Fr Salviis the Franciscan fiar who harbors @ malicious feeling for Mara Clara. Frlene isa kind friar anda fiend to Filipino students. Capitan Tago supports the medical study of Basilio and is known in the novel as an opium addict who died because of his vce. Cabesang Talesisa vcim of landgrabbing whois also. Matanglawin inthe nove. Julisthegitfrend of Basilio who kls herself rather than be violated by Fr. Camorra, Identify parallel events in Noli Me Tangere and El Fillbusterismo thet are still relevantto the situation ofthe Philipines at present. Wie an essay to answer the following: Whatis freedom? How isthe lack of freedom portrayed inthe novel? Hows the situation in the novel different from the_ present time? What is the role of the youth in the development of the future and society? ‘he teacher will rite on acardboardipieces of paper events from the Noli Me ‘angere and El Flibusterismo, One group of students will get the cardboard an the Noli Me Tangere, another group on the El filibusterismo, Arrange the cardboards acording to the chronology in the novel. Review the different characters in both novels. Discuss in dass what they represent. Compare and contrast the character, plot and theme of Noli Me Tangere and i Filibusterismo based on the summary provided. On the Indolence of the Filipino People r-Sancianco,inhiswork rogresode Filipinas, based on the reportsgiven, by Spanish authorities, said that indolence does not exist inthe Philippines. ‘he word “indolence* means “litle love for work” In the Philipines uring the Spanish period, all faut, shortcomings, and misdeeds are attributed to indolence. When a person attempts to give an explanation to events outside of what was usval, the person was usually persecuted, In this manne, the usual explanation of event ether becomes a dogma o a ridiculous superstition. Part. fe and Works of RizalExamining all available sources, the men of the Philippines who lived here since their childhood state that indolence does exist inthe county For Filipnos, the struggle against the cimate, against nature and against men, bout instead of indolence being the cause ofthe backwardness ofthe country, indotence isthe effect ofthe backwardness of te Philippines-but no one has studied its causes. The objective ofthis essay isto examine the causes of indotence in a most truthful manner. Fist the climate ofthe Philippines is very hot The heat requires quiet and rest, just as a cold climate requires labor and action to produce heat, How do the Spaniards lve inthe Philippines or in any tropical country? They surround themselves with numerous servant, they ride in cartiages, they need servants even just to remove their shoes. They lve better, eat better, they work to make themselves rich with hopes that inthe future, they will become free and respected, While the colonized were badly nourished, they hhad no hope; they tol fr others, and worked under force! The excuse given is that white men cannot stand the severity ofthe climate. This is unacceptable because human beings live in any climate if he only adapts himself tothe condtions of is suroundings, What kilsa European na topical country was his abuse of liquors to live according to the ways of Europe ina hot climate Europeans can liv in hot areas if only he adapt tothe situation. The facts that in hot countries, violent work is not good like those in Cold countries. If one pushes for more work in a hot country, this results to * death, destruction, and annihilation. Nature knows this, thus the lands inthe hot climate are more fertile, more productive, the yields are ahundredfold.An hour's work under the burning sun is equivalent to a day's workin the cold temperatures. sti that Europeans abandon their work during the few days ‘summer time, clase his office, goto the cafes, or stroll about? Why wonder ‘about he person from the tropical areas, who continue to live and work under the ho: sun, is reduced to laziness? Who isthe lazy one in Manila? The clerk who comes at eight in the ‘morning and leaves at one in the afternoon with his umbrella, who writes and wrks for himself and his chit. His Spanish chief who comes by carriage atten ¢lockand leaves before twelve? He reads is newspaper, smokes with hisfeet up ona chair or table, and gossips with al his friends. ‘The tendency toward indolence is natural and natural laws cannot be altered Man is nota brute, he isnot a machine, his objective in life isnot simply to produce in spite of what the Christian whites do to the colored Christen. The Christian whites make them a motor power, moe intelligent and less costy than steam engines. The objective of mani to seek happiness for himself and his kind through progress Jose zal: Soil Reformer and Patot Study of His fe and Times,The evlis notindolence but among men and among nations, there exists aptitudes and tendencies toward good and evi. To foster good and aid these to correct evil and repress these are the duties ofthe society and the government. Indolence inthe Philippines is magnified but its the effect of misgovernment and backwardness, not the cause. This wll be proven. Inthe Philippines, ndolence isa chronic malady, not a hereditary