judicial district but
were to hold court in any district when the Secretary of Justice desig-
nates them to do so.
"Sec. 157. Judges-at-Iarge.-In addition to the judges mentioned
in section one hundred and fifty-four hereof, as amended, there shall
also be appointed six judges who shall not be assigned permanently to
any judicial district and who shall render duty in such districts or
provinces as may, from time to time, be designated by the Depart-
ment Head. (Sec. 24, Act No. 4007.)
The above was the set-up of judges-at-large when the Constitution was
approved. Thereafter, on November 7, 1936. Commonwealth Act No.
145 reduced the number of judges-at-large to five. (Sec. 3.) On August
19, 1938, C.A. No. 348 increased the number of judges-at-large to twelve.
(Sec. 2.)
The positions of cadastral judges were first created under C.A. No.
504, which provides:
"Sec. 1. In addition to the existing positions of judges of first
instance, there are created fifteen positions of judges of first instance
to be appointed as provided by law. Said judges shall be paid a
salary of eight thousand four hundred pesos per annum each, and shall
have the same rank, powers and privileges enjoyed by and granted
to judges of first instance,' but their jurisdiction shall be limited to
cases an smg under the Cadastral Act and the Land Registration Act.
They shall render duty in such judicial districts or provinces as m;y,
from time to time, be ,designated by the Secretary of Justice."
There were, prior to the passage of Republic Act No. 1186, 18

positions of judges-at-large and 15 positions of cadastral judges. (sec.
53, R.A. No. 296.)
While the idea of a judge-at-large may be traced to an early date
(1902) it was suppressed in 1914 and did not appear again in our
judicial system until 1932. Its usefulness as a contrivance to help in
the clearing of clogged dockets may be admitted, but its useful existence
Ior a long time in our statute books can not cure or remedy its funda-
mental defect-the lack of a specific district where the judge can exer-
cise his judicial functions freely without interference from anyone,
much less an executive or administrative superior, and from which he
may not be moved away without his consent. It must be remembered
that one of the legal ramparts guarding judicial independence is irre-
movability from the district to which one is appointed. This principle
was first enunciated in the case of Borromeo vs. Mariano, 41 Phil. 322.
and I hold that it should not apply to district judges alone, but to all
judges of any court of any grade. If a judge can be moved from one
place to another at the will or mercy of an executive official he certainly
cannot have the freedom to act in the trial and decision of cases accord-
ing to the dictates of his reason and conscience; there is no hindrance
for him to trade his convictions for personal conveniences in order to
win favor with the executive authority that assigns him and upon whose
good will his promotion depends.
The other fundamental defect of the system of judges-at-large is
the power of the Executive branch to determine where judges shall sit.
Through the exercise of this power the Executive branch can assign
friendly, or sympathetic, or willing tools to any place to try specific
cases so that these may be tried and decided in the form and manner
in which the Executive branch desires.
The office of judge-at-large, therefore, is incompatible with the prin-
ciple of judicial independence. In the cases of Borromeo vs. Mariano,
supra, and Concepcion vs. Paredes (42 Phil. 599), this Court frowned
upon the attempt to transfer a judge to another district against his will
and the attempt to decide by lot where judges shall sit, these being,
according to the Court, subversive of judicial independence, self-respect,
and integrity, it is much more undesirable and condemnable to have
judges act as such only if and when directed by an executive officer and
only at places to which they are assigned.
Section 7 of Article VIII of the Constitution provides:
"No judge appointed for a particular district shall be designated
or transferred to another district without the approval of the Supreme
Court. The Congress shall by law determine the residence of judges
of inferior courts."
The above provision of the residence of judges was inserted because

