SHEAB WALLSnear Was Honzostal forces acting on buildings, e.g.. those due to wind or seumec action, can be fesnted by different means. Rigrd-frame resistance of the structure, augmented by the contnbunoa of ordhnary masonry walls and parntions, can provide for wind loach in Many cases. However. when heavy horizvatal loading us hkely, such as would rewit from an earthquake, remforced concrete shear walls are uted. Thesc may be added solely to resist horizontal forces. or concrete walls encloung slasways or elevator shafts may abo serve as shear walls, Figure 18.13 shows a building with wind of seismic forces represented by arrows acting on the edge of cach floor of roof. The horizontal wrfaces act as deep beams 0 Warciemat loads to verbcal reusing clements A and B. These sheaz walls, ia turn, act a6 Sannlewer beams fixed at their base to carry loads down to the foundation. They aresubjected to (1) a variable shear, which reaches 2 maximum at the base, (2) a bending moment, which tends to cause vertical tension near the loaded edge and at the far edge, and (3) a vertical compression due to ordinary gravity Soading from the structure, For the building shown, additional shear walls C and D are provided to resist Joads acting in the long direction of the structure, Shear is apt to be critical for walls with a relatively low ratio of height to length. High shear walls ase controlled mainly by flexural requirements. i Figure 18.14 shows a typical shear wall with beight h,. length I, and thickness fy It is assumed to be fixed at its base and loaded horizontally along its left edge. Vertical flexural reinforcesmesn of area A, is provided at the left edge, with its ceatroxd a distance d from the extreme compression face, To allow for seversal of hoad, identi cal remforcerent is provided along the right edge. Horizontal shear seinforcement with area A, 2 spacing 5, is provided, as well as vertical shear reinforcement with area Ay a spacing 5), Such distributed ster is normally placed in two Sayers, parallel to the faces of the wall, The design besis for thear wells, scomding ACI Cote 11.19, is of the same general Lorin 2s that used for ordinary beams: =4%, aay where p VA +y, (32) Based on evs Keds, 164 208 12.7), an wpzea hms has teen evtablisted on te nerninal shear stcength of walls: V, = NOVithd (63)In this and all other equations pertaining to the design of shear walls, the distance d ig taken equal to 0 81, A larger value of d, equal to the distance from the extreme com. Presaton face to the center of force of all reinforcement in tension, may be wied when determined by a strain Compatitn|ity analysis The value of V,, the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete, may be based on the usual equations for beams, according tw ACI Code 11,105. For walls subject to vertical compression, V, © 2Vihd (184) and for walls subject to vertical tension NV. MN v,= a1 * Sia) (185) Here, Nv, is the factored axial load in pounds, taken negative for tension, and A, is the gross area of horizontal concrete section in square inches. Alternately, the value of V, may be based on a more detailed calculation, as the lesser of NA V,= 33Viihd + 7 (18.6) L(L25VFE + 02NSIA) wale awhere WN, is negative for tension as before. Equation (18 6) corresponds to the occur- reace of & principal tensile streas of approximately 4°Vf; at the centroid of the shear- wall cross section. Equation (18.7) corresponds approximately to the occurrence of a flexural tensile stress of 6 Vf; ot a section [,/2 above the section being investigated. ‘Thus, the two equations predict, respectively, web-shear cracking and flexure-shear cracking When the quantity Mf/V, — J_/2 is negative, Eq. (18.7) is inapplicable. ‘According to the AC] Code, hon zontal sections located closer to the wall base than a distance 1, /2 or h,/2, whichever is less, may be designed for the same V, as that com- puted ai a distance /,/2 or h_/2 ‘When the factored shear force V, does not exceed $V,/2, a wall may be rein- forced eccording t© minimum requirements, When V, exceeds #V,/2, reinforcement for shear is to be provided according to the following requirements. ‘The nominal shear strength V, provided by the honzontal wall stce! is deter- mined on the seme basis as for ordinary beams: AS v, = *i# (16.8) where A, = area of horizontal shear reinforcement within