one. The Filipinos have not always been what they are, witnesses, lke the fist historians who came to the islands, have attested to Before the arival ofthe Europeans, the Filipinos carried an active trade not only among themselves but with the neighboring countries as wel. A Chinese manuscript of the 18th century, translated by Dr. Hirth (Globus, September 1889), speaks of China's commercial relations withthe islands. It mentions ofthe activities and the honesty ofthe traders of Luzon who took the Chinese products and distributed them throughout all ofthe islands, traveling for nine months, and then returned them to pay religiously even for the merchandise that the Chinamen did not remember to have given them. Some of these products were crude wax, cotton, pearl, tortoise shells, betel nuts, dry goods, and others. Thefirstthing noted by Pigafetta, the chronicler who came with Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when they first atved in Sama, the first island of the Philippines, they were treated with courtesy and kindness ofthe inhabitants “To honor our captain, they introduced them to their boats wher they had their ‘merchandise. They sold doves, cinnamon, pepper, nutmegs, mace, gold, and. ater things” They made us understand through gestures that these articles ‘were tobe found all over th islands. Pigafetta narrates of vessels and utensils of solid gold that he found in, Butuan where he learned that they worked on mines. He described the silk dresses, the daggers with long gold hilt, and scabbards of carved wood, the gold sets of teth, etc. He mentioned cereals and fruits, rie, millet, oranges, emons, panicum, and others. He further added that wealth abounded the islands. There was an, abundance of foodstuf in Paragua where the inhabitants all tiled their own fields. t this sland, the survivors of Magellan's expedition were wel received and provisioned. litle later, the same survivors captured a vessel, plundered and sacked it They took prisoner the chief ofthe island of Paragua, his son, and his brother. Inthe same vessel, they captured bronze and lombards. Ths isthe fist mention of artillery ofthe Flpino These lombards were useful tothe chief of Paragua against the savages ofthe interior. Part fe and Works of RizalThey let him: ransom himself within seven days. The Spaniards demanded 400 cavanes of rice, 20 pigs, 20 goats, and 450 chickens. This isthe fist act of piracy recorded in Philippine history. The chief of Paragua paid everything and voluntarily added coconuts, bananas, sugar cane, and {at filled with palm wine. His conduct while it may reveal weakness, also demonstrates thatthe islands were abundantly provisioned. Ths chief was named Tuan Mahamud, his brother Guantil and his son Tuan Mahamud. (Martin Mendez, purser ofthe ship, Victoria, From the Archivo de Indias) In the same account, it narates ofthe facility ofthe natives to have leemed Spanish, fy years before the arival ofthe Spaniards in Luzon. In 1521, there were natives of Luzon who understood Casilla. Inthe treaties cof peace that the survivors of Magellan mde with the chief of Paragua, though the servant interpreter, they communicated with one another. He was a Moro who was captured from the islands ofthe King of Luzon and this sewant understood Spanish (Martin Mendez). Where did this interpreter lear Casillan? Inthe Moluccas? In Malacca, with the Portuguese? Spaniards didnot reach Luzon until 1571. The islands maintained relationswith distantand neighboring countries as proven by ships from Siam which were laden with gold and slaves. Ihese ships paid duties to the King of the sland. In the same year, the survivors of the Magellan expedition met the son ofthe Rajah of Luzon, He was the C2ptain general ofthe Sultan of Borneo and the admiral of his fleet who had conquered the great city of Lave (Sarawak?) Antonio Morga was the Lieutenant Governor General of Manila for seven yeat. Ate his term of ofc, he was appointed a criminal judge ofthe Audiencia of Mexico and the Counsellor ofthe Inquisition. His testimony is highly credible because his contemporaries have spoken very highly of him, and his writen work was done wit great circumspect and cae. ‘According tothe accounts of Morga the islands onthe seas float ike emeralds on a paten of bright glass. The seas were traversed by junk, paraus, barangays, vintas, vessels so swift as shutles and so large that they could maintain a hundred rowers on aside. They arrived at the island of Cebu, ‘abounding in provisions, with mines and washings of gold and populated with natives” according to Morga “Its very populous, and at a por frequented by many ships that came from the island and kingdoms near Indi,’ as Colin says: and even though they wee peacelully received, discord soon arose. The city was taken by force and bvuned, Fist destroyed were food supplies, famine broke out ina town of a ose Rizal Soil Reformer and Paviot ‘Study of His Life and Timeshundred thousand people. The neighboring islands quickly relieved the need because of the abundance oftheirareas. The histories of those fist years abound in accounts of industry and ‘agriculture ofthe natives, of mines, gold