“YEAR OF THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION AND IMPUNITY”

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Volunteers: altruism in action

MEMBERS
ABURTO DOMINGUEZ, JORVIN
CONTRERAS TANTAQUISPE, JUNIOR
MUÑOZ IBAÑEZ, NANCY
RODRIGUEZ SILVA, MARIOLY
ROSARIO LAYZA, SARA

TEACHER

FUENTES CHAVEZ, SANDRA

TRUJILLO-PERÚ

2019
 INDEX

I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................3
II. THE VOLUNTEERS...................................................................................4
II.1.................................................................................................................
HISTORICAL REVIEW......................................................................4
II.2.................................................................................................................GEN
ERAL CONCEPTS................................................................................5
II.2.1. Definitions....................................................................................5
II.2.2. Values that support Volunteering................................................6
II.2.3. Volunteer Profile..........................................................................7
II.2.4. Types of volunteering..................................................................9
II.2.5. Rights, duties and obligations......................................................11
II.2.6. Types of Motivations...................................................................13
II.2.7. Role of Volunteering....................................................................14
II.3.................................................................................................................VOL
UNTEER PROGRAMS.........................................................................15
II.3.1. Volunteer cycles...........................................................................15
II.3.2. Project formulation models..........................................................17
II.4.................................................................................................................THE
VOLUNTEER IN THE WORLD.........................................................21
II.5.................................................................................................................HE
VOLUNTEER IN PERU.......................................................................25
II.5.1. The Project SOY VOLUNTARI@..............................................25
II.5.2. The Law of Volunteering.............................................................26
III. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................31
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES...........................................................32
I. INTRODUCTION

Currently, in the world cases of poverty have increased significantly

hitting the lives of many people, however, this has led to the emergence of an
organized altruistic force through volunteers who seek to get involved in the
problems that plague the most vulnerable and thus to be agents of change, help
and support for the rest of society based on the ideals of dealing with poverty,
inequality and lack of opportunities.

Volunteer Groups have existed for a long time, but over time they have
been redefining and evolving their purposes and the way they intervene in
society where they seek to execute actions of general interest for the welfare and
progress of a community by making voluntary and nonprofit. We can say that
they have or have developed a great capacity for altruism which motivates them
to stop thinking about themselves and ensure the well-being of the most needy.

Therefore, our objective as a research group is to inform about the start

of volunteering and the impact it has had on different societies and on the
reduction of cases of poverty and abuse of the most needy both in the world and
in Peru.

Likewise, this report begins by detailing a brief history of how

Volunteers originated, explaining the theoretical contents referred to it,
highlighting the role of the volunteer, their duties, responsibilities, as well as
their motivations. Also, we will explain how volunteers develop in the World
and in Peru

We consider the development of this research to be of great importance due

to the great contribution it can give to the reduction of psychosocial problems, as
well as to generate new solutions where the solidarity citizen becomes an agent
of change for other people.

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II. THE VOLUNTEERS
2.1. HISTORICAL REVIEW
Araque (2013) affirms that altruism immersed in a social action is a constant
throughout the history of humanity, also, considering different authors who say
that whenever there is a community, various forms of mutual help arise within
it. among equals

The approach to charity and charity would be found in the Middle Ages,
however, "charity is back" in today's society and one of the basic pillars is
volunteering. In the Middle Ages, charity was considered a Christian virtue and
its manifestation had a fundamental role in social and economic life. The
medieval economy revolved around that "omnipresent charity."

Obviously, social inequality and poverty were considered natural events, the
result of divine will. Thus, both poverty and the poor were considered
necessary so that the rich, through the practice of charity and alms, could save
their souls. In addition, there were also the poor who suffered physical
incapacity due to illness or disability, who were considered more worthy
depending on the severity of their suffering and the degree of disability they
exhibited.

In the mid-seventeenth century, Hobbes (1994) collected this distinction and

proposed models of assistance and coercive intervention, respectively.
Institutional charity was a monopoly of the Church until the development of
cities and economic activity made it possible for municipalities to concentrate
assistance functions and responsibilities, so that the secular community began
to take care of charity. Likewise, in the 17th century a new philosophy begins
to develop based on the fact that "... by virtue of their humanity, all human
beings were born equal, not unequal." The most prominent figure of
humanitarianism was Italian (Beccaria, 2000), in which he attributes certain

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 rights to the prisoner despite the commission of the crime, sensitizing himself
with the prevention of crimes, rather than with punishments.

Similarly in 17th century humanism, Juan Luis Vives, began to criticize the
injustices between classes and the inequality of opportunities among
individuals, advocating an equitable social distribution of material wealth and
developing a conception of a social assistance model .