vertical distance 55, in? 5, = vertical distance between horizontal reinforcement, in. J, = yield strength of reinforcement, psi Substituting Eq. (18.8) into Eq. (18.2), thea combining with Eq (18.1), one obtains the equation for the required area of honzontal shear reinforcement within a distance 5;: oo Me OV ord A, (189)‘The minimum permitted ratio of horizontal shear steel to gross concrete area of verti- cal section is ps = 0.0025 (18.10) and the maximum spacing 3, is not to exceed I_/S, 3h, or 18 in. ‘ ‘Test results indicate that for low shear walls vertical distnbuted reinforcement #6 needed as well as horizontal reinforcement. Code provisions require vertical steel of area A, within a spacing 3,, such that the ratio of vertical stee! 10 gross concrete area of honzontal secuon will be not less than .= 00025 +03(23 - **) in, - 00025) g.t!) nor less than 0.0025. However, the vertical reinforcement ratio need not be greater than the required horizontal reinforcement ratio. The spacing of the vertical bars is not to exceed /_/3, 3h, of 18 in.‘Walls may be subject to flexural tension due to overturning moment, even when the verncal compress:on from gravity loads is superimposed. In many but not all cases, vertical steel is provided, concentrated near the wall edges, as shown in Fig 18.14. The required steel area can be found by the usual methods for beams. ‘The dual function of the floors and roofs in buildings with shear walls should be noted. In addition to resisting gravity loads, they must act as deep beams spanning between shear-resisting elements. Because of their proporuons, both shearing and flex- ural stresses are usually quite low. According to ACI Code 9.2.1, the load factor for live load drops to 1.0 when wind or earthquake effects are combined with the effects of grav- ny loads. Consequently, floor and roof reinforcement designed for gravity loads can usu- ally serve as reinforcement for honzontal beam acton also, with no increase in bar areas. ACI Code 10.11.1 permus walls with height-to-length ratios not exceeding 2.0 to be designed using strut-and-ne models (Chapter 10). The minimum shear rein- forcement enteria of Eqs. (18.9) through (18.11) and the maximum spacing limits for 5, and 5, must be sausfied. “There are special considerations and requirements for the design of reinforced concrete walls in structures designed to resist forces associated with seismic motion, “These are based on design for energy dissipauon in the nonlinear range of response. This subject willl be treated separately, m Chapter 20.TRODUCTION The use of shear walls in buildings is a fairly recent practice (omy about 40 pears old) caused ty the need to g0 hugh-nse Economically, it seems to be the least expensive way to increase the oak carte oe one ee From cecet arthquake experiences, it seems thatthe moment resisting frame without shear walls in multistorey buildings had The best alternative found 15 to use shear walls Derm ae ea? Shear walls serve tnple functions to support gravity loads, to provide lateral resistance and tehachoaas awall Indesign, they are usually conceptualized as vertical cantilevers It adds ductility 1» the framing system, @ convenient solution to the problem of earthquake resistance. It is commended that for buildings 10 storeys or higher, incorporating shear walls is a satisfactory and yey economecal solution Shear walls cross sections maybe rectangular (a vertical plate), I, box or wregular hike in soar walls One thing that should be kept in mind is that lateral forces in the two orthogonal drechons do not act simultaneously, only one is considered at a time This simplifies the design process. very much, especially for cases where the shear wall 1s active in lateral resistance in two mmdogonal directions The program considers only two general shear wall configuratons a cungular section (vertical plate) and a plate with flanges at both ends Any other shear wall may te ndeakzed according to the latter configurationhecauuons in the use of shear walls Shear walls generally determine where the center of rigydity of a building will be As a rule, the center of maxs (CM) of a building should be very near if not coincident with its center of Ngwsty (CR) The Managua earthquake of 1972 showed that between a building with comcident CM/CR and another building with CM/CR far apart, it