washings, looms, farms, barter, naval ‘onstruction, raising of poultry and stock, weaving of silk and cotton distilleries, manufactures of arms, peal fisheries cet industry, hom and hide industry, etc, these are the things encountered at ever step. Considering the times and the conditions ofthe islands, these prove that there was lif, there was activity and there was movement. The seas bore commerce, industry agriculture, by theforceof the oars that ‘moved in rhythm to warlike song telling tothe genealogies and achievements ‘ofthe Philippine divinities (Colin, Chapter XV) Legaspi expedition met in Butuan various traders of Luzon with their boats laden wth iron, clots, porcelain, et. Gaspar de San Agustin). The ancient writers, lke Chirino, Morga, and Colin, take pleasure in describing them as wel-featured with good aptitude forany thing they take up, keen and susceptible and of resolute il, very clean and neat in thir persons and clothing, and of good mien and bearing, acording to Morga. Others delightin minute accounts of their intelligence and pleasant manners of theit aptitude for music, drama, dancing, and singing. They had facility in learning not only Spanish but also Latin which they acquired almost by themselves (Colin) Others oftheir exquisite politeness in their dealings and in their social lif, others, lke the first Augustininans found them more gallant and better ‘mannered than the inhabitants ofthe Moluccas: According to Morga, they live of their husbandry, their farms, fisheries, and enterprises; they travel from {sland to island by sea and from province to province by land. ‘InChapteri according to Morg, “the nativesare very ferfrom exercising those trades and have forgotten much bout farming rising poultry, tock, and cotton, and weaving loth as they used to do in their paganism and fora long time after the country was conquered” The whole of Chapter Vil of his work, Morga deals with this moribund activity. And not only Morga, nor Chirino, Colin, Argensola, Gaspar de San Agustin, and others agree on this matter. Even modem travelers ater two hundred and fy years assert the same thing Dr. Hans Meyer, when he saw the unsubdued tribes cultivating beautiful fields as they worked energetically, asked if they would not become indolent when they, in tur, should accept Chiistinity and paternal government. The Filipinos in spite of the climate, in spite of thelr few needs, they ‘were not indolent creatures, even thei ethics and their mode of life. How then, Part. fe and Works of Rizain what way, was that active and enterprising natives of ancient times were converted to lazy Christians as writers claimed? How is it thatthe Filipino people have given up its ancient habits of work, trade, navigation, et. to the eaten of completely forgetting is past? A fatal combination of circumstances as induced the decline of labor. Fist came the wars, the intemal disorders that the colonization naturally brought with it. twas necessary to subject the people either by cjoley or force; there were fights, there was slaughter. Those who submitted peacefully seemed to repent of it Insurrections were suspected, some occurred, there were eecutions and many capable laborers perished. There was the disorder brought about by the invasion of Limahong. There wee the continuous wars ‘hich the inhabitants ofthe Philippines were plunged to maintain the honor of Span, to extend the sway of her lag in Borneo, Moluccas, and Indochina. To repel the Dutch, costly wars, fruitless expeditions, in which each time, thousands of native archers and rowers were recorded to have embarked. If they returned home or not, it was never stated, Gaspar de San Agustin says, “although anciently there were in this town of Dumagas, many people, nthe ‘course f time, they have greatly diminished because the natives are the best sailors and most skilful rowers on the whole coast, and so the govemors in the port of lloilo take most of the people fom this town forthe ships that they send aoroad. When the Spaniards reached thisisland of Panay, itis seid there were on it more than fifty thousand families; but these diminished greal... and at present, they may amount to some fourteen thousand tributaries” From 50,000 families to 14,000 tributaries in alittle over half a century! tn the time of theic fist bishop, that is ten yeas aftr Legazpi, Philip I said thitthey had been reduced to ess than twosthirds. ‘dd to these fatal expeditions thet wasted all the moral and material energies ofthe country, the frightful inroads ofthe terrible pirates from the south, nstigated and encouraged by the government to get complaints and afterward disatmtheislands, make the population subjects, made inroads that reach tothe shores of Manila, Malate was sen in baleful glow ofthe villages, strings of wretches who were unable to defend themselves, leaving behind them the ashes of their homes, the corpses of their parents and children Morge, who recounted the first pratial invasion, ‘the boldness ofthe people ‘of Mindanao who did 2 great damage to the Visayas islands, because of the fear ani fright which the natives acquired. The Visayans were in the power of the Spaniards who held