Q2. Discuss the feactures of a good Dam site.

Also inlist the factors that should be considered

while selecting a site for a dam.
Ans: SELECTION OF SITES
 PLACE MUST BE SUITABLE
 NARROW GORGE OR SMALL VALLEY WITH ENOUGH CATCHMENT AREA
Large storage capacity
Length of dam to constructed is less.
Water-tightness of reservoir.
Good hydrological conditions
Deep reservoir
Small submerged area
Low silt inflow
No objectionable minerals
Low cost of real estate
Site easily accessible
Engineering surveys
 Conducted for dam, reservoir and other associated work.
 Topographic survey of the area is carried out and the contour plan is prepared
 The horizontal control is usually provided by triangulation survey, and the vertical control by
precise levelling

Geological investigation
 Geological investigations of the dam and reservoir site are done for the following purposes.
(i) Suitability of foundation for the dam.
(ii) Water-tightness of the reservoir basin
(iii) Location of the quarry sites for the construction materials.

Hydrological investigations
 The hydrological investigations are conducted for the following purposes :
(i) To study the runoff pattern and storage capacity.
(ii) To determine the maximum discharge at the site.
Q2. What is the purpose of a Spillway in a Dam? Discuss its various types in detail with neat
sketches.

Ans: Purpose of a spillway in a dam

Used to pass excess flow in a controlled fashion.
A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into
a downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom,
they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and
damage or destroy the dam.

Types
• Two main types:
– Unregulated
– Regulated
There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled.
A controlled spillway has mechanical structures or gates to regulate the rate of flow. This design
allows nearly the full height of the dam to be used for water storage year-round, and flood waters
can be released as required by opening one or more gates.
An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does not have gates; when the water rises above the lip
or crest of the spillway it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge is
controlled only by the depth of water above the reservoir's spillway. Storage volume in the
reservoir above the spillway crest can only be used for the temporary storage of floodwater; it
cannot be used as water supply storage because it is normally empty.

Open channel spillway

Chute spillway[edit]
A chute spillway is a common and basic design which transfers excess water from behind the
dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually designed following an ogee
curve. Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and
topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply lined if space
and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped
spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a
'flip lip' and/or dissipator basin which creates a hydraulic jump, protecting the toe of the dam
from erosion.[1]
Stepped spillway[edit]
Main article: Stepped spillway
A stepped chute baffled spillway of the Yeoman Hey Reservoir in the Peak District in England.
Stepped channels and spillways have been used for over 3,000 years.[2] Despite being superseded
by more modern engineering techniques such as hydraulic jumps in the mid twentieth century,
since around 1985[3] interest in stepped spillways and chutes has been renewed, partly due to the
use of new construction materials (e.g. Roller-compacted concrete, gabions) and design
techniques (e.g. embankment overtopping protection).[4][5] The steps produce considerable energy
dissipation along the chute[6] and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation
basin.[7][8]
Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow
protection systems,[8] converging spillways[9] and small weir design.[10]
Bell-mouth spillway [edit]

Bell-mouth spillway of Hungry Horse Dam in operation.

A bell-mouth spillway[11] is designed like an inverted bell where water can enter around the entire
perimeter. These uncontrolled spillways are also called morning glory,[12] (after the flower)
or glory hole[12] spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, this type of
spillway is normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from
becoming ice-bound.
In some cases bell-mouth spillways are gate controlled. The spillway at Hungry Horse
Dam (pictured), in Montana, U.S., the highest morning glory structure in the world,[13] is
controlled by a 64-by-12-foot (19.5 by 3.7 m) ring gate. One of the most well-known of these
spillways is the one in Covão dos Conchos reservoir lake, in Portugal, which is constructed to
look like a natural formation; a video of this went viral on the Internet in early 2016[citation needed].
The largest bell-mouth spillway is in Geehi Dam, in New South Wales, Australia, measuring
105 ft (32 m) in diameter at the lake's surface.[14][15][16]
Siphon spillway[edit]
A siphon makes use of the difference in the height between the intake and the outlet to create a
pressure difference needed to remove excess water. Siphons however require priming or the
removal of air in the bend in order for them to function and most siphon spillways are designed
with a system that makes use of water to remove the air and automatically prime the siphon. One
such design is the volute siphon which makes use of water forced into a spiral vortex by volutes
or fins on a funnel that draw air out of the system. The priming happens automatically when the
water level rises above the inlets that are used to drive the priming process.[17]
Other types[edit]
Other spillway types include an ogee crest which over-tops a dam, a side channel that wraps
around the topography of a dam and a labyrinth which uses a 'zig-zag' design to increase the sill
length for a thinner design and increased discharge. There is also a drop inlet which resembles an
intake for a hydroelectric power plant but transfers water from behind the dam directly through
tunnels to the river downstream.[18]

SPILLWAYS
Types of Spillways
a. Overflow spillways
b. Chute spillways
c. Side-channel spillways
d. Shaft spillways
e. Siphon spillways
f. Service & Emergency spillways
Fig: Overflow spillway

Fig: side-channel spillway

Fig: Chute spillway

Morning glory spillway