16AE7201 -

AVIONICS
1

SYLLABUS
◼ ​Unit 1 - Introduction to Avionics

◼ ​Unit2 - Digital Avionics

Architecture

◼ ​Unit
3 - Flight Decks and
Cockpits

◼ ​Unit
4 – Introduction to
Navigation Systems

◼ ​Unit
5 – Air Data Systems and
Auto Pilot
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UNIT - I

1. ​Need for Avionics in Civil and

Military aircraft and

Space systems

2. ​Integrated Avionics

3. ​Weapon Systems

4. ​Typical Avionics Subsystems

5. ​Design Technologies
3

UNIT - II

◼ ​Avionics System Architecture

◼ ​Data Buses

◼ ​MIL-STD-1553B

◼ ​ARINC – 429

◼ ​ARINC – 629

4
UNIT - III

◼ ​Control and Display Technologies

◼ ​CRT, LED, LCD, EL

◼ ​Plasma panel

◼ ​Touch screen

◼ ​Direct voice input (DVI)

◼ ​Civil
and Military Cockpits:
MFDS, HUD, MFK,

HOTAS

5
UNIT - IV

navigation ​◼ ​ADF, DME,

◼ ​Radio
VOR, LORAN, DECCA,
OMEGA,
ILS, MLS ​◼ ​Inertial Navigation
Systems (INS) ​◼ ​Inertial sensors
◼ ​INS block diagram ◼ ​ ​Satellite
navigation systems ◼ ​ ​GPS

UNIT - V
 data quantities ​◼ ​Altitude ​◼ ​Air
◼ ​Air
speed ◼​ ​Vertical speed ​◼ ​Mach
Number ◼ ​ ​Total air temperature ◼​
Mach warning ◼ ​ ​Altitude warning ◼ ​
Auto pilot – Basic principles,

Longitudinal and ​lateral auto pilot

Introduction

What is Avionics ? ​Avi​ation + Electr​onics =

​
Avionics

Avionics ​are the electronic systems used on

aircraft, artificial satellites, ​and spacecraft.

Avionic systems include communications,

navigation, the display and ​management of

multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems

that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual

functions.

8
Avionics

Onboard Avionics-
Flight Control Avionics, Cockpit
avionics,
Communication and Navigation
avionics, Cabin Avionics and
Auxiliary & power systems
Ground Avionics:
Air traffic Management
Electronics (ATC)
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10

Avionic systems
1 ​2 ​3 4
Communication
Navigation ​
Flight ​ Radar ​
Control ​ A2

B
Pilot to Gnd
Satellite ​Beacons
Pilot ​1
to Passenge r
Fly by light
Fly by wire
Altimeter
DME
11

Avionics = ?

◼ ​Equipments ​required for

control, monitor,
communicate, navigate,
weather, and anti-collision
systems ◼​ ​Equipments ​at the
​ ​A drive ​with
ground for (ATC) ◼
14 or 28 volt DC electrical
systems.

12

MAJOR AVIONIC
SYSTEMS
1. ​NAVIGATION SYSTEM​-Ground

based and ​satellite based 2.

​
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM​-VHF

communication ​(Air band Rx)

​ ​FLIGHT
between Aircraft to ATC 3.
CONTROL SYSTEM​-for controlling

the ​aircraft for stability, wind shear,

​ R
thunderstorm, 4. ​ ADAR

SYSTEM​-DME, Altimeter,

Transponder for ​finding the distance

to next stn, height of the aircraft and

the device at the aircraft for precision

landing thru Transponder Landing

system

13

Avionic Companies

1. ​Honeywell USA-Supplier of avionic

systems ​2. ​Bendix & King-USA- for
MFD, GPS 3​ . ​Baker Electronics
USA-PILOT audio systems 4​ .
Rockwell Collins USA-aerospace &
defense
communication ​5. ​Thales
France-aerospace & defense ​6.
Garmin-USA-GPS systems ​7.
Sagem-Avionic Recorders and Pilot
components

14

Need for Avionics in

Civil and Military
Aircraft and Space
Systems

15

Need for Avionics in

Civil Aircrafts

1. ​For better ​flight ​control, performing

computations and increased
control over flight control surfaces. 2. For
navigation, provide information using
sensors like Altitude
and Head Reference System (AHRS). 3.
Provide air data like altitude, atmospheric
pressure, temperature,
etc. 4. Reduce crew workload. 5. Increased
safety for crew and passengers. 6. Reduction
in aircraft weight which can be translated into
increased number of passengers or long
range. 7. All weather operation and reduction
in aircraft maintenance cost.