In the nineteenth century two different currents appear: the liberals and the
socialist-inspired labor movement. Within liberalism there were two positions:
extreme liberalism and philanthropic reformism (both positions were
articulated within the ruling classes), which were in favor of exercising
guardianship with respect to the most disadvantaged social layers, assuming a
model of assistance without state intervention or what is the same, a social
policy without a State. Similarly, the philanthropists sought to mitigate the
material deficiency that characterized the state of the lower classes, being their
greatest moral concern, because they sought the moral rehabilitation of the
popular classes.
Likewise, in this sense, it can be said that social assistance develops a new type
of figure that was the “visitor of the poor”, which corresponds to the current
volunteer, whose main purpose was not to provide relief to the destitute, but to
implement their guardianship, suppressing the indignity of the miserable and
enhancing its inclusion in the universe of common values.

Finally, the labor movement rejected paternalistic philanthropy frontally,

inaugurating a model of associative intervention (of collective structuring
among equals), and promoting a model of labor association that should abolish
exploitation.

2.2. GENERAL CONCEPTS

2.2.1. Definitions
“Voluntary means any natural person who freely, freely and responsibly
dedicates part of his time to activities in favor of the community, from a project

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developed by a volunteer entity” (Regional Volunteer Office of the Castilla
Community Board - La Mancha, 2014)
“Volunteer is every social actor and transformation agent that provides unpaid
services for the benefit of the community, donating their time and knowledge,
performing work generated by the energy of their solidarity drive, attending
both to the needs of others and the imperatives of a cause, such as their own
personal motivations, be they of a religious, cultural, philosophical, political or
emotional nature ”(Alcalá Consultores, 2012)
“He is a citizen who, once he has fulfilled his duties of state (studies, family,
profession) and civilians (administrative, political or union life), makes himself
available to the community, promoting solidarity. For this, it offers energies,
capacities, its time and, eventually, the means at its disposal, as a creative
response to the emerging needs of the territory and, primarily those that
correspond to the marginalized ”(López, 2016).
Volunteering is the set of practices through which citizens voluntarily make
contributions or donations of work, in order to meet unsatisfied human needs in
individuals, individuals or specific groups, action they take in the framework of
systematic, special or discernible of social intervention, linked to groups or
organizations of the civil society ”(Alcalá Consultores, 2012) Provided that
they are not carried out by virtue of an employment, official, commercial or
other remuneration relationship” (Araque, 2013).

2.2.2. Values that support Volunteering

According to Gazte Informazioa (2006) these are the key values that form the
essence of volunteer work: solidarity, participation, organization and gratuity.
Let's see them.

The Solidarity

It is the first condition. It means being sensitive to the reality that surrounds us,
problems, injustice and being able to leave ourselves to act in favor of others.

The participation

There are many areas of participation in our society: the family and the circle
of friendships, work, our vote, our consumption, our taxes, our free time. And

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every time we participate we are conditioning tomorrow, betting on one type or
another of society. Volunteering is a radically different opportunity to
participate, because it implies commitment and a clear intention of
transformation and social improvement.

The action

Volunteering is not only an ethical value, an attitude, but a concrete practice.

Volunteering is done, it is action. If you remain alone in a vague spirit of a
good person, of a good citizen, it ends up being something empty and
meaningless. What changes the world, what faces problems and needs, is
action.

The organization

Volunteering and organization are inseparable concepts. The type of work and
dedication required require teamwork. Only the work in an organization
guarantees effectiveness, as it strengthens the social position of our claims and
offers the possibility of contrasting, giving continuity to our action and sharing
the tasks.

Free

Gratuity is the basis of voluntary action. Volunteering, by definition, by

principle, moves selflessly. The volunteer does not expect any economic or
material benefit for himself, but rather seeks to contribute to the achievement
of a social benefit, of goals and objectives focused on the common good.

2.2.3. Volunteer profile

Being a volunteer is a decision that requires commitment and responsibility
with both the entity and the cause, it is not enough to have a good will.
Voluntary action becomes a fundamental part of the life project of each person
who decides to be and a great responsibility towards the organization they
represent and the community that impacts. Any person can volunteer, there is
no generalized profile, no age, no sex, no special condition. However, it is
necessary to define or create volunteer profiles in organizations that, depending
on the type of program they develop, require specific characteristics for people
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who want to participate. In the Manual for volunteer management (Volunteer
Platform of Spain, 2006), some common elements and characteristics that a
volunteer must have and the key points to participate in volunteer organizations
are presented:

Common elements of volunteers:

“Concern and interest in volunteering and the work it does. Willingness to
dedicate time and your person to volunteer work and the preparation it
requires. - Openness, respect and tolerance with all human beings. - Generosity
and gratuitousness to seek in all the volunteers the promotion of the people to
whom their work is directed, above personal interests”.
And the work is characterized by:
“Volunteering is a person who seeks to be more human in his relationship with
others. - Volunteering is an activity that involves the whole person. - It is not
only a doing, but a doing from being. - Volunteering is a transformative
experience, it makes us grow, question, claim, commit. - Volunteering is a
public expression of our citizenship, a way of being a citizen, of actively
participating in this society”
The pillars in any process of active participation in volunteer
organizations:
“Wanting to participate: for participation to take place in organizations, it is
necessary that its members want to take part, want to intervene in the
associative process, in their activities, etc. Motivation is not only a necessary
condition (although not sufficient by itself) for incorporation into the
association or for its implementation. It is a factor that will continue to
influence the whole associative process, which will need to be taken care of
and reinforced. - Know how to participate: in order for associative participation
to occur, it is not enough for people to want to participate, they need to know
how to do it, that they have the knowledge, skills, abilities or skills necessary
to take part, intervene in the achievement of objectives, in the satisfaction of
their motivations, to do so, in addition, collectively. We refer, therefore, to
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training as a second necessary condition for associative participation. - To be
able to participate: in order for participation in a volunteer organization to take
place, it is not enough that its members, or those to whom it is addressed, want
to take part in the associative project and have the necessary knowledge. It is
necessary that they can take part, that there are occasions, channels, structures,
etc., that make effective participation possible. Keep in mind that there must be
a participatory organization as the third of the necessary conditions for
participation within the voluntary associations. And we are also linking, and
not by chance, the organization with power. Power understood as capacity, to
be able to do, since the organization enables associative action. And power
understood, in its more classical meaning, as an influence on other people,
since it is around the organizations where the spaces of influence, their
conflicts and struggles are established, in the association.”

2.2.4. Types of volunteering

According to Euskadis (2013), Volunteering is an expression of organized

solidarity that implies commitment to existing needs and collective goals.
Wherever these needs exist, there may be voluntary organizations that require
the active, voluntary and supportive participation of all people. The scopes,
therefore, can be diverse.

Community Volunteering

Promotion and participation in civic and collective movements with different

purposes: leisure as an element of personal and collective growth, with the
creative occupation of leisure time, citizen participation in the field of
education, dissemination, recovery and conservation of cultural identities,
movements neighborhoods, civic volunteering, responsible consumption.

Volunteering in social exclusion

Promotion and defense of rights of groups in situation or risk of exclusion

(childhood, immigrants, elderly people, youth, women, inmates, ethnic
minorities, etc.), collaborating in basic services and promoting reintegration.

Volunteering in development cooperation

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Promotion and promotion of education, environment, fight against poverty,
human and health rights programs, contributing to the co-responsibility of a
single world

Volunteering and disability

Prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, collaborating in the eradication of

discrimination and favoring inclusion in society.

Environmental volunteering

Awareness campaigns, protection, denunciation against actions that harm the

environment: Development of concrete and viable alternatives.

Volunteering in civil protection

Response to emergency situations, supporting and performing immediate help.

Diseases and socio-health support

Volunteering in entities of people affected by diseases, chronically ill people,
AIDS, HIV ..., donation and organ transplants, home care, hospital, health
promotion, etc. Additions, dependencies: smoking, drug addiction, alcoholism,
gambling.

Health Volunteering
Health promotion, development of healthy lifestyle habits and response to
situations of health needs.

Human Rights Volunteering

Support and promotion of campaigns and activities in defense of people's
rights.

Volunteering in addictions and dependencies

Participation in assistance and support programs for families, in reintegration
programs and in information and awareness campaigns.

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Within the organizations the contributions of volunteering both from the
ideological point of view and from the performance of specific tasks enrich the
organization. There are many possibilities for participation. The support for
specific management tasks, the development of projects and programs, the
participation in campaigns, the attention to users, the generation of new ideas,
the denunciation ... are some examples of the possibilities of intervention of the
volunteers.

2.2.5. Rights, duties and obligations

López (2016) states that the rights of volunteers are the following:

- Receive, both initially and permanently, the information, training, guidance,

support and, where appropriate, material means necessary for the exercise of
the functions assigned to them
- Be treated without discrimination, respecting their freedom, dignity, privacy
and beliefs.
- Participate actively in the organization in which they are inserted,
collaborating in the development, design, execution and evaluation of the
programs, in accordance with their statutes or rules of application.
- Be reimbursed for expenses incurred in the performance of their activities.
- Have an identification accreditation of their volunteer status.
- Carry out its activity in the proper conditions of safety and hygiene
depending on the nature and characteristics of that
- Be insured against the risks of accident and illness derived directly from the
exercise of the voluntary activity, with the characteristics and by the insured
capitals established by regulation
- Obtain respect and recognition for the social value of your contribution
- Similarly, they have these duties:

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 - Participate in the training tasks planned by the organization in a specific
way for the activities and functions entrusted, as well as those that are
permanently required to maintain the quality of the services they provide
- Fulfill the commitments acquired with the organizations in which they are
integrated, respecting their purposes and regulations.
- Keep, where appropriate, confidentiality of the information received and
known in the development of their voluntary activity
- Reject any material consideration they may receive, either from the
beneficiary or other persons related to their action
- Respect the rights of the beneficiaries of their voluntary activity.
- Act diligently and in solidarity.
- Fulfill the commitments acquired with the organizations in which they are
integrated

Use the accreditation and badges of the organization

- Follow the appropriate instructions for the purposes taught in the

development of the entrusted activities.
- Respect and care for the material resources available to organizations
- Finally, it should be noted that the organizations where these people
participate have the obligation to:
- Provide volunteers with adequate means to fulfill their tasks.
- Establish the appropriate internal information and guidance systems to carry
out the tasks entrusted to the volunteers.
- Provide volunteers with the necessary training for the proper development of
their activities.
- To fulfill the commitments acquired with the volunteers in the agreement of
incorporation to the organization
- Provide the volunteer with an accreditation that enables him and identify that
for the development of his activity.
- Guarantee volunteers to carry out their activities in the proper conditions of
safety and hygiene depending on the nature and characteristics of them.

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- Prove the subscription of an insurance policy, appropriate to the
characteristics and circumstances of the activity carried out by the
volunteers, which covers them from the risks of accident and illness derived
directly from the exercise of the voluntary activity, with the characteristics
and by the insured capitals to be established by regulation
- Cover the expenses derived from the provision of the service
- Issue a certificate to the volunteers that accredits the services provided.
- Keep a record of high and low voluntary staff. (López, 2016)

2.2.6. Types of Motivations

Voluntary action is driven by multiple and diverse motivations that allow an
approach to the different organizations that have volunteer programs. Each of
the reasons that motivate people to exercise voluntary action are completely
valid and respectable. Organizations with volunteer programs must do a great
job to identify the approaches of their programs and investigate the motivations
of people who express interest in volunteering, in this way it is possible to
obtain link, commitment and permanence by volunteers in the programs. In the
Spanish Volunteer Platform (2006), a classification of the different types of
motivation is presented:
Personal Motivations
- Desire to change the way of life and get out of an unpleasant dynamic.
- Need to make sense of an experience of limitation lived by oneself or by
someone close to them: illness, death, separation, losses, etc.
- Find a closer world of relationships to trust
- Obtaining recognition through utility or action.
Social Motivations
- Restlessness for the social reality that overflows us
- Impotence in the face of human tragedies
- Decision to participate in society directly
- Awareness of duty and citizen co-responsibility
Religious Motivations
- Search for a deep sense of humanity
- Christian sense of love of neighbor

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- Reparation for feelings of guilt
- Conception of life as follow-up and delivery

Political Motivations

- Urgency to influence the change of this inhuman system

- Commitment to the ideas of renewal of society
- Direct consequence of the political ideology in which it is militated
- Sense of citizenship and the person as a political being

Humanistic Motivations

- Attraction for the world of solidarity

- Commitment to justice and freedom of human beings
- Choice of solidarity as a model of life
- Fight for the transformation of a dehumanized world

2.2.7. Role of Volunteer

“Every voluntary action has a Transforming Dimension whatever the field in

which it can be developed. An action that aims to change to improve a reality,
will always have a transformative dimension, whether attending to people at
risk or social exclusion, repopulating a forest, developing a didactic guide for a
museum. Volunteering must be able to modify and transform situations of
inequality and social injustice ”(PVE, 2017).
“Modern volunteering will express its contribution of genuine solidarity
towards citizens in difficulty, if they collaborate loyally, together with the third
system and institutions, in the fight against social exclusion” becoming another
resource of the social protection system ”(PVE, 2017).
“Volunteer programs should not be seen as substitutes for the work of the
State, but rather as a complement and support. We must move from
fragmentation and confrontation to joint construction that requires presence
and commitment of all actors. Volunteering must have clarity and maturity in
the concept, be aware of the role it plays in society and take responsibility for
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 the commitment in each action it decides to support. As stated above, goodwill
is not enough, but rather to understand the responsibility that must be assumed
to be part of a society” (UN, 2015)
Also, Gazte Informazioa (2006) mentions that volunteers perform, in
associations and foundations, all kinds of tasks, such as:
Research, collecting data and testimonies about a specific situation, a territory,
a community or a social sector, around specific problems or needs.
Information and awareness, disseminating, publicizing situations, needs,
problems, awakening and mobilizing consciences.
Guidance and advice, listening, answering questions, providing support and
providing information to people or groups in situations of need.
Training, educating in values, training in social skills, health habits,
professional skills, etc., to people and social groups
Claim and complaint, claiming rights, pointing out irregularities or injustices.
Collection of funds and resources, collecting and channeling money, material
resources, technical resources, necessary for the development of solidarity
projects or attention to emergency situations.
Direct support and assistance to people in need, attending to AIDS patients,
drug addicts, the elderly alone, battered women, passers-by, homeless.
Planning and management of action projects, analyzing needs, formulating
objectives and action strategies, searching and organizing all kinds of
resources, evaluating results.
Direction, management and maintenance of voluntary action organizations,
taking care to strengthen participation, improve efficiency in organizational
functioning and in action to achieve the objectives, developing relationships
with other organizations or institutions.
Volunteering involves the relationship between the person and the organization
in which he provides his services. This relationship generates rights and
obligations.

