Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Fabian Enrique Forero Torres

Group 203058_1
Identification number
11.511.590

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?
Reply: Wave propagation refers to the propagation of electromagnetic waves
in free space. Although free space really implies a vacuum, propagation
through the Earth's atmosphere is often called free space propagation and
can always be considered that way. the main difference is that the earth's
atmosphere introduces signal losses that are not found in a vacuum.
Electromagnetic waves propagate through any dielectric material including
air, but they do not propagate well through conductors with losses such as
seawater, since electric fields cause currents to flow in the material, rapidly
dissipating the wave energy.
2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses
Reply: the tangent of losses or tangent delta is a measure of the state of an
insulation. It is also called dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric
losses of a solid or liquid insulator.
therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation and its conditions
and is independent of its volume. The disadvantage of this test is that it only
determines the average condition of the insulation, that is, it does not detect
the point of worst condition.
3. How is the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?
Reply: Classification of media according to the loss tangent:
Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore, they
do not have losses due to the Joule effect.
Perfect conductors: they do not present polarization current, therefore,
they do not have capacitive or charge accumulation effects.
Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due to
the Joule effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive
effect, they are called also "low loss dielectrics".
Good conductors: they present polarization current, therefore, they have
capacitive or charge accumulation effects, but conduction current and losses
due to the Joule effect are much more significant.
Dissipative dielectrics: they present both effects and neither is negligible
compared to the other.
 4. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?
Reply: Propagation parameters in media
The constants of propagation, attenuation, and phase, as well as the intrinsic
impedance of a medium, are called propagation parameters.
Phase constant (β): represents the phase shift per unit length traveled
along the line, it is measured in radians / m.
Attenuation constant (α): represents the attenuation suffered by the
voltage and the current along the line. It is measured in nieper / m, although,
as in open media, it can be expressed on a logarithmic scale.
Propagation constant (γ): it is the complex sum of the other two constants,
the attenuation constant plus the phase constant.
Intrinsic Impedance (𝜼): The intrinsic impedance of a medium is the
relationship between the magnitude of the electric field and themagnitude of
the magnetic field associated with the wave.
Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the 5 proposed in Table 1
and announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 𝟒 𝟖𝟎
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
−12 2 2
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10 𝐶 /N𝑚
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
development:

Identification number: 11511590, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 590

Then: 𝑓 = (590 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 600 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 600𝑥106 𝐻𝑧

Selected propagation medium: Dry soil

Copper conductivity: 𝛔 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑆/𝑚

Copper electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 3

𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
we replace the values in the equation.

𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2𝜋 ∗ 600𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 3 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
0.1001
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 9.986𝑥𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟔
the angle of loss is

𝛿 = tan−1 (0.0009986)
𝛿 = 0.057215°
calculator image

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Table 2: Classification of propagation media.
 Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Interpretation: According to the concept of Tangent of losses, explain the

meaning of the value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿).
Reply:
The loss tangent allows me to identify which for the dry soil environment is a
low-loss dielectric.

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
𝜸 = √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) = √𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 (𝝈 + 𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐 ) = . ..

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜇 = μr μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

Development:
Lost low dielectric
Calculation:

𝜸 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀
 𝜸 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 √μr μ𝑜 εr ε𝑜

m
𝜸 = 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 600𝑥106 𝐻𝑧√1 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T ∗ 3 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
A
𝜸 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒋

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝜷 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀

𝜷 = 2𝜋𝑓 √μr μ𝑜 εr ε𝑜

m
𝜷 = 2𝜋 ∗ 600𝑥106 𝐻𝑧√1 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T ∗ 3 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
A
𝜷 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟓𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎
Figure 3: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

𝜼 = √𝜇 ⁄𝜀

μr μ𝑜
𝜼=√
εr ε𝑜

m
1 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T A
𝜼=√
3 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

𝜼 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝜴
 Figure 4: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.
𝜶 = 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑆/𝑚 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝜴
𝜶=
𝟐
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟗𝑵𝒑/𝒎

Figure 5: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the final result including the units.
Development:
Calculation:
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝜷
 2𝜋 ∗ 600𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝑝 =
21.78035𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝒎/𝒔

Figure 6: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝜆=
21.78035𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝝀 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟗𝒎
 Figure 7: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.
𝟏
𝜹𝒑 =
|𝜶|
1
𝜹𝒑 =
|0.010875099𝑁𝑝/𝑚|
𝜹𝒑 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟗𝒎

Figure 8: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the
value obtained for each of the propagation characteristics 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛿𝑝 .

𝑉𝑝 is the speed with which the electromagnetic wave travels in a non-dissipative

medium, it is also known as phase speed.

𝜆 is the wavelength of an electromagnetic signal, where the distance between

the two points of the same phase is equal to one wavelength.

𝛿𝑝 is is the depth of penetration of the wave, since the power of a signal is

proportional to the square of its amplitude, when the signal falls to 36% of its
value, its power falls to 13%.
 Application example

Example:

Video link

URL:

References

Reference 1:
Paz, Parra. A. (2013). Electromagnetismo para Ingeniería Electrónica. Campos
y ondas Santiago de cali, Colombia: sello editorial javeriano.

Reference 2:
Catarina.udlap.mx. (2018). Propagación de ondas electromagnéticas.
Recuperado de
http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lem/vila_b_ca/capitulo1.pd
f

Examples of reference formats:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the
book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.