16

Need for Avionics in

Civil Aircrafts

1) ​For Flight Control – Computations

and flight ​surfaces control (PWM) 2)
​
For Mission and Management
computation ​3) ​For Navigating the

aircraft – full solution, AHRS ​(Altitude

and Head Reference System) 4) ​ ​For

getting Air Data like altitude, outside

temp and ​pressure 5)

​ ​For getting the
magnetic field thru Magnetometer ​6)
For various Payloads and Data-link

Control through ​extended I/O

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Need for Avionics in
Military Aircrafts

● Avionics in fighter aircraft eliminates the

need for a second crew member like
navigator, observer etc., which helps in
reducing the training costs.
● A single seat fighter is lighter and costs less
than an equivalent two seat version.
● Improved aircraft performance, control and
better handling.
● Reduction in maintenance costs.
● Secure communication.

18

Need for Avionics Military

Aircrafts

1. ​For
Stealth technology- less visible
to Radar, IR,
Sonar, and other detection means ​2.
For Super cruise, ​3. ​For Reliability, ​4.
Availability 5​ . N
​ eed for growth
capacity 6​ . ​Example: Integrated
avionics system-the solution ​7.
Eg.F22 (BY LOCKHEED MARTIN)

19

Need for Avionics in

Spacecrafts

● Fly-by-wire communication system used for

space vehicle’s attitude and translation control.
● Sensors used in the spacecraft for obtaining
data.
● Autopilot redundancy system.
● On-board computers used in satellites for
processing the data.
● ​Systems integration, multifunction
control and display units, data processing
systems, adaptive antenna systems

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Need for Avionics in
Spacecrafts

Human factors engineering and

navigation systems.

Advanced fail-passive autopilot, flight

director and display processor into a
single line-replaceable unit, significant
weight, size and reliability advantages are
realized.
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Avionics
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Avionics
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Avionics Technology
24

Definition, Features, Weapon system

Integrated Avionic
system

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Definition IMA

►​Areal time Computer

Network Airborne
system( modular
architecture) consisting
of various computing
modules, with different
criticality levels

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F22 –Integrated Modular

Avionic-IMA Suite
(LOCKHEED MARTIN)
27

Basic features of IMA

1. ​A Dedicated Avionic System ​2.

Full Cockpit Control and Display
System ​3. ​Acoustic Warnings
and tones to Crew ​4.
Autonomous Navigation system’
5. ​Full Plant Management feature
6. ​Monitoring and Diagnostic
features.

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Integrated Avionic
System in detail
1. ​A dedicated Avionic system controlling the
Core Data Bus ​2. ​Fully NVG compatible

cockpit- Control and Display System (CDS)

allowing to display information and receive

commands from the crew ​3. ​Communication

and Identification System (CIS) giving

simultaneous communication in clear and

secure voice + acoustic warnings and

identification tones to the crew ​4. ​Navigation

System (NAS) generating guidance and

navigation data by means of autonomous and

radio navigation systems (including Inertial

Reference System with GPS, Doppler Radar,

Air Data System 5​ . ​Plant Management System

(PMS) interfacing the vehicle sensors with the

Avionic System to acquire and process vehicle

and avionics data ​6. ​Monitoring and Diagnostic

System (MDS) ensuring the interface of all the

vehicle sub-systems and equipment

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Features of Integrated
Avionic System
► ​Advanced flight deck functionality,
► ​Improved situational awareness
► ​Increased system flexibility for

business and ​regional aircraft.

