- Ribbed Slabs (with Solid Blocks, Hollow Blocks or Voids) 1 Introduction long span, solid reinforced concrete slabs, eg. greater than S m, the self-weight es excessive when compared to the applied dead and imposed loads, resulting in an ic method of construction. One method of overcoming this problem is to use ped slabs which are suitable for longer spans supporting light loading, as in residential ‘ommercial properties. They are not suitable for heavy loading such as that found in set. Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements 224 Maibbed slabs are reinforced concrete slabs in which some of the volume of concrete low the neutral axis (i.e, the area in tension) is removed and replaced with block formers “lat 38 voids, as shown in Figures 5.90 to 5.92, The resulting construction is siderably lighter than a solid cross-section. =a | 12 bars at * ~ ‘overall tam trom th in y | slab hea ie be +) thickness : “follow block former Loin | tension reinforcement Cross-section through a ribbed slab cast with hollow blocks altment = Figure 5.90 vinStec: | : sum diameter ie 7 = = overall ODOOOOOO OO} |s Ble [eee ea eee payee thickness voids created by permanent formers 1 tension reinforcement 2 Cross-section through a hollow slab with permanent void formers : Figure 5.91 z f overall : | slab \ Aes “oe oe +) thickness = X ids left by removable formers rib tension reinforcement 3 Cross-section through a ribbed slab cast on removable formers Figure 5.9222 rhe term ribbed slabs is defined in Clause 3.6.1.1 in BS 8110:Part 1 as slabs cast in-sity in one of the following ways: a) Where topping is considered to contribute to the structural strength (see Table 3,17 for minimum thickness): Extract from BS 8110:Part 1:1997 Design of Structural Elements ‘Table 3.17 Minimum thickness of structural toppings ‘Type of slab Minimum thickness of topping (mm) ‘Slabs with permanent blocks as described in3.6.1.1al and 3.6.1.2 a) Clear distance between ribs not more than 500 mm, jointed in cement : sand mortat not weaker than 1 :3 or 11 N/mm? b) Clear distance between ribs not more than 500 mm, not jointed in cement ; sand mortar ©) All other slabs with permanent blocks 30 40 or one-tenth of clear distance between ribs, whichever is greater ‘All slabs without permanent blocks As described in 3.6.1.a2 and 3 ‘50 or one-tenth of clear distance between ribs, whichever is greater Figure 5.93 1) as a series of concrete ribs cast in-situ between blocks which remain part of the completed structure; the tops of the ribs are connected by a topping of conerete of the same strength as that used in the ribs; 2) asa series of concrete ribs with topping cast on forms which may be removed after the concrete has set; 3) with a continuous top and bottom face but containing voids of rectangular, oval or other shape. ) Where topping is not considered to contribute to structural strength: as a series of concrete ribs cast in-situ between blocks which remain part of the completed structure; the tops of the ribs may be connected by @ topping of concrete (not necessarily of the same strength as that used in the ribs). ‘The requi to the stru a) the ») the sec ©) wh $12.2 In-situ rit toppings determine fire resis BS 8110: $12.3 The thick the value In hol the requi “When a addition nor less} overall i distance S124 The defi T-beams the block 5.125 ‘The rein as for so23 | Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements ‘phe requirements for the hollow or solid blocks and formers when required to contribute to the structural strength of a slab are given in Clause 3.6.1.2 : a) they must be made of concrete or burt clay; b) they must have a characteristic strength of at least 14 Nimm*, measured on the net section, when axially loaded in the direction of compressive stress in the slab; ©) when made of fired brick, earth, clay or shale, they must conform to BS 3921 5122 Spacing and Size of Ribs (Clause 3.6.1.3) In-situ ribs should be spaced at centres not exceeding 1. mand their depth, excluding any topping, should not exceed four times theit wicth, The minimum width of rib will be determined by considerations of cover, bar spacing and fire. The minimum dimensions for fire resistance for various reinforced concrete members is given in Figure 3.2 of BS 8110:Part 1:1997. + i \sis Figure 5.94 5.12.3 Thickness of Structural Topping (Clause 3.6.1.5) ‘The thickness of topping used to contribute to structural strength should not be less than the value given in Table 3.17 of the