2.3. VOLUNTEER PROGRAMS

2.3.1. Volunteer Clycles

The volunteering cycle is the representation of the volunteer process in an

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organization, its scheme follows the following route set out in the report “Keys
to volunteer management in non-profit entities” (Salas, 2009), keeping in mind
that all programs and interventions depend on context, people and
organizations. Definition
The starting point is in the definition and profile of the volunteer that depends
on the type of program that is had and the activities that are required, once the
program with the profile of the volunteer is defined, the recruitment or search
of the possible people who want to participate is carried out and the
incorporation or selection of volunteering.
Incorporation
At this point the agreements, the activities to be developed and the
commitments, rights and duties of the volunteers in the organization must be
made clear. It is key to be clear on this point as the volunteer becomes a
representative of the organization in the places where he intervenes.
Development of voluntary action
This is the most fundamental point of the volunteering cycle and in which
organizations have the responsibility to generate these spaces and perform
them with all the rigor to guarantee the permanence of volunteering, but
beyond that, to achieve an impact on the lives of people who exercise it. The
development of voluntary action is composed of several key factors: training,
monitoring, communication, participation and recognition.
Disengagement
When a volunteer decides to retire or for different reasons there is a
disconnection, important to carry out all the management and exit
documentation. Understand the reasons for continuous improvement of the
program and maintain a subsequent relationship with the volunteers who are
disconnected.

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2.3.2. Projet formulation models

There are multiple ways to understand the role of volunteering within

organizations, which varies according to their conception. This is why we start
from the definition of volunteering discussed and analyzed previously focused
on a dimension of social transformation to address the design of volunteer
programs. Based on the Report “Keys to volunteer management in non-profit
entities” (Salas, 2009), one of the most common models for project formulation
is presented:
ID

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This stage starts from the clarity of the concept of volunteering to open the
design of what you want to do, it is proposed to give answers to the following
questions and the next steps to follow: What is the new situation of
volunteering that we intend in our organization ? What is the way we are going
to do it? What are the chances of achieving it? Steps to follow: analysis of
participation in the organization, analysis of problems for the development of
actions with volunteering, analysis of objectives in the work with volunteering,
analysis of alternatives and strategies of participation of volunteering. In this
first phase you must have the participation of the actors that are linked to the
organization.

Formulation
At this stage the structure that will shape the volunteer program is built. Based
on the principles of developing a logical framework and the project planning
matrix, the following points are developed, which become the basis for
execution. At this stage it is of great importance to leave everything in writing:
general objective, specific objectives, expected results, planned activities,
necessary resources. Here it is also proposed to answer the following questions
that will give guidance to the objectives, activities, resources and expected
results: Why do we do a volunteer program? What do we hope to obtain from
the participation or incorporation of volunteering in our organization? What
will we do to achieve it? For whom / with whom will we do it? By what
procedures will we execute what is planned? When will each thing be done?
Where will it be done? What resources will be used? How much will it cost?
How will decisions be made? What areas or departments participate in the
action with volunteers and how? What people participate and how? Who will
do what? What will be necessary and cannot be controlled in the program?
What risks exist? What will happen when the program ends?
Execution
It seeks to implement everything structured and planned of the program. In
order to manage and coordinate the execution of the program, it is
recommended to carry out an operational plan that serves to identify more
specific tasks that allow the development of activities. In order to carry out an
operational plan, some elements must be defined, such as: defining and

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assigning the tasks and actions to be carried out by the volunteers. Identify and
define those responsible for decision-making, establish the map of the
relationship between volunteers and the rest of the intervention actors, establish
the responsibility of the volunteer in the development of the activity.
Tracing
It seeks to analyze that the execution that is being carried out meets the
expected, to know the evolution of the program and to identify causes of
problems and opportunities for improvement. To make a good follow-up of a
volunteer program it is recommended to take into account: that it should not be
the minimum possible time and should be done with a certain periodicity
previously established, the milestones and units of analysis must be well
defined, the opinion and valuation of all those involved, integrate quantitative
and qualitative data.
Evaluation
This stage allows to analyze if the program that is being developed fulfills
everything planned, measures efficiency, effectiveness, impact, feasibility or
sustainability and relevance. The evaluation must be done continuously.