was the former that withstood earthquake with minumal damage If the CM/CRarefar apart, torsional stresses are produced and thes wall be more harmful to the building than when no shear wall is introduced According to the code, even if the building is symmetrical (CM/CR are coincident), the vertical elements should be designed for an additional torsional force equivalent lo the storey shear mulupled by $% of building dimension perpendicular 10 the direction of the storey shear Abbreviated shear walls should. be avoided All shear walls should go to the ground The ductlty available in the upper stories will be of litle benefit and the floor where the shear wall is abbreviated will be a point of abrupt weakness 4 A special case is coupled shear wall (two walls connected by beams at floor levels) One option is to. make the coupling beam very suff, such that the walls act as a und The coupling beams here are subjected to very high shears and moments, Another option 's 10 detail the connection between the wall and the beam as a hinge so that the coupling beam serves only as alink between, the walls and the walls deform separately The opinion of the wnter is that the second detail should be adopted alwaysMANUALLY SOLVED PROBLEMS CASE | - Rectanguier Shear Walls without End Thickening Given f= 207 MPa fy =414 MPa Ty: ty = 200 men L.= 1800 mm 1) Solve for the web reinforcements Vu=075(1 87 V)= 70125 KN Maximum shear strength of the wall 4 = 0.81800) = 1440 mm Vn = 6516 VFe | hd = 0.85(5/6) 20 (200144011000 =928KN>70125KN ok}Sher srencth provide by comerete ve = ve hd = V207 (200414401000 6 21838 KN Vy * Mit Ve= 70125-21838 = 606.62 KN ‘ oss Heetzortal reinforcement dub = Vs = af = 10ns S, Bd 4141440) Min duh = 000254 = ©0025(200) = 05 <1017 Ss, Use Aub = 10175 Use 16mm bars A, = 200 mm? S, = 2002) = 393mm 10175 Compare with mintmum spacing lw = 1800 = 360< 393 S,=360 5 5 : 600 > 360 = 3(200) = 3h i(200) soe therefore Use 16 mm bars @ 3600 bf Verncal rebars Aub = 2002) = 111) S, 360dae = fs 08 (2-1) (omy) + [ons 05(25-mm (.-es) 0 = 0784 mm diy = 00025 4 = 05< 0754 5, Use iy = 0754 8, Use #16bart A, =200 met S, = 2000) = $30 mm 074 Compare with minima spacing by = 1809 = 600> 510 2 3 gh = 34200) = 600530 $00<590 therefore §,= 500 Use 16 neg bars @ S00mmoe BF Solve forthe end requrements Mu = 075(187)M = 210375 KNm Ma = §bdrCew (10 59 9) = 1050t_My so Ose bare ~ = 0n08 Ae = MESE = 03408 (202) (20,1440) = 4907 wm ‘Ads end rebar provmon for wot lad hotter ston, = 141209 617000) «3040100 Poa = 070K) Ferg = 97 (08% 85,20 742004 2X 1800y100 = mI KN Pyg © 3040-2838 = 202 KN As = Baba oh 349 en? O44) a TAA H907 4349-5256 met (Use = 19-252 mom bars at exch end Senne © 36mm te te rep [sence Case - Shear wall wth end flanges Goon fe= 207 MPa fy =44 MPa Tr. w= 200 mm w= 1400 men f= 200 mm me 3M Y= S00KN 1M = 3000 Ne a2 1300KN. Pi, 1200 KN 4 g All1) Solve for the web remnforcements same as im case | Horizontal bars Use 16mm > bas @ 360mm oc bf Vertical bars Use 1omm> bas @ 500mm oc bf Solve for end reinforcement M, = 0.75 (187M) = 4207 50 KNm = _Mu_ = 420750510 = 6352 mm’ fylwetl) 414 (1600)Auk end rebars as provision for axsal load PL, <14P,+17P,, = 3860KN P, = 0748) 35) fc Ag = 2838KN Pre = Pu-Pcon = 1022 KN Asi = Preb2 = 1022 x 10002 = 1763 mm? oly OTx4l4 Ag A, + Asi= 8115 mm? Use 17 252 mm bars at each flange 16mmrs @ 360mm OC. bf. \6mme @ 500mm OC. bf. 17-25mer@ VERTICAL BARS. ‘at eoch flangeSHEAR WALL pasran Gs / QUALITY conruTER ststiens tec, ~ sant OF BUILDING ; SMEAR PALL DEZIGBATION — | fq. yh 1H EBS CONPAESSIVE STRENGTH OF Comet Tito STHEBOTH OF BELBFOSe ESET fils. 83283 FoR Twe vie sans: WOK BARS | USE 16 00 DI VERT BASS : USE 16 ee 0: END OR FLANGE BARS ¢ Aes S288 99 os) VERT BARS : USE 12 = 25 oo DIA BARS BACH ERD Ties e m Concrete © 1.00. CH — Rebare = 208 geSHEAR WALL DESIGN QCSI / QUALITY COMPUTER SYSTENS IMC. be WANE OF BUILDIPO 2 ABC BUILDING 2 Su-2 SMEAR WALL DESIGHATION 20.70 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IW Ka : YIELD STREBGTH OF REINFORCEMENT IM MPa = 414.00 STOREY MEIGNT OF THE SHEAR WALL IN W UNFACTONED SHEAR FORCE ACTING Om THE WALL IN Kw UNFACTORED MOMENT FORCE ACTING OW THE MALL IN Rite UNFACTORED DEAD LOAD ACTING Of THE WALL IW UNFACTORED LIVE LOAD ACTING OW TWE WALL I a233. a2a88 200 1400 200 1s VERT bARS : USE 16 on DLA ED OF FLANGE bans vEeT bans (ae 115 THES.