them subject, from whom tributes were exacted, ‘and the people unarmed in such manner that they were not protected from their enemies or were they left any means to defend themselves as they Jose Rizal: Soil Reformer and Patot ‘Study fis Life and Timesused fo when there were no Spaniards in the country. These pitatical attacks continued to reduce the number of inhabitants ofthe Philippines since the independent Malays were especially notorious ortheiratroctes and murders, ‘orsometimes because they believed thatitwasto preserve theirindependence, itwas necessary to weaken the Spaniards, they had to reduce the numberof his subjects. Orthere wasthe greater hatred, a deeper sense of resentmentinspired them against the Chistian Filipino, who being oftheir own race, served the stranger in order to deprive them of ther liberty, These harmful expeditions lasted forthree centuries, being repeated fourtofive times a year, and each one costing the island over eight hundred prisones. With the invasion ofthe pirates from Sulu and Mindanao F. Padre Gaspar de San Agustin, refering tothe island of Bantayan in Cebu, “has been greatly reduced because they easily captured the people ther, since the latter had no place to fortify themselves and were far from help from Cebu. The hostile ulus did great damage to this standin 1608, leaving them almost depopulated.” ‘To make headway against calamities, to secure their sovereignty to take offensive in these disastrous contests, to isolate the warlike Sulus from their neighbors, to care for the needs of the empire of the indies (a reason why the Philippines was kept for is strategic location between New Spain and the Indies) to wrest rom the Dutch their growing colonies ofthe Moluccas and get tid some of their troublesome néighbors, to maintain the trade of China with New Spain it wes necessary to construct new and large ships which were costly tothe country because of ther equipment andthe rowers they required Father Fernando de los Rios Coronel, he fought in the wars of conquest and later became a priest, described the King's ships. "They were so large, the timber needed was scarcely to be found in the forest, thus it was necessary to seek it with great dificultyin the most emote of them. When found, the timber has to be hauled and convey it othe shipyard the towns ofthe surrounding country had to be depopulated of natives who getit with very geatlabor, damage, and costto them, Itwasthe natives who furnished the masts fora galleon, according to the Franciscans. The governors ofthe provinces in which these were cut, the provinces surounding the Laguna de Bay say that to haul them, seven leagues cover very broken mountains, needed 6,000 natives who were engaged for three months, without furnishing them food. The natives have to seek these themselves ‘And Gaspar de San Agustin ays: “In these times (1690), Baolor has not the people thatit had in the past because ofthe uprising in that province when Don Sabiano Manrique de Lara was Governor of these islands and because of the continuous labor of cutting timber for his Majesty shipyards. This hinders the natives from cultivating the very fertile plain that they have. Part. fe and Works of Rizal“The natives were executed, others leftheirwivesand children and fled to the mountains, others were sold to slavery to pay the taxes imposed on them according to Femando delosRios Coronel, Philip Il reprimanded Bishop Salar about “natives” sold by some encomienderos to others, those logged to death, the women wh are crushed to death by their heavy burdens, those wha deep inthe fields. They bear and nurse their children, some die because they were bitten by poisonous vermin, many were executed, others died of hunger or those who probably ate poisonous herbs. There were mothers who lil their children in bearing them. These are some of the reasons why in less than thy years, the population ofthe Philippines was reduced by a third According to Fr Gaspar de San Agustin, an anti-ilipino Augustinian, he mentioned in his works of the farms and fields once flourishing and well cltvate, but the population ofthe towns thinned when these were formerly inhabited by leading families. The sense of discouragement was infused into the spirit ofthe people living inthe islands n the midst ofthe calamities, they dont know if they planted, they would see the sprouts ofthe seeds or wil her fields be their graves or that the cops they wll harvest feed their executioners? On one hand, the fas tried to fre their parishioners from the tyranny ofthe encomienderos by advising them to stop workin the mines, abandon their commerce, break their looms and pointing tothe heaven for their only hope and preparing them for death as ther only consolation inthe misery of this ie. Inthe 17th century afar wrote of frie plans that were submerged, others were depopulated, leading families exterminated. About the Cagayan Valley Padre Agustin speaks ofa great dal of cotton which were made to very good ‘etiles thatthe Chinese and Japanese came and bought these every year. 1 Padre Agustin’ time, the industry and trade have come to an end Man works for an object. Remove the abject and you