Another model built Muñoz (2017) presents the construction of a methodology

that starts from the leadership of himself, to be able to lead others, lead projects
and finally build a future. This model has been the basis of the Youth

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Leadership Network, a successful program led by EAFIT, through EAFIT
Social and Universidad de los Andes, with the support of different
organizations and built thanks to the union of efforts in the alliance private
public The leadership approach that it raises is relevant in the whole issue of
volunteering, since a volunteer is a leader in society.
Personal leadership focuses on integrity and understanding from being.
Leadership with the other seeks to legitimize and recognize it in a relationship
of trust, where conversations and everyday life allow the best diagnosis of any
organization or community to be built. If any type of work or program is
focused on people, it can generate effectiveness, productivity and thus generate
value. In the simplest, the most significant learning is born, from meaning and
motivation, not from the norm imposed. Working on leadership from oneself
allows transforming not only the organization but also transcending the
discovery of a sense and towards the development of society. Once leadership
is conceived as a fundamental factor for action, transformation and
development, the methodology of systemic leadership built by Muñoz (2017) is
presented, which allows the development of any type of program:
This methodology is guided and molded according to the context and is
composed of 4 dimensions:
The first is the strategic dimension: which answers the question: What do I
want to achieve ?, whose objective is to focus the project / organization /
program. At this stage the entire action model is carried out, the strategic
framework defines what purpose the plan and the management model is
focused on, it is to see the way in which it is intended to be achieved.
Management control is recommended as the previous model is economical,
concrete and requires little time and serves to evaluate and control processes.
The second is the organizational architecture dimension: which answers the
question: With what process? with the objective of managing. Once the focus
is clear and what you want to achieve, enter the stage that shapes the execution.
At this stage the organizational design is carried out which defines the entire
value chain, the information system and the use of ICT are also analyzed.
The third is the relational dimension: which answers the question: With
whom? aiming to integrate. In this stage all the interest groups are
characterized, the relationship and good governance policies and good

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 organizational practices are defined. It is here that possible alliances and
networks are identified.
The fourth is the cultural dimension: which answers the question: With what
behavior? Its purpose is to inspire. At this stage the management model is
carried out from the human, all knowledge management and the construction of
the collective. Here we begin to build networks and teamwork and to document
and share all the experience and learning processes.
Both models presented are only forms that can be used and applied according
to context, needs and intentions, and can be used for the design of programs in
any field. They do not represent a straitjacket nor do they ensure the success of
the projects. In the case of volunteering, all these models must be accompanied
by the concepts that were previously seen and everything that was seen in the
role of the volunteer: profiles, rights and duties, motivations and volunteer
cycle.

2.4. THE VOLUNTEER IN THE WORLD

Volunteer Rates
According to the United Nations Volunteer Program (2018), it refers that the
rates of volunteering by regions, countries and groups: currently, they have the

22
most complete estimate of the global voluntary service, where the formal
volunteer staff places 109 million equivalent workers full time. If these full-
time volunteer workers constituted a country, the Volunteering staff would be
the fifth largest in the world (figure 1.2), which is roughly equivalent to the
number of people employed in Indonesia. Seen in another way, the full-time
equivalent size of this global volunteer staff exceeds that of many major global
sectors.

Thus, around 70% of the global voluntary activity occurs through informal
(direct person-to-person) interaction with people not belonging to the
volunteer's home, while 30% is formally produced through non-profit
organizations. profit or various associations (figure 1.3).

23
Although voluntary service is universal, the way people participate depends on
variables such as location, gender and age. A variety of factors can limit or
improve people's opportunities and abilities to participate in informal and
formal volunteering, depending on who they are and the environment in which
they live. For example, in countries of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), factors such as school performance,
marital status and age influence the rates of formal voluntary service. Based on
structures and processes that facilitate the commitment of volunteers, time use
data indicate that informal and formal voluntary service can compete for time
with other activities, such as paid work, leisure and studies.

Voluntary Service Estimates by Region and Country

Global data on voluntary service reveal regional variations in voluntary
participation rates and in the informal and formal voluntary service fee. Figure
1.4 establishes full-time equivalent volunteers per region, from almost 29
million in Asia and the Pacific to around 9 million each in the Arab States,
Latin America and the Caribbean. There is a relative lack of data on
volunteering in low-income contexts, as well as additional complexities of
capturing all the diversity related to informal volunteer service. Seeing this
relative lack of data, the living conditions of people in many low-income
countries also impose more demands on their time. People from low-income
countries spend at least a third more of their time earning a living than those in
high-income countries. They also spend more time waiting for services, arriving
at work and traveling for voluntary activities. However, the relationship
between voluntary service and available leisure time is complex.