code. In hollow block slabs where the topping is not used to contribute to structural strength the requirements of Clause 3.6.1.6 should be satistied, They are: ‘When a slab is constructed to b) of Table 3.17 the blocks should conform to 3.6.1.2, In vain part of addition the thickness of the block material above its void should be not less than 20 mm yPP INE nor less than one-tenth of the dimension of the void measured transversely to the ribs. The overall thickness of the block and topping (if any) should be not less than one-fifth of the be removal distance between ribs.” $12.4 Deflection (Clause 3.6.5) rectangular, ‘The deflection of one-way spanning ribbed slabs is checked using the same method es for ‘T-beams, i.e. span/effective depth ratios, except that the rib width may include the walls of the blocks on both sides of the rib, a series of completed merete (not 5.12.5 Arrangement of Reinforcement (Clause 3.6.6) ‘The reinforcement can be curtailed using the simplified procedure given in Clause 3.12.10, as for solid slabs.224 Design of Structural Elements In addition to minimum areas of reinforcement as for solid slabs, consideration should be given to providing a single layer of welded steel fabric in the topping. This stee! should have a cross-sectional area of not less than 0.12% of the topping, in each direction, and the spacing between the wires should not be greater than half the centre-to-centre distance between ribs. 5.12.6 Links in Ribs (Clause 3.6.6.3) Provided the geometry of the cross-section satisfies the requirements of Clause 3.6.1.3, ribs reinforced with a single bar do not require links other than to satisfy shear or fire resistance requirements, Where two or more bars ate used in a rib, the use of link reinforcement is recommended. The spacing of links can generally be of the order of 1 m to 15 m depending on the size of the main bars. 5.12.7 Design Resistance Moments (Clause 3.6.3) ‘The same procedure as used for designing beams, i.e. Clause 3.4.4, is used to determine the ultimate moment of resistance, Allowance can be included for the contribution made by the bumnt clay or solid blocks in the compression zone, as indicated in Clause 3.6.3. 4.12.8 Design Shear Stress (Clause 3.6.4.2 to Clause 3.6.4.7) ‘The design shear stress, v, should be calculated using Equation 22, which is the same as Equation 3 given in Clause 3.4.5.2 for beams. The enhancement to the shear strength from hollow blocks, solid blocks and joints between narrow precast units can be evaluated using Clauses 3.6.4.3, 3.6.4.4 and 3.6.4.5 respectively. It is sometimes necessary to make @ section of the slab solid near the end supports or at ‘other locations where high shear forces occur. S129 Example 5.23: Single Span Hollow-Tile Floor A hollow-tile floor, in which the permanent blocks are not jointed in a cement:sand mortar, is to be designed as a series of simply supported spans as indicated in Figures 5.95(a) and (b). Using the design data given and assuming that the blocks do not contribute to the strength of the floor, determine: i) the suitability of the slab thickness, ii) the reinforcement required. Design Data: Characteristic dead load (including self-weight) 5.0 N/m? Characteristic imposed load 4.0 kim? Characteristic concrete strength (f-.) 40 Nim? Characteristic of reinforcement) 460 N/mm? Exposure condition mild Fire rating Minimum 1 hour Span of slab 4.0m: Nominal maximum aggregate size 14mm 5. 10 Contract Part of St Cale. She Reference Clause 3.6 Table 3.17 Clause 36.e Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements 225 ration shoul ¥ steel shoul e tion, and nite distance = suse 3.6,1 3, . shear or fire Figure 5.95 (a) 400 mam ‘bution made. se 3.6.3, . \ \ ee mm the same ag 125 mm| 275 mm _|125 mm| arength from : : aluated using Cross-section through a ribbed slab cast with hollow blocks. Figure 5.95 (b) ‘upports or at st ) SI21O Solution to Example 5.23 |Contract :Hollow-Tile Floor Job Ref. No. : Example 5.23 | Cales. by : W.MeK. coment:sind Part of Structure: Slab Checked by = indicated in Cale. Sheet No. : 1 of 5 Date: locks do not References Calculations Output BSB 10:Part1:1997 Clause 36.15] Thickness of topping: Tabie3.17 | Since the blocks are not jointed togetier and the sib spacing is 5.0 Nin. less than 500 mm the minimum thickness of topping should not 4.0 KNim? be less than 30-mm, i veer 40 Nimm? ‘Actual thickness ~ 45mm > 30mm eee ness is 2 adequate | ON Clause 36.1.3 | Spacing and size of ribs: hee Maximum