reduce him to inactcn. Even the mostactive man stops his actions when he understands the madness that his works the cause of his trouble, the cause of dissatisacion at home. This is never a consideration for those who cy out against the indolence ofthe Filipinos. The abandonment of the fields by the cultivators, wats, and piratcal attacks, these are more than enough to reduce to nothing ‘the produce of many generations. In the Philippines, abandon the lands for 1 year and the cultivators wll have to start all over. The rains wipe out the furrows, the floods will drown the seeds and plants. Bushes grow everywhere. Seeing that his labor was useless, te Filipino farmer deserts his plow. Morga, thirty to yearsinto colonization, stated thatthe ‘natives have forgotten much about farming, raising poult, stock, and cotton, and weaving loth as they tse ica Social Reformer nd Fait ‘Stuy of His fe and Timesused to do in their paganism and fora long time after the county had been conquered. The Filipinos, though, continued their struggle for a longtime but theirenemies were so numerous that finally, they gave up! v ‘What fosters and sustains indolence? What contributed to foster the evil and aggravate it? Fearing that in dealing with the other individuals of their own race, those who remained independent, who had customs and feelings that were different from the Chinese, lke the Bornean, the Siamese, Cambodians, Japanese, the Spanish government acted toward them with mistrust and. | severity According to Morga, eventually they ceased to come tothe Philippine islands. Since these people were the ones who consumed Philippine products, ‘when communications were not allowed, production also ceased. The only countries that continued to buy Philippine products were China and Mexico or New Spain. Only a few people benefited from this exchange. The Chinese emperor sent junks laden with merchandise that shut down the factories of Seville and ruined the Spanish industry. These junks returned laden with silver that was sent annually to Mexico. There was nothing from the Philippines. To Mexico wentalitiebit more, sometextle and dry goods thatthe encomienderos took by force from the native farmers ore bought avery low price. Wax, amber, gold, cet, and nothing more and notin great quantities. According to Admital Don Jeronimo de Benuelos y Carlo, he begged the King that the inhabitants ofthe Manilas be permitted to load as many ships as they could with native products like wax, gold, perfumes, ivory, cotton, cloths which they nould buy from the natives” Friendship ofthe people willbe gained and they can furnish New Spain with their merchandise, money can be brought to Manila In this manner, money would not eave the Spanish empire. The coastwise trade, once active died outdueto the piratical attacks ofthe Malays from the south, Trade inthe interior ofthe islands almost disappeared due to the restrictions, passports, and other administrative requirements. For ‘the native farmers, fearing conspiracies and uprisings they were not allowed to go to their farms without permission of the governor or his agents and officers, according to Morga. Spanish officials were very slack and come to work barely two hours a day. For the natives to goto the capital and return from the capital, this situation becomes most absurd. The Moro pirates may have disappeared but outlaws infest the fields and harm the farmers. Others hold the farmers in captivity for ransom. The government, however, denies the people to arm themselves but was impotent to stop brigandage; the farmers were defenseless, without security thus preferring inaction and abandons his field. He takes to gambling as a source of livelihood. Fear is a strong motivation, it caused weakness and being weaponless it strengthens the bad elements of the society. Part fe and Works of ialIn Ipion, Panay, Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin says, “it was in ancient times when the town was very rich in gold but because they suffered from ‘governors, they ceased to go to their fields, preferring tive in poverty than sue the hardships of labor.’ In speaking of other towns, he says: “Goaded byill treatment of the encomienderos who treated the natives as their slaves ‘and notas ther children” In Leyte, the natives tied to kill an encoriiendero of the town of Dagami because he caused great hardships. He exacted from the natives tributes of wax and made them work for a stelyard twice longer than needed. Ths situation lasted fora long time even if his kind af encomienderos no longer existe. The evil and the passions do not pass away as easily People have been transformed, new towns have grown while others hhaxe become impoverished but the fraud continues to exist, sometimes worse than before. ‘Amodem French traveler who lived inthe Philippines fo along time noticed, "the good curate had told me about the governor, the foremost offal of the district, He was concentrated on getting rich and tyrannized the natives“ The governors function was to rule the country and collect taxes in thename ofthe Spanish government but he devoted himself totally to trade. Alhisactions were toward the attainment