judges of first instance used to reside in Manila, or in places other than
where they hold court, making them unavailable in their courts except
where they actually hold sessions, to the great inconvenience of the
public, and impairing their efficiency, because the time and energy spent
by them in going to and from their residence to their courts, reduced
the time and attention they could devote to their work. The prevailing
l'eeling in the Constitutional Convention that judges of first instance
should have designated places of residence must be considered applicable
to judges-at-large, who resided in Manila. They could not permanently
reside in districts out of Manila because by the very nature of their
office they were to be assigned from time to time to different provinces
of the Archipelago where their services are needed.
Notwithstanding the constitutional directive for the legislature to
provide by law the residences of judges of inferior courts, the legislature
did not for some time see fit to provide official residences for judges-
at-large and cadastral judges. In time, the party in power saw in these
judges-at-large and cadastral judges, and specially in the peculiar pro-
vision that they shall hold court only in places to which they may be
assigned by the Secretary of Justice, a means to influence the course of
justice. Through the Secretary of Justice, a political appointee, friendly
or sympathetic judges-at-large and cadastral judges were picked up for
assignment to places where the administration or the party in power or
the influential politicians desired cases (especially election cases) to be
decided in one way or another. In time, judges-at-large and cadastral
judges were not only assigned to specific provinces, but they were as-
signed to hear particular cases and authorized to decide these cases
in Manila. In one notorious case once before this Court, a judge-at-large
was made to abandon a heavy calendar of hearings to try a case in
3 nearby province presumably in the form and manner in which the
Adminstraticn desired it to be conducted or decided, to the extreme

