oa ty Frequency: — Shiai 2 ee Stadistes to He braonch of shedy conevne wilh ta collechen, exgantsatton canck.omoly of —elale.. DAs the sel gf ingfoemakons. Prom Shih inte ental can pies calle kate. : ep a7 g the dbadenl of om Ai level chss. ws» Kew Date; Rau “ela. to eolteetesk ty ‘ematirn which ir_met—— prrampedt,, in onyisiel 61 0X Ol. 6 PLA: #. 10. boys eA ae Vege CEG s > Aviay 3 Date tm otters eck... form. : = Fhe. mumber of times a. ele Apel value cents in a hate. 2 dai ET [pets [reer | pisteibutin: Inthe. above exemple. prow > Grouped. Ereguencg Dt ibn bons a> To Com trucl grtenpecl.faeg aba) — __ hishibe ten ESET, OIE ee soacteesi a Marks of 50..stadente 01S) tb» 2h 22, 26,27, 32.4) 42,2025, 126,19, 8, FMR RE, BIB, LB BLAS, Be, 35,35 30,.¢7. 68,50, 49, 13,15, 19, 20, 26,27, 49.41, 336 47 32 2 pest vole. Sumer lest verlue So 7 Roage . "of ae derive ts have. 6 intorvels Mem. : a Bigrre fs ladimdern tee ne p7_aertwhele ts, (8) (x note Preferably, Stocking Wer gf oles foveal stoold be molgple af 2S) Claes enteral: Lotus stark wih. 53..adth Me sree cladinforanl in S, bak covite eve Less. thom the sum x8 S12] 4. ext: ee —20|.8 wet. Rl— 28 (heyy B/ size SCHL Differce ba too lower Limits F Succesrve clu intevers) SA. chegeahe Le wale). 26 ined 9 ofl vo Lee clo x,y, Z° et. al Xe ian A variable.can be ' Oualetative = G3) Quam ty tahe.. » Cur lh hve. Cab butes).: eae oe gt 2 not pow ble ZL. measure. numero eg. intelligence » friendship - ~ vin Quomt hee: pick te oll ys m "numerically e7 ee __ gt_cam_be— (As Discrete. bd, Continkoubs oe (a) Disevete voriable.: A. voriable whese cach vale ee Seperate, number_onck Here? — bfis. one value omeh Kemet» _ : og Ki es GF chikelten¢ KX 04, 2,3 Soe eh A vavialbla tat com take va luch em om inberenk 29 X1. temperatare—on-o tar fies eee oe Fe; pment TE. each ZL Hering Novia bles shite hether. ya % quomti aS ov guakitabres a bo — hee da Eye. colout, uo whey t bodl w Ditton from Colles wit Sunetrity. Ais; nent + £. Stale wofether cock of Me foloving yaaa ble tn ov Condinuees: Uv) Time. via fe, dip Costin 7 iy nord bt nppeosedl C Kerewing a obole, wy wy balby prodtictel iw a pet wy volume5 Dierebe Parguensy Di _ Age. Cx) bys € ~) 3 Geaped Faqueny Disk babe: ore leh 20 10a ORI. (2832 = 33 ¢3 46-56. ae no: 7 Studenk: = 4 6 a - “(a- Lower elu Lint sir els lini > 1 OY Tp class hterwal--+ : different Ho thoo_hewer- iin class internal. CAL 0-2 Me class biteral Caines Clas hternkes — Height OO HS SM weg ‘Plomts Cf) Aa ee Dinmont Clas Lt he Sie. 4 - 2 K 0,10 Mn AL 22.32 _——4 fon 2 aie angel > Contin Cone a __ Difffer ens. Yous a Py [708 oe gee athe tered, ded ee, a ‘comple Ma1d 2 0S. gy ooh it te eo. upper linil row sv bhiget 0S feo ewer linit. Wed) be Bh 33 WS BIS APSA BRE BLS — 45S Cloke iolewee 0 10 clay Besmelti 8 oS — 10SClass Borenclrtes. | pally Powe eS aS jie 20S | 206 28S 28-5 — 365° | B65 44S. 4G-5 — S27 il LEAL - a) wenty Distecbuton : BE ar G go-zWWrheasuhes af. Cs teal. Lerner: fs -y Mean: peo = Eimale Ee nom ber J values . <) Var hs (a) ne, OF 73,2, 4 xs =~ = oo 2 Ge. ce —> Meon + (In. Pepe shirbuton) Marista] # fx = a3 | X= x 4 fan | pea = 7 Saeeleee = te & 2 RB fae res re fr class 20 ths loro — 20-~30_... _ hE b | fe =e fr omens S| tS to 20-4 1s Go po-30.|. 2 2S. Se Bo — 40. I 35 3S