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Seeley’s
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology Chapter 7
Tenth Edition
Cinnamon Vanputte
Muscular System
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables
pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
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Contractility - the ability of muscle to shorten Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, with its
forcefully, or contract associated connective tissue, constitutes
approximately 40% of body weight.
Excitability - the capacity of muscle to respond to
a stimulus Skeletal muscle is so named because many of
the muscles are attached to the skeletal system.
Extensibility - the ability to be stretched beyond it
normal resting length and still be able to contract Some skeletal muscles attach to the skin or
connective tissue sheets.
Elasticity - the ability of the muscle to recoil to its
original resting length after it has been stretched
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A muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell, with T tubules occur at regular intervals along the muscle
several nuclei located at its periphery. fiber and extend into the center of the muscle fiber.
Muscle fibers range in length 1 cm to 30 cm and The T tubules are associated with enlarged portions
are generally 0.15 mm in diameter. of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum called the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Skeletal muscle fibers contain several nuclei that
are located at the periphery of the fiber. The enlarged portions are called terminal cisternae.
T tubules connect the sarcolemma to the terminal
The sarcolemma (cell membrane) has many
cisternae to form a muscle triad.
tubelike inward folds, called transverse tubules,
or T tubules.
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The sarcomere is the basic structural and The organization of actin and myosin
functional unit of a skeletal muscle because it is myofilaments gives skeletal muscle its striated
the smallest portion of a skeletal muscle appearance and gives it the ability to contract.
capable of contracting.
The myofilaments slide past each other, causing
Z disks form a network of protein fibers that the sarcomeres to shorten.
both serve as an anchor for actin myofilaments
Each sarcomere consists of two light-staining
and separate one sarcomere from the next.
bands separated by a dark-staining band.
A sarcomere extends from one Z disk to the
next Z disk.
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Light bands, consist only of actin, and are called Actin myofilaments are made up of three
I bands that extends toward the center of the components: actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
sarcomere to the ends of the myosin Troponin molecules have binding sites for Ca2+ and
myofilaments. tropomyosin filaments block the myosin myofilament
binding sites on the actin myofilaments.
Dark staining bands are called A bands, that
extend the length of the myosin myofilaments. Myosin myofilaments, or thick myofilaments,
resemble bundles of tiny golf clubs.
Actin and myosin myofilaments overlap for
Myosin heads have ATP binding sites, ATPase and
some distance on both ends of the A band; this
attachment spots for actin.
overlap causes the contraction.
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The resting membrane potential exists because of: Na+ tends to diffuse into the cell and K+ tends to
• The concentration of K+ being higher on the inside of diffuse out.
the cell membrane and the concentration of Na+ being In order to maintain the resting membrane
higher on the outside potential, the sodium-potassium pump
• The presence of many negatively charged molecules, recreates the Na+ and K+ ion gradient by
such as proteins, inside the cell that are too large to pumping Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
exit the cell
• The presence of leak protein channels in the
membrane that are more permeable to K + than it is to
Na+
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The entry of Na+ causes the inside of the cell Depolarization during the action potential is when
membrane to become more positive than when the the inside of the cell membrane becomes more
cell is at resting membrane potential. positively charged than the outside of the cell
This increase in positive charge inside the cell membrane.
membrane is called depolarization. Near the end of depolarization, the positive
If the depolarization changes the membrane charge causes gated Na+ channels to close and
potential to a value called threshold, an action gated K+ channels to open.
potential is triggered.
Opening of gated K+ channels starts repolarization
An action potential is a rapid change in charge of the cell membrane.
across the cell membrane.
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A motor neuron is a nerve cell stimulates muscle A presynaptic terminal is the end of a neuron cell
cells. axon fiber.
A neuromuscular junction is a synapse where a A synaptic cleft is the space between the
the fiber of a nerve connects with a muscle fiber. presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane.