► ​Large liquid crystal flat panel
displays
► ​Integrated Navigation (INAVTM)
► ​Patented Graphical Flight Planning

(GFP) ​functionally allows for the

quick and safe modification of flight

plans with the ability to monitor

weather, terrain, and air traffic.

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Integrated Avionic
System

► ​Simultaneous display of traffic, terrain,

airspace, airways, ​airports, navigation aids

► ​Fully digital, integrated autopilot and auto

throttle Integrated flight management

system ​► ​Patented Graphical Flight

Planning (GFP) ​► ​Integrated Enhanced

Ground Proximity Warning System

(EGPWS) ​► ​Integrated communication

management function LCD flat panel

displays enabling most aircraft , systems

and navigation data onto a single Cockpit

​ ​Drop Down Menus & On-screen

Display ►

point and click functionality

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Features of Integrated
Avionic system( F22
Avionics suite)

1. ​Very high-speed integrated circuit

(VHSIC) ​technology, common modules,

and high-speed data buses ​2. ​Common

Integrated Processor ​(CIP), a central

"brain" with the equivalent computing

throughput of two Cray supercomputers;

shared low-observable antennas; ​3.

Long Rage Radar​/APG-77 radar is the

F-22's primary sensor and is a

long-range, rapid-scan, and

multi-functional system
32

2. Avionic Sub
systems

1.Navigation (GPS, VOR),

2.Communication, 3. Flight Control

System (Auto pilot) 4. Radar

subsystem
33

Avionic Subsystem

1. ​Navigation
Subsystem

(GPS-Global Position
system & VOR) 2​ .

Communication

subsystem 3​ . ​Flight

control subsystem 4​ .

RADAR

subsystem-Radio
Detection and Ranging

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Avionic sub systems

1 ​2 ​3 4
Communication
Navigation ​
Flight ​ Radar ​
Control ​ A2

B
Pilot to Gnd
Satellite ​Beacons
Pilot ​1
to Passenge r
Fly by light
 Fly by wire
Altimete​r
DME
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1. NAVIGATION sub
SYSTEMS

1. ​Satellite-based systems for

navigation
Eg.Global Position System ​2.
Ground-based systems for
navigation
Eg.​VOR​-Very high frequency
Omnidirectional Range or
LORAN- ​any combination
thereof

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Two types of Navigation

Rules

1. ​VFR-Visual Flight

Rules-pilot by ​see and

avoid concept( small

airports)2.
​
IFR-Instrument Flight

Rules-pilot by ILS

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Ground Based
Navigation-VOR

◼ ​Use VHF omni-range (VOR)

radio
beacons(108 to 118 Mhz) to
guide aircraft safely to their
​ ​Many Ground
destinations. ◼
Stations on VHF use LOS ​◼
Communication between Aircraft
and ATC through VHF Freq.
(108.1 through 117.95 MHz) with
VOR fitted on the Aircraft ​◼
Ground Based System give
heading when
the aircraft remains in the same
track envelope ​
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Satellite Based
Navigation
system-GPS
39

GPS by Garmin

GPS-400W
40

GPS Measure

1. ​Precise Position of Aircraft in 3

Directions, X,Y & Z in ​Degrees 2.
​
Position of Aircraft in Dynamic time with
nanosecond ​accuracy 3.
​ ​Velocity of the
Aircraft through Doppler Frequency ​4.
GPS calculates Aircraft position by

timing the signals ​sent by the GPS

Satellites high above the Earth 5.​ ​3

satellites enough to fix aircrafts position

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GPS Segments

GPS-3 segments; ​1.​Space segment

(SS), 24 Satellites for Space Segment

orbiting the earth in 12 hours in 6 orbital

​ Control segment (CS) for

planes at 60* 2.​
Tracking the satellites for its track ​and

correcting the time for each satellite

3.​User segment by GPS
receivers,receiving the data for 4

parameters

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3.Space Segment (12
Visible Sat)

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Advantages of Satellite
Based Navigation

Save Fuel Cost ​2. ​Enable

1. ​Primarily
commercial aircraft flying under IFR to

fly ​directly to their destinations 3.