inconvenience of the residents of the province where his calendar was
previously fixed and to the just indignation of lovers of justice. (Mon-
tano vs. Mejia, G.R. No. L-6416.)
It has come to pass, therefore, that the offices of judges-at-large
and cadastral judges, which were established for the prompt dispatch
of cases has become the avenue through which pernicious political in-
fluence has sought to corrupt the administration of justice. It can not
be: denied that it is this intolerable anomaly which Congress sought to
remedy by Sec. 3, par. 2 of Republic Act No. 1186, although some legis-
lators may have personal reasons of their own in supporting its passage.
To the credit of the present Congress, let it be said that the disputed
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kp vjg cfokpkuvtcvkqp qh lwuvkeg/ Vkgygf htqo kvurwtrqug cpf cko- kv
ecppqv dg uckf vq jcxg dggp rcuugf vq ngikuncvglwfigu qwv-yjkej yqwnf
dg cp gpetqcejogpv qp vjg kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjg lwfkekct}; kv ku tcvjgt
vjg rckphwn corwvcvkqp qh cp cpqocnqwu cpf icpitgpqwu crrgpfcig-
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vjg gxkn ku pqv kpvgthgtgpeg ykvj lwfkekcn kpfgropfgpeg; kv/ ku htggkpi
kv qh rqnkvkecnkphnwgpeg-vjg ewvvkpi qhh qh vjg cxgpwg ngcfkpi vjgtgvq-
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qh lwuvkeg/ Tq vjg lwfkekcnu}uvgo kvkukpfggf rckphwn-dwv vjg qrgtcvkqp
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rcuucig:
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kv htqo vjgg/ Iv ku dgvvgt hqt vjgg vq iq kpvq nkhgockogf qt ncog-
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hkpf uwej lwuvkhkecvkqp-
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urktkv qh vjg qvjgt rtqxkukqp vjcv lwfigu ujcnn dg cuukipgf vq fkuvtkevu
htqo yjkej vjg} oc} pqv dg tgoqxgf qt vcmgp cyc} //
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rqygt ku gzrtguun} itcpvgf vq Cqpitguu d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp yjgp kvrtq.
xkfgf kp Sgevkqp 1- Atvkeng/''' vjcv vjg lwfkekcnrqygt ujcnn dg xguvgf
kp qpg Swrtgog Cqwtv cpf kp 'uwej kphgtkqteqwtvucu oc} dg guvcdnkujgf
d} ncy-' qt kp Sgevkqp2 qh vjg ucog Atvkeng/ Bwv qwt Cqpuvkvwvkqp cnuq
gzrtguun} iwctcpvggu vjcv lwfigu ujcnn pqv dg tgoqxgf htqo qhhkegwpvkn
vjg} tgcej vjg cig qh ugxgpv} }gctu- qt dgeqog kpecrcekvcvgf vq fkuejctig
vjg fwvkguqh vjgkt qhhkeg*Sge/ 9- AtvkengVIII,/ Iv kuvjgug vyq eqphnkevkpi
eqpegrvu vjcv yg ctg ecnngf wrqp vq crrn} kp vjg ecug cv dct/
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ngikuncvglwfigu qwv qh qhhkegd} c uwrrqugf cev qh lwfkekcntgqticpknc.
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ukqp cpf c fkuvqtvkqpqh vjg kuuwg-
hqt lwfigu ctg pqv dgkpi gcugf qwv dwv
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kvu rqygt vq tgqticpkng eqwtvu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg yjgp kv cdqnkujgf vjg
rqukvkqpuqh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfigu?
Nq qpg fgpkgu vjg hcev vjcv vjg rqygt vq cdqnkuj qt tgqticpkng
kphgtkqt eqwtvu ujqwnf dg tgeqpekngf ykvj vjg rgtocpgpeg qh lwfkekcn
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jqnf vjcv lwfkekcnvgpwtg ku rctcoqwpv qxgt vjg ngikuncvkxgrqygt vq
tgqticpkng- vjg ncvvgtyqwnf dg korqvgpv vq gzgtekug vjg rqygt itcpvgf-
hqt kvecp pqv dg fgpkgf vjcv c lwfkekcntgqticpkncvkqp qt c okpqt ejcpig
kp vjg lwfkekcnu}uvgo owuv cnyc}u chhgevkpewodgpvu qh lwfkekcnqhhkegu/
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cu c nkokvcvkqpyjgp vjg ngikuncvkxgrqygt jcu dggp cdwugf/ Fqt yg
ecp pqv eqpegkxg- d} vjg ogtg iwctcpv} qh vgpwtg- vjcv vjg Cqpuvkvw.
vkqp kpvgpfgf vq eqpxgtv vjg lwfkekcndqf} kpvq uwej c rtkxkngigf itqwr
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rqnkvkeu-cu gzrtguugf vjtqwij kvuncyhwntgrtgugpvcvkxg- owuv dg uwdqt.
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ceegrv vjg rtkpekrng gpwpekcvgf kp vjg qrkpkqp uwuvckpkpivjcv vjg ngiku.
ncvkxg tgqticpkncvkqp ecppqv qxgttkfg vgpwtg- yg yqwnf dg ocmkpi vjg
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pqv cickpuv vjg kphgtkqt eqwtvu cu vq yjkej vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp itcpvu vjg
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vkqp/
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hqwtvj lwfkekcnfkuvtkevqh Ipfkcpc- cpf Ftkgfng}- vjg uqng lwfig qh vjg
hkhvjlwfkekcnfkuvtkev/ B} cp cev qh vjg ngikuncvwtgvjg hkhvjlwfkekcnekt.
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tkijv vq gzgtekug vjg qhhkegcu vjg ucog jcf dggp cdqnkujgf d} vjg cev
qh vjg ngikuncvwtg/ Tjg Swrtgog Cqwtv qh Ipfkcpc jgnf vjcv vjg ngiku.
ncvwtgeqwnf pqv cdqnkuj vjg ektewkvcpf vjwu ngikuncvgqwv qh qhhkegvjg
lwfig cpf vjg rtqugewvkpi cvvqtpg} qh vjg hkhvjlwfkekcnektewkv-
hqt ygtg kv
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rqygt cpf lwfkekcnkpfgrgpfgpeg fguvtq}gf/ Bwv kvujqwnf dg pqvgf vjcv
vjg Ipfkcpc eqpuvkvwvkqp pqv qpn} hkzgf vjg vgto qh vjg ektewkvlwfig hqt
ukz }gctu- dwv wpfgt kv ektewkveqwtvu ctg eqpuvkvwvkqpcn eqwtvu/ *Atv/ 7-
uge/ 161- Rgx/ Svcv/ 1881/, Tjg eqwtv uckf vjcv khvjg ngikuncvwtgoc}
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pqv dg dghqtg vjg gzrktcvkqp qh vjg vgto qh qhhkegqh vjg lwfig cv vjg
vkog qh vjg cev o«B Drn BniC«y DriD Drn tEmpn ku c l«yCDsDEDs«yiv qhhkegt/
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161- Rgx/ Svcv/ 1881, cpf vjg vgto qh c ektewkvlwfig hkzgf cv ukz }gctu
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syonBs«B eqwtvucu Drn viG wiI mnDnBwsyn:-
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vjku ecug- Gcodng tgegkxgf c eqookuukqp htqo vjg iqxgtpqt vjg vgpwtg
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eqpuvkvwvkqpcn rtqxkukqp/ Tjg eqwtv uckf: Tjg rqygt cpf cwvjqtkv} qh
vjg lwfig ygtg gzrtguun} itcpvgf d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp vq eqpvkpwgvq dg
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cpf cwvjqtkv} oc} pqv dg ejcpigf d} ngikuncvkxg cevkqp- dgecwug kh vjg
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ctg cdqnkujgf/
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qt dgeqog kpecrcekvcvgf/
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gzkuvkpicv vjg vkog qh vjgkt cfqrvkqp- vjg igpgtcn urktkvqh vjg vkogu cpf
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ujqwnf dg gcu} vq eqpenwfg-htqo vjg ektewouvcpegujgtgkp.cdqxg fgrkevgf-
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ugnh.tgurgevkpi jwocp wpkvukp c lwfkekcn u}uvgo gswcn cpf eqqtfkpcvg vq
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kp jku rnceg- yqwnf jcxg cpuygtgf 'I)nn fq yjcv jku oclguv} rngcugu-'
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Iv ku ctiwgf vjcv 'vjgtg ecp dg pq dgvvgt iwctcpv}'.hqt vjg kpfg.