A synapse refers to the cell-to-cell junction The postsynaptic membrane is the muscle fiber
between a nerve cell and either another nerve cell membrane (sarcolemma).
or an effector cell, such as in a muscle or a gland.
A synaptic vesicle is a vesicle in the presynaptic
A motor unit is a group of muscle fibers that a terminal that stores and releases neurotransmitter
motor neuron stimulates. chemicals.
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Figure 7.5
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Function of the
Muscle Contraction 1
Neuromuscular Junction
1. An action potential travels down motor
neuron to presynaptic terminal causing Ca2+
channels to open.
2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release
acetylcholine into synaptic cleft.
3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+
channels, Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes
into postsynaptic terminal (depolarization).
Figure 7.6
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4. Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to 8. ATP is released from myosin heads and
increase the permeability of sarcoplasmic heads bend toward center of sarcomere.
reticulum which releases stored calcium.
9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin.
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to
10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down
actin.
acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels
6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin close, and muscle contraction stops.
to move exposing attachment sites for myosin.
7. Myosin heads bind to actin.
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ATP Breakdown and
ATP and Muscle Contractions
Cross-Bridge Movement
Energy for muscle contractions is supplied by ATP
Energy is released as ATP → ADP + P
ATP is stored in myosin heads
ATP help form cross-bridge formation between
myosin and actin
New ATP must bind to myosin before cross-
bridge is released
Rigor mortis will occur when a person dies and
no ATP is available to release cross-bridges Figure 7.9
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Figure 7.11
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A muscle has a blend of types, with one type Muscle fibers are very energy-demanding cells
dominating. Humans have both types of fibers whether at rest or during any form of exercise.
The distribution of fibers is genetically This energy comes from either aerobic (with O 2)
determined or anaerobic (without O2) ATP production
ATP is derived from four processes in skeletal
muscle.
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1. Aerobic production of ATP during most Fatigue is a temporary state of reduced work
exercise and normal conditions. capacity.
2. Anaerobic production of ATP during Without fatigue, muscle fibers would be
intensive short-term work worked to the point of structural damage to
them and their supportive tissues.
3. Conversion of a molecule called creatine
phosphate to ATP
4. Conversion of two ADP to one ATP and one
AMP (adenosine monophosphate) during
heavy exercise
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Smooth muscle cells are non-striated small, Cardiac muscle cells are long, striated, and
spindle-shaped muscle cells, usually with one branching, with usually only one nucleus per cell.
nucleus per cell.
Cardiac muscle is striated as a result of the
The myofilaments are not organized into sarcomere arrangement.
sarcomeres.
Cardiac muscle contraction is autorhythmic.
The cells comprise organs controlled
involuntarily, except the heart.
Neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and
other substances can stimulate smooth muscle.
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Figure 7.14a
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Figure 7.13
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Nomenclature 1 Nomenclature 2
Muscles are named according to: 5. Origin and insertion. The sternocleidomastoid
has its origin on the sternum and clavicle and
1. Location – a pectoralis muscle is located in
its insertion on the mastoid process of the
the chest.
temporal bone.
2. Size – the size could be large or small, short or
6. Number of heads. A biceps muscle has two
long.
heads (origins), and a triceps muscle has
3. Shape - the shape could be triangular, three heads (origins).
quadrate, rectangular, or round.
7. Function. Abductors and adductors are the
4. Orientation of fascicles – fascicles could run muscles that cause abduction and adduction
straight (rectus) or at an angle (oblique). movements.
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Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of Mastication
and Mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Pterygoids (two pairs)
Figure 7.16
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Internal intercostals:
• depress ribs during forced expiration
Diaphragm:
• moves during quiet breathing
Figure 7.19
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Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall Upper Scapular and Limb Muscles 1
Trapezius:
• shoulders and upper back
• extends neck and head
Pectoralis major:
• chest
• elevates ribs
Figure 7.20
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Figure 7.23
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Levator ani
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Deep transverse perineal
Superficial transverse perineal
Figure 7.21
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Figure 7.28
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