​ S​ horten

virtually every commercial airline route,

safe ​fuel and time, increase the amount

of air traffic in the skies at any one time,

and reduce aircraft engine emissions 4.

​
40 percent drop in general aviation
accidents (by FAA)
44

GPS System

► ​Location of an object determined in

respect to its ​longitude and latitude

coordinates by signals from 24 Satellites

in 6 Orbits, transmitting consists of

satellite ​position, time and data on the

basis ​► ​Provides location of the Aircraft

on the earth with accuracy ​► ​Provide

visual navigation and normal object

guidance when it is impossible for pilot

to locate the destinations’ position due to

bad weather or at night

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1a. Satellite based

Navigation (GPS)

GPS-400W

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Garmin GPS
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 Ground
VOR, ADF, ILS, DME ​

based Navigation
system

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Ground Based
Navigation systems
1. ​VOR for direction information
to Pilot 2​ . ​ADF for giving relative
bearing in Degrees to
Pilot wrt to a ground station ​3.
ILS for offering a precision
landing system to
Pilot on a Glide Path ​4. ​DME- a
Secondary Radar Navigation
system
with a Ground Beacon
49

2. Ground based
Navigation
subsystems
1. ​VOR​VHF Omnirange- VOR working on

VHF frequency of ​108-118 MHz 2.

​
ADF​Automatic Direction Finder for
advising the aircrew ​with a relative bearing

to a selected ground station with a receiver

 ​ ​ILS:​Instrument Landing
on the aircraft 3.
system –ILS- a precision approach ​system

​ ​DME​-
to the pilot on the Runway 4.
secondary radar with a ground beacon

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NAVAIDS

1. ​NDB-
Non Directional
Beacons 2​ . ​DME-
Distance Measuring

​ ​ILS-
Equipment 3.
Instrument Landing
System

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Principle ​VOR

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Navigation (NAV)
types
1. ​B-NAV=Basic-Track accuracy

of ±5NM for at ​least 95% of flight

time for En Route navigation B

-RNAV achieved using inputs

from VOR/DME, DME/DME 2.

​
P-NAV=Precision-Track

accuracy of ±1NM for ​at least

95% of flight with advanced

functionality and a high integrity

navigation databases. P-RNAV

capability achieved using inputs

from DME/DME

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Definitions

1. ​Heading-direction expressed in
Degrees clockwise ​direction of the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft from north

true, magnetic north or the angle the

​ ​Track-
nose of the aircraft pointing 2.
track ​or ​course over ground, i​ s the

actual path ​followed by the aircraft from

​ ​Crab Angle or Drift Angle: the

A to B 3.
angle between heading ​and Track is

called Drift Angle

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55

Definitions continued

4. ​Cone of Confusion:volume of
airspace
directly above a ​VOR station
where no signal is received,
causing the CDI to fluctuate. ​5.
Radial: the direction from the
station to the
aircraft in degrees from magnetic
north-called the Radial

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VOR Freq. on NAV

Radio

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Principle
◼ ​VOR- Radio Beacons
transmitting azimuth
signals to aircraft to NAV Radio
for enabling Pilot to determine
how far he is from and to the
Ground Beacon wrt. Magnetic
North regardless of Heading on
VHF (line of sight
communication)

58
VOR-Ground Beacon
Principle

1. ​A Radio Navigation system for

Aircrafts sending VHF ​AM signal to the

Aircraft ​2. ​Aircraft derive a Magnetic

bearing from the station to the aircraft

(direction from the VOR station in

relation to Earths North at the time of

installation) ​3. ​Providing OMNI (VOR) or

LOCALIZER (LOC) information with

 ​ ​Used with
built-in VOR/LOC Converter 4.
other nav/comms

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Why Ground Based

System use (108.1 - 117.95)
MHz

1. ​Ground
Based System use
VHF thru LOS
(line of Sight)using 108.1-
117.95 MHz ​2. ​Storms and other
weather phenomena
cause interference ​3. ​108.1 to
117.95 frequency- free from
Static
and interference caused by
storms or other weather
phenomena