of monetary gains. He monopolized all businesses, he destroyed his competitions thus causing indolence among the people. He doesn't care that the country was impoverished, without commerce, without industry, the governor just wanted to get wealthy in the shortest possible way. In the Philippines, putting up business was very dificult causing commercial and industrial desires not to prosper. How many documents, how many papers to be stamped, how much patience is needed to secure permits from the government. To obtain the necessary papers, they must have the goodwill of one oficial, the influence of the other; they have to bribe others so that the application will not be lost. The native must pray to God to give him humor and time to see and examine the situation. Hopefully, the native wll have sufficient stupidity nat to see the longtime spent in taking baths, hunting animals or playing cards wit the reverent friar in their convents or country house. The native must have great patience, great knowledge on how to get along, have plenty of money, a great deal of politics, many salutations, great influence, many presents and comlete resignation to th situation, How strange that the Philippines remains poorinspite ofthe fertile sol? Inthe situation of the world at this time, the most flourishing countries cite their progress because of their liberty and civil sights. The most commercial Jose Rizal Social Reformer and Patot AStdy of His fe and Times‘and industrious countries have been the freest countries lke France, England, and the United States. Hong Kong has more commercial movement than all of the Philippine islands pu together because itis free and wellgoverned. The trade with China, which was the whole occupation of the colonizers ‘ofthe Philippines, was prejudicial to Spain and to all her colonies. When the Spanish officials found an easy means to get rich, they paid no attention to cultivating the sil or to foster industry. China furnished the trade and the Spanish offials have only to take advantage of this. The Spanish officials surrounded themselves with servants; they despised manual and corporal labor as unbecoming of nobility and chivalrous pride of the heroes of many. Centuries. Theit lordly ats and the desire of dominated to be equal with the ‘dominator, at eatin theirmanners all ofthese naturally produced avesion to. activity, fear, or even hatred for work. "Why work” asked the native. The curate says thatthe rch man wil not go to heaven. The rich man on earth sliable to all kinds of trouble, to be appointed as abeze de barangay, to be deported it an uprising occurs, tobe forced as banker ofthe military chief ofthe town. He seizes his laborers and his animals to force the native to beg for mercy and pay. ‘Why be rich? All the officers sees your actions, enmity may be raised against the native, you wil be indicted, a whole story concocted against you where no native cn getaway from the charges. The natives, whom the Spaniards look at asan imbecile, ind it then ridiculous to work. He prefers to live ina miserable and indolent fe than pla te part ofa wretched beast of burden. Gambling was also introduced, The passion for gambling was innate especially inthe sense of adventure and excitable races. in the narratives of Pigafetta, he mentioned cockfghting and bets in the island of Paragua. Coclfighting must have existed in Luzon and probably all islands forthe terms ae Tagalog, sabong and tar Morga doesnot speakofitin spite of having stayed in Luzon for seven years but he described the diferent kinds of fowls, jungle hens, and cocks, He also mentioned gambling, vies, and other defects. Other | words for cockighting are Spanish lke soltada (setting the cocks to fight and the ight itself), puta (Spanish apuesta, bet), loro winning), ago (payment), ‘sugal from jugar, o gamble). The Tagalog word laro (to play) is not equivalent to the Spanish word sugal.The word taya (tala, to bet), pars-paris (pares, pairs of cards), politana (napoitana, winning sequence of cards), sapote (to stack the cards), kapote (to slam), monte, and so on all prove the foreign origins of gambling These Spanish words indicate that gambling was unknown inthe nes before the arrival ofthe Spaniards. 3 ‘Along with gambling, breeds dislike fr steady and dificult soil because of its promise of sudden wealth, The appeal tothe emotions, together with loteies coupled with prodigalty and hospitality ofthe Filipinas al factored Part .fe and Works of Rizalinto the misfortunes ofthe Filipinos. The religious functions, the numerous fiestas, the long masses and numerous novenas te nights of processions and rosaries are major factors that contribute to the indolence of the natives. AAddto this was the lack of capital and absence of means paralyzed the native. The positions, exactions, payment tothe press for scepularies, candles, books for novenas. The natives were taught by the priests to irigatehis fields during dry seasons not by building canals but by prayers, masses, and lots of holy water. Fr his animals, he was charged by the fiars of ie dollars per animal if these are blessed using holy water. Locusts that infest the fields during the