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qh vjqug crrqkpvgf vq vjg dgpej/' Wg citgg- kh vjg uvcvgogpv ogcpu
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fkuectfgf- yg fkucitgg/ Tjg kphgtgpeg yqwnf dg lwuv cu knngikvkocvg
cu kh qpg vjgqtkngf vjcv vjg dguv iwctcpv} hqt vjg kpfgrgpfgpeg qh c
eqwpvt} ku vjg eqwtcig qh kvufghgpfgtu cpf vjgtghqtg cnn hqtvkhkecvkqpu-
vcpmu-ecppqpu cpf fghgpug kpuvcnncvkqpu gve/ oc} cnndg uwrrtguugf/ Av
cp} tcvg vjg ctiwogpv gxcfgu vjg kuuwg:vjg kpswkt} ku pqv yjkej ku
vjg jnCD iwctcpv}- dwv yjgvjgt vjg iwctcpv} qh nkhgvgpwtg jcf dggp
dtqmgp qp vjku qeecukqp/
Cqpvtcfkevkpi rgvkvkqpgtu)encko qh ngikuncvkxg tgoqxcn- qt fkuokuucn
d} Cqpitguukqpcn cevkqp- tgurqpfgpvu ctiwg vjgtg ycu pq tgoqxcn htqo
qhhkegdgecwug vjg qhhkegycu cdqnkujgf/u. Hqygx:t- vjg rnckp hcev ku-
rgvkvkqpgtuygtg lwfigu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg qp Jwpg 19- 1954- cpf dgecwug
qh Rgrwdnke Aev Nq/ 1186 vjg} egcugf vq dg uq/ Tjg} nquvvjgkt lqdu
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ogpvcvkqp/ Ih vjg rgvkvkqpgtujcf c hkxg.}gctngcugqp c dwknfkpicpf chvgt
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cnngicvkqpvjcv rgvkvkqpgtujcxg pq tkijvu dgecwug vjg dwknfkpi ku iqpg?
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cpf ekvkpi vjg rtkpekrng vjcv cp qhhkegku pqv c eqpvtcev/ Apf }gv- fqgu
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pq tgfwevkqp.vjgtg ycu kpetgcug.kp vjg pwodgt qh lwfigu- pqt kp vjg
pwodgt qh eqwtvu/ Tjg rqukvkqpuqh Jwfigu.cv.Lctig cpf Ccfcuvtcn Jwfigu
58 Svqt} qp vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp

etkvknguvjku cv r/ 178 53 S/W/ Rgr/
6 Jwfigu 'oc} pqv dg ngikuncvgf qwv qh qhhkeg/' *Atwgiq- Ftcokpi qh vjg
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ygtg gnkokpcvgf; dwv DrnI GnBn sy oilD CEjCDsDEDnm qt tgrncegf d} qvjgt