spacing of ribs s 13m | ‘Actual spacing = 400mm Maximum depth excluding topping <4 width eee =x 125) = 500mm Spacing and size of ‘Actual depth excluding topping 150 mm ribs is adequate Se226 Design of Structural Elements distnebeveen he ene ofthe bangs = 40% (ler distance beeen he gprs heetve dept) oe UISy 155) = 3h ‘The hollow blocks are not structural and consequently the cross section can be designed as a T-beam, Contract :Hollow-Tile FloorJob Ref. No. : Example 5.23 Cales. by : W.Mek. 4 Contrac! Part of Structure: Slab ‘Checked by = Part of § Cale, Sheet No. : 2 of 5 Date: Cale, Sh References Calculations Output a Referen Giawe336 | Minimam ies eas Theminimum to hicks w ws fe requeren is ven : prigues2e 2 1S L hawtibwith = 138m ib tn agua Design ond: hres nd eto ded iad neg steht) Soxod)s 20mm 4 Cacti nd duet ipod eating : 0x04) = U6 i ‘Table 2.1 ‘Ultimate design load = (14x 2.0)+(1.6 x 1.6) EF stan Utinae design sea s-83)«54) \ ene wl 5.4x3977 Utinae dsigntendngmonent = MZ» $4839 ; on bing 3 | cme: = 103hNe i cinse33.7 | cmer ‘anu 12m lama bar fal Hel Clase 33.12 |tarste 12m Clase 33.13 | ominl mas eof agceue tenn ‘aie’3 | eoane contin is 2 20mm Tables | eresounee how 2 dom ioe one ee ea cv depth d= (195-10-20-6) = 159m éooam ' [a See eee 10mm ~| o wekanp 225) Clase cise 3.4.12 | etectve span CaseDesign of Reinforced Concrete Elements sraet:lolow-Tite FloorJob Ref No. : Example 523 “tof Structure : ie sheet No.: 3 of S Calculations fective width of lange beam= be “ Cales. by : W.Mek. 12543210 5) ‘5 actual flenge width Shear Resistance Maximum shear <0. S10" soos < K'(=01560) Section is singly reinforced the lever arm is limited to 0.954 (0.05 x 1s9y0.45 “The neutral axis lies within the flange 103x108 THSeA60%0.95x159 1/46 mm diameter bar} providing 201 mia 212 mm diameter bars (226 mm’) could be used but links are ‘then recommended as 10.6108 125x159 <_maximum permitted value|228 Design of Structural Elements Contract :Hollow-Tile FloorJob Ref. No. : Example523 | Cales. by : w. Part of Structure: Slab Checked by : Cale. Sheet No.: 4 of 5 Date : | References Caleulations Output Atsupport 4, = 201 mm? 1004, 100x201 yy bad 125059 Table3.8 y, > (078x117) = 0.91 Nim? Clase 3.64.7 a No shear reinforcement clase3.65 | Detection required Clause 3.4.6.3 | ——“PAL____¢ Table 3.9 value x Table 3.10 value eibstive depth @ (ote: No compression steels required therefore the Table 3.11 valu snot required) 2, as : Table 39 = 2% 2 on > 03 : > 400 (Neglect interpolation between flanged and rectangular beams. ‘Le this slightly underestimates the permissible span ratio) Basic (span) tio = 160 | M i toes10 | (002540) = 10 iw 2H fy *Acreuted _ 2x460% sevicesuess = A *Asrewes - 25460156 3x Acpeviet 3201 = 238 Némm? : Tnterpolate between values given in Table 3.10: Mba? | 1.0 service sess 200 Te, 250 55 Modification factor = 1.6 Table 3.9 value x Table 3.10 value= (161.6) = 256 | Adequate with span 3910 respect to deletion Actual —8"_. 819 ngs respec effectivedepth 139) had rt Referem SB Tw SB When sla provided economic resist the direction slabs the stiffer spa There @ i) There patioular in Figure:Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements tract Hollow-Tile Floor Job Ref. No. : Example 823. | Cales. by : W.MeK, artor structure : Slab ‘Checked by ic, Sheet No. : 5 of 5 Date : Calculations Output 5 43,662 | Topping Reinforcement Oy 1000 trequited = 922% 1000 sn ten As Feq. 700 ‘im length ¢ut2545,1000 : 100 2 Spacing of wires apg = 200mm Select mesh from catalogue ‘Two-Way Spanning Stabs [31 Introduction slabs are supported on all four sides, they effectively span in two directions avided that the longer side is no greater than twice the shorter side. It is often more | nomic to design slabs on this basis and to provide reinforcing steel in both directions to sist the orthogonal bending moments. The magnitude of the bending moment in each | fection is dependent on the ratio of the two spans, and the support conditions. In square | | the load is distributed equally in both directions and in rectangular slabs, the shorter, fer span resists a higher percentage of the load than the longer span. “There are two types of slab to be considered: (@. Simply-supported slabs (Clause 3.5.3.3 and Table 3.13) and S ii) Restrained slabs (Clause 3.5.3.4 and Table 3.14) _There are nine different types of support condition to be considered which relate to the cular support/estraint provided on each edge of individual slabs; these are illustrated | Figure 5.97