24
The form and scope of the voluntary service also varies by context. For
example, although informal voluntary service exceeds formal voluntary service
in all regions, it represents about 90% of voluntary activity in Africa, but is
closer to 60% in North America, Asia and the Pacific regions (Figure 1.5) .
Participation in the formal voluntary service (based on organizations) is likely
to be affected by the number of organizations that mobilize volunteers in a
country and by differences in institutional arrangements. High-income countries
tend to have a greater concentration of formal voluntary organizations and,
consequently, more opportunities for people to participate in this way.

Voluntary Service Estimates by Sex

Volunteer sex is one of the only reliable demographic variables for which data
is available for transnational breakdown. Formal voluntary service is distributed
fairly evenly between the sexes (51% women and 49% men), which gives a
twist to the belief held by many people that there are more women than men
volunteering through the organizations. The informal voluntary service,
however, has higher female participation rates worldwide. Since informal
voluntary service represents the majority of voluntary efforts in all regions and
women represent the largest share of informal voluntary action, women make
up a larger proportion of voluntary service in general, about 57% (Figure 1.6).

25
 At regional level, there is a wide variation in the participation of women in the
voluntary service. The highest female participation takes place in Latin America
and the Caribbean, with 67%, and the lowest is in Asia and the Pacific, where
the participation rates of women and men are not so different from each other
(Figure 1.7).

2.5. T
H E

VOLUNTEER IN PERU
2.5.1. The Projet SOY VOLUNTARI@

According to the MIMP (2013) since June 2011, the Soy Voluntari @ project
has contributed to the institutionalization of volunteering, working closely with
the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations, the governing body of
volunteering in Peru.

Some achievements:

26
- Contributions for the design of the National Volunteer System. Strengthening
of the Directorate of Public Welfare and Volunteering.

- Proposal for a National Volunteer Plan 2013 - 2017, providing technical

assistance in volunteering to Regional and Local Governments. Creation and
positioning of the Soy Voluntari @ brand nationwide, among other
contributions.

There is a favorable scenario to continue with the institutionalization of

volunteering in the country. The State has assumed its leadership in this matter
at the national level, articulating with the Regional Governments from the
Social Development Managements

2.5.2. The Law of Volunteering

Legislative Decree No. 1294 (2016) includes modifications with Law No.
30506 on the General Law of Volunteering

TITLE I OF THE VOLUNTEER AND THE MODES IN WHICH IT IS

CARRIED OUT

CHAPTER I: GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1 .- Object of the Law (modified)

The purpose of this Law is to recognize, facilitate and promote the action of
Peruvian and foreign persons in voluntary services, and to indicate the legal
conditions under which such activities are carried out within the national
territory.

The work carried out by volunteers in the national territory, as regards the
social service they provide to the community, in an altruistic and solidary way,
is of national interest.

Article 2 .- Definitions (modified)

For the purposes of this Law, it is understood as:

• Volunteering: Work or activity carried out for non-profit, free of charge and
without links or contractual responsibilities. Volunteering includes activities
of general interest to the population, such as: healthcare, health, social, civic,

27
 training, cultural, scientific, sports, development cooperation, environmental
protection, sanitation, housing, urban planning activities, of defense of the
economy or of research, of development of associative life, of promotion of
volunteering among others of a similar nature, tending towards the common
good.

It is provided by a natural person, Peruvian or foreign, or volunteer

organization. In no case such activity is carried out in a remunerated manner
nor does it replace the work carried out in a remunerated manner.

• Volunteer: Natural person, Peruvian or foreign, who promotes and performs

volunteer actions in public or private entities, urban areas of vulnerable
populations, rural and native communities, peasant rounds, public health care
centers, among others.

• Beneficiary: The natural persons targeted by the action of the volunteer and /
or private or public legal entity where the volunteer provides services.

VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS
They can be classified as follows:
a) Organizations based on volunteers: non-profit organizations managed by
volunteers and that call volunteers for social projection actions in favor of
vulnerable populations.
b) Entities with the support of volunteers: public entities, legally constituted
private or grassroots social organizations that summon volunteers to
strengthen their social objectives.
c) Volunteer agencies: legally constituted non-profit organizations that
articulate the participation of volunteers in social objectives.
d) Other organizations with volunteer programs or projects: public, private, or
academic profile entities, which implement volunteer actions by calling the
members of their entity to support vulnerable populations within the
framework of a program or project.
Article 3 .- Register of Volunteers
Create the Volunteer Registry, attached to the Ministry of Women and Social
Development, where, by the sole merit of its registration, legal persons or

28
natural persons who independently develop the activities referred to in the
previous article, will be recognized as such.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the volunteers grouped in the Civil Defense
Brigades belonging to the National Civil Defense System - SINADECI, and in
general any volunteer, may not benefit from the present Law, even if it is not
registered in the Registry .
The MIMDES will supervise the volunteers registered in the Registry, counting
for this purpose with the sanctioning power.

Article 3 A. State Promoter Role (additional).