dry seasons were driven away by processions along with the image of St. Augustine. it was best to tust wholly in God. We have noticed that he countries that believe most in miracles ae the laziest. The factis that the Filipinos were les lazy before the word “miracle was introduced to their language. Add the vagaries ofthe climate and natura calamities; these ae enough to the native of all his energies The curtailing of the individual liberty, the accusations of rebellion or evan justa suspect does not need proof or the production ofthe accuser causes continuous alam from the population that they are lable to a secret tepoit The apathy of the government toward commerce and agriculture, there is no encouragement at all for manufacture, ther is no aid when poor crop comes or when locusts sweep over the fields or when typhoons destroy the lands on its path of destruction. The govemment does not take any trouble to matket the products of its colon, its consumption not encouraged in its ‘mother country? In Spain, aside from tobacco, nothing ofthe Philippines is known. The name of Manila is known only from those clothes of China, heavy silk shawls, which are beautiful but coarsely embroidered. Thus, our products like the delicate pita, and fine jus! fabrics disappeared. Our trade dliseppeared, industries died out.The poor people are getting poorer and they ouldnotafford the more expensive textes, The best tracts of our lands inthe provinces, especially those that are profitable, these are in the hands ofthe religious corporation. The orders know how to selec the fertile plains, the well-watered plains to make rich plantations. The priests claim that these plantations prosper because oftheir care. They make sure thatthe people remain ignorant, ina state of semi starvation so that the natives are easy to govern. The state of his wretched existence a necessity forthe priest andthe towns do not prosper in spite of the efforts ofthe inhabitants. Add to ths lack of material inducement, the abserice of other stimulus Pointsto the natives’ indolence. When a native student excels in his studies, when ve rises above his cassmates, when he sacrificed, took long hours of Jose Rizal Social Reformer and Patt ‘AStuy of His Life and Timestraining without any help from any governmentinstitution, he finishes his study in the university. A competitive examination is held to fill a certain positon, through knowledge and perseverance, he won the position by passing a ‘competitive examination, and this postion is abolished. Amunicipal laboratory was closed while the ofc ofthe pres censor was preserved. The reason given was that the light of progress might injure the people. In the same manner, ‘when a young native won a prize ina literary competition, as ong as his origins were unknown his work was discussed, the newspapers praised tad called it ‘a masterpiece. When they knew thatthe person was a native Filipino, and the second place was a peninsulare, the newspapers extolled the peninsulare and. there was nothing on the native a ‘The Orders have done a great contribution to the islands, for instance, the Jesuits and the Dominicans, for example, Fr. Benavides, 0.P. founded an educational institution. Colleges and schools of primary institutions were also established. These efforts are not enough. Inthe later year of higher education, the native student will come in contact with priest who proclaim that itis evil forthe native to know Spanish language. That he should not be separated from his carabao and he should not seek further education. The native receives daily preachings that attempt to make his person ‘a kind of native animal, depriving him of his dignity. Deprive a man of his dignity, he is deprived of his moral strength and makes the person useless. Every creature has its stimulus; man’s i in his seltesteem. Take it away from him and he is corpse. With the lack of confidence inthe future, the uncertainty ‘ofthe rewards of labor, everybody yields to fate. The writers of the present times find that the native is a creature something more than a monkey but much less than a man, an anthropoid, dullwited, stupid, timid, diny, cringing, grin lothed, indolent, any, brainless, immoral, etc. What ar the causes of these regressions? The Filipino is convinced that to get happiness, it is necessary for him to lay aside his dignity as a rational creature, to attend mass to believe whats told to him, to pay whats demanded cof him, to pay to work, tosufferand be silentwithout aspiring anything, without ‘separating himself from his carabao as the priests told him, without protesting against any injustice, arbitrary action, agains any injustice, against assault that is not to have heart, brain, or spirit. Unfortunately, the native protests, he still has aspirations, he thinks and strives to rise! v Peoples and governments are correlated and complementary. Afstuous | ‘government would be an anomaly among righteous people; just as corrupt Pat ile and Works of Rizalpeople cannot exist under just rulers and wise laws. Like people, lke governments, The causes can be reduced to two classes: the defects of training and lackof national sentiment. The