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vkqphtqo 'Ccfcuvtcn Jwfig qt Jwfig.cv.Lctig' vq 'fkuvtkevlwfig'/ Hgpeg
kv ujqwnf dg twngf vjcv cu vjgkt rqukvkqpujcf pqv dggp 'cdqnkujgf' fg
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vkvngfvq tgockp kp vjg ugtxkeg/ *Btknnqx/ Epcig- G/R/ Nq/ L.7115- Mctej
30- 1954/, Fqt kvku pqv rgtokuukdng vq ghhgevvjg tgoqxcn qh qpg lwfig
vjtw vjg gzrgfkgpe} qh cdqnkujkpi jku qhhkegnFny cu vjg qhhkegykvj ucog
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nkcou- 118 Tgpp/ 391- Gkddg)uCcug 4 A/L/R/ l/ 211,/ Ip vjku xkgy qh
vjg rkevwtg-yg dgnkgxg-Cqpitguu eqwnf jcxg- cpf ujqwnf jcxg.cu uwi.
iguvgf d} Sgetgvct} Twcuqp fwtkpi vjg jgctkpiu kp Cqpitguu.fktgevgf
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ecfcuvtcn lwfigu ujcnn dgeqog fkuvtkevlwfigu rtgukfkpi uwej fkuvtkevucu
oc} dg hkzgf d} vjg Ptgukfgpv ykvj vjg eqpugpv qh vjg Cqookuukqp qp
Arrqkpvogpvu'; qt d} vjg Sgetgvct} qh Jwuvkeg-cu qtkikpcnn}rtqrqugf
d} Sgpcvqt Lcwtgn kp eqppgevkqpykvj vjg ucog dknn/ Sqogvjkpi ukoknct
ycu fqpg dghqtg-' cpf kv yqwnf pqv dg qdlgevkqpcdngcu cp gpetqcej.
ogpv qp vjg Ptgukfgpv)urtgtqicvkxg qh crrqkpvogpv- dgecwuguwej lwfigu
jcf cntgcf} dggp crrqkpvgf vq vjg lwfkekct} dghqtg vjg rcuucig qh vjg cev-
cpf vjg rtqxkukqp oc} dg eqpuvtwgf kp vjg nkijv qh ogtg ejcpig qh
qhhkekcn
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tgoctmgf fwtkpi vjg jgctkpiu qh vjg Hqwug-vjgug lwfigu.cv.nctig ujqwnf
jcxg dggp crrqkpvgf vq vjg fkuvtkevu:
'Mt/ Vgnquq *I,/ Bwv uwrrqug vjg dknn cu pqy rtqrqugf kpvgpfu
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vjcv vjku dknn ku wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn?
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*Ttcpuetkrv qh jgctkpi qp Mctej 17- 1954 qh vjg Cqookvvgg qp
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nqykpi uvcvgogpv qh Cqpitguuocp Atvwtq Tqngpvkpq-eq.cwvjqt qh vjg
ogcuwtg- cpf oclqtkv} hnqqt.ngcfgt-fwtkpi vjg fgdcvgu qh vjg Hqwug:
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rncegf iqqf lwfigu yjq- chvgt jcxkpi dggp crrqkpvgf vq c rctvkewnct
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7 Aev 3911 uge/ 4/

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Aickp- qp vjg ocvvgt qh tgoqxcn- vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp jcxkpi gpwog.
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Statutory Construction Ocampo Et Al V The Secretary of Justice Et Al GR No L 7910 PDF

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Statutory Construction Ocampo Et Al V The Secretary of Justice Et Al GR No L 7910 PDF

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Excerpts from the minutes of Jan. 18, 1955

In Ocampo et al. vs. The Secretary of Justice et a1., G. R. No. L-7910,

*Motion for reconsideration subsequently dismissed in a resolution of the

which involves a promotion to positions of higher category, that is not

533, 41 Atl, 832, affirmed in (1900) 64 N.J.L. 363, 48 Atl, 1118." (4

For all practical purposes and to all constitutional intents, a judge

such compensation "shall not be diminished during their continuance

1 Section 9, Article VIII.

REYES, A., J., concurring:

circumstances in a very great measure may give an aspect to the issue

There were, prior to the passage of Republic Act No. 1186, 18

The above provision of the residence of judges was inserted because

Adminstraticn desired it to be conducted or decided, to the extreme

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