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OBI Indicator with

CDI
61

VOR with Course

Direction Indicator
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Pilot tune the station desired and
select the mode of
operation.Received signal
amplified, and converted to
audible voice or morse code
transmission and powers the
bearing indicator​.
.
63

Working

► ​VOR work on 108.0 to 117.95 ​MHz

Amplitude modulated ​► ​A Reference

Phase 30 Hz signal FM modulated at 9.9

KHz sub carrier compared Rotating

30Hz AM signal thru an electronic

tunable antenna ​► ​Phase angle

between the two signal = to the direction

from the station to the aircraft, in

degrees from local magnetic north-called

​ ​VOR has Omni Bearing

the Radial ►

Radial OBR to set the desired course

64

Display
65

VOR

1. ​Has 4 parts, A,B,C & D ​2. ​A= Rotating Course

Card, calibrated from 0 to 360°indicating the

VOR bearing as the reference to fly TO or

FROM; 345° radial away FROM the station

=aircraft is north of the Omni station ​3. ​B=Omni

Bearing Selector to manually rotate the course

card. ​4. ​C=CDI, or Course Deviation Indicator

This needle swings left or right indicating the

direction to turn to return to course ​5. ​D=The

TO-FROM indicator This arrow will point up, or

towards the nose of the aircraft, when flying TO

the VOR station

66

VHF
OMNIDIRECTIONAL
RANGE
► ​To fly due west to reach the station Pilot wants to

approach the VOR ​station from due east

► ​OBS rotated the compass dial until the number

27 (270 degrees) aligns ​with the pointer (called the

Primary Index) at the top of the dial.

► ​When aircraft intercepts the 90-degree radial
(due east of the VOR ​station) the needle will be

centered and the To/From indicator will show "To".

► ​Note the pilot sets the VOR to indicate the

reciprocal; the aircraft will ​follow the 90-degree

radial while the VOR indicates that the course "to"

the VOR station is 270 degrees.

67

Typical VOR
68

Collins VOR Indicator

69

4. Communication
system
◼ ​Pilots
receiving information in
​ ​VHF Com Digital
real time ◼
Links 118-137 MHz for 200
Miles at low altitudes ​◼ ​Satcom
via the Inmarsat satellites using
4
Satellites centralized over the
Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean-East, and Atlantic
Ocean-West for high altitudes

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Communication

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2.Communication
72

Communication
Types
1. ​Communication for Altitude,
Speed & route
by ATC to Pilot before hand on
VOR on 108 to 118 MHz ​2.
Communication by Pilot to ATC
on Voice
through FM Transceiver on 119
to 140 MHz ​3. ​Interphone ​4.
Cabin Communication

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Air band radio

74

COMMUNICATION
TYPES
1. ​Communications connecting

the ​flight deck ​to the ground,

and the flight deck to the

​ ​Flight Deck to
passengers 2.
Ground work on the Air-band ​of

118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz

​ ​On
(Air band Receiver) 3.
board communication for
Public ​Address system to the

passengers and Aircraft

intercom to the crew .

75

Air band radio Pilot

to ATC

1. ​Communicationsystem using
AIR Band Receiver for
contacting ATC and fellow pilots.
2. ​136.000 to 136.975 MHz used
with 720
COMM channels ​3. ​Air Band
Radios available @ 14 volt or 28
volt

76

Air band radio

77

Cockpit to cabin
communication
1. ​Fortake off and landing ​2.
Flight attendants receiving the
notification
from the Crew for Turbulence ​3.
Cabin to Cockpit
Communications on the
quality of service

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Sterile Cockpit
Regulation

► ​Regulations specifically
prohibiting crew members
performance of non-essential
duties or activities while the
aircraft is involved in taxi,
takeoff, landing, and all other
flight operations conducted
below 10,000 feet MSL
79

Air band Receiver

•118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz
80