very limited training in the home, the tyrannical and sterile education of the rare centers of learning that blind subordination of the youth to one of greater age influence the mind so that man may not aspire to excel; those who preceded him must merely be content to go along, Stagnation forly results om this, he devotes himself to copying, divests himself of other qualities suited to his own nature, Indolenceis derived both from lack of stimulus and vitality. The daily and constant depreciation ofthe mind deedens the energies, paralyzes al tendencies, Nurtured by lazy but religious lf, he spends is life by giving their wealth to the Church in the hope of miracles and other wonderful things. Their wil i hypnotized; they lamed ta neha witout oowege ofthe ajc bese of . their training from the ealiest days of their childhood. They were taught to pray endlessly in a language they didnot understand, accepting belies that are not explained to them, accepting absurdities while reason is repressed. You cannot know more than this! Don't aspire to be greater thaw the priests! You belong to an inferior race! You don't have the energy! This is always tld repeatedly tothe native child, and repeatedly told, it becomes. engraved on their minds, this molds and pervades all his actions. The child, a5 he grows into a youth, tries to be anything else. The curate ridicules him, strangers regard him with compassion, and his relatives regard him with fea. tis necessary that his spirit, although cowed by elements, store up ‘energy, seek higher purposes in order to struggle against obstacles in the ‘middle of unfavorable natural conditions. In order to progress itis necessary that a evolutionary spirit should boil in his veins since progress requires ‘change. It implies overthrow ofthe pas, defied by the present; the victory of ‘new ideas over the ancient and accepted one, Lack of national sentiment is still more lamentable and transcendental. . Convinced by his sense of inferiority, eit eeacaten allows himself to be guided by hs sel-love. He changed his religion for the external practices of another. His sprit, welldisposed toward eveything that looks good to him, they forced upon him its God and its aw but did bring to him iron, hoes to til the fields but stamped papers, crucifixes, prayer books, The native didnot have the ideal and model ofa tanned and vigorous laborer, ‘nstead that ofan aristocratic Lord, carried in a luxurious liter. The imitative ‘atives became bookish, devout, and prayerful, he acquired the ideas or ‘uxury and ostentation, this did not improve his means of subsistence. ose Rizal: Socal Reformer and Petit ‘Study of Hs Life and TimesThe lack of national sentiment brings another evil. The man in the Philippines is only an individual; he is not a member of a nation. Since he was forbidden and denied the right of association, therefore he was weak and sluggish. A few who loved peace and honor accept administrative position offered tothe native. These were the few who submit to everything, they who endured the capries and exaction of the curate and Spanish officials. Tey accepted the lower spheres of power; there was great fear and administrative obstacles. The people are voiceless, they had neither initiative nor cohesion while the Spaniards aim to amass fortune and retuin to Spain. it was the inhabitants who lived in great hardships from the moment they began to breathe. The natives should create prosperity, agriculture and industry establish ‘enterprises and companies-things that prosper in free and well-organized ‘communities. Without education and liberty, no reform is possible, What we wish is that obstacle will not be put across his way, for enlightenment, whether the government wishes it or not, comes. Policies or laws should be frank and consistent since this will be highly civlizing, without reservations, without distrust, fear or jealousy, wishing good for the sake of good, without ulterior motives, hypocrisy, or deception. Leavethe governmenttothe native rulers then build roads, lay outhighwvays, foster freedom of rade. Let the government heed the material interests of the people than the needs ofthe friars and lay aside religious considerations, letitsend out intligent employees to foster industry. ust judges should allbe well-paid so that they wil not be vena pitfeers. This policy is also advantageous to Spain, for when Spain loses its colonies and {gotten its wealth from the colonies the natives will not be ungrateful saauees 1, Envision Philippine society as it was seen by the ancient Spanish writes. 2. Identity one aspect(e.g, trade) ofthe Philippine society and discuss the change that took pace inthis aspect going to the Spanish period, Through an on-the-spot drawing contest, create pctures/scenes of ancient Philippines. Share these works withthe other classmates, Choose a specific aspect of Philippine society. Create a table of description. In one Column, describe this during the ancient times. nthe next columa, déscibe what happened to this aspect during the Spanish period. As a conclusion, analyze what happened to the ipino native during the Spanish period. Part fe and Works of Rizal