The State fulfills its role of promotion, recognition and facilitation of voluntary
work and the organizations that develop it.
The State, through the Ministry of Women and Social Development, promotes:
a) Technical assistance, training and information programs for volunteers.
b) Support for the campaign of dissemination, recognition and assessment of
the voluntary service.
c) Facilitation for access to national and foreign sources of assistance for
volunteering.
d) Measures that promote and carry out the permanent quantification of the
contribution of voluntary work to the social and economic development of
the country.
e) Measures that promote and carry out an updated registry of volunteer
organizations.

Article 3.- Incorporate article 3-B with the following text:

“3-B Rectory of the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations

The Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations as the governing body of

the National Volunteer System supervises the volunteer actions carried out by
natural persons, Peruvians or foreigners, or voluntary organizations nationwide
and articulates with organizations that require actions of volunteering to meet

29
their demands, guiding volunteer actions to the attention of priority issues at
the national level.

All volunteer organizations must have intervention protocols, depending on the

nature and risk of the action to be carried out. The protocols are developed
based on the technical assistance provided by the Ministry of Women and
Vulnerable Populations.”

CHAPTER II OF THE VOLUNTEER

Article 4 .- Volunteering (Modified)

Volunteering may be provided by any person, with exceptions provided by the

legal person on which it depends. The minors of (18) years must have the
written authorization of their parents or guardians and in no case they will be
able to carry out tasks that are of danger for their physical, psychic or moral
integrity.

Article 5 .- Voluntary insurance (modified)

The volunteer must have adequate security to safeguard the physical,

psychological or moral integrity of the volunteer. If the work carried out entails
danger to the life or health of the volunteer, this situation must be known to it
and must be in writing. In the event of suffering from any illness, accident
and / or death as a result of the exercise of these activities, the expenses caused
by these events will be covered by the comprehensive health insurance in the
corresponding cases, in the case of the independent volunteer. When
volunteering is provided under the auspices of a legal entity, the insurance will
be borne by the latter.

Article 6 .- Non-discrimination (modified)

No volunteer may be discriminated against because of sex, creed, religion,

nationality, race or any condition, by the organization where he provides his
services, nor any citizen in general.

Article 7 .- Interruption of service

In cases where it is applicable, the interruption of the provision of volunteering,

the volunteer must inform the beneficiaries in a timely manner.

30
CHAPTER III MODALITIES OF REALIZATION OF THE
VOLUNTEER

Article 8 .- Modalities (modified)

Volunteering is provided through the following modalities:

a) Altruistic volunteering, carried out by those people who act spontaneously in

activities dedicated to the fight against specific diseases, to the well-being of
certain social sectors or, in general, to any activity in which the beneficiary
is exclusively a third person.

b) Self-help volunteering, carried out by those who act for the benefit of a
specific group of people within which the volunteer is also.

c) Other modalities classified by the National Volunteer Commission.

CHAPTER IV TRAINING, FACILITIES AND REWARDS

Article 9 .- Training

Those who volunteer must be trained to perform their work efficiently. This
training is the responsibility of the volunteer organization, from which
independent volunteers can also benefit. For this purpose, voluntary
organizations and independent volunteers can sign agreements with public or
private institutions.

Article 10 .- Facilities

The State will provide the means available to volunteers for the fulfillment of
their purposes.

Article 11 .- Certification

Volunteers will receive a certificate for the services provided from the
volunteer organizations where they carry out their activities or from the
institutions benefiting from the services. The certificates referred to in the
previous paragraph must be taken into account for the formation of your
resume.

Article 12 .- Help to volunteers

31
 Volunteers can receive training, food, medical, infrastructure assistance, among
other facilities that contribute to the best performance of their service, from the
volunteer organization or beneficiary institutions.

In the case of the beneficiary institutions belonging to the State, the aid that
implies spending will be provided as long as the corresponding financing is
available for this purpose.

III. CONCLUSIONS

- Volunteering is the set of practices where citizens voluntarily make

contributions, donations and provide their working time, with the sole objective
of satisfying the needs of specific people or groups, to improve their quality of
life.
- People who are part of the volunteers must have personal values and
characteristics such as: solidarity, participation, motivation, commitment,
organization, disposition, divergent thinking, etc.
- Organizations are obliged to ensure the welfare of their volunteers, who must
know their rights to enforce them, they also have a series of duties that they must
fulfill.
- There are various motivations that lead a person to become a volunteer among
them we have personal, social, religious, political and humanistic.
- Every voluntary action has a Transforming Dimension, whatever the field in
which it can be developed. since it seeks to modify and transform situations of
inequality and social injustice.
- The systemic leadership model is based on acquiring self-leadership to have the
ability to lead other organizations, communities and projects.

32
 - The majority of voluntary service worldwide is informal.

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

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Gasteriaren Informaziorako Lurralde Zentroa (2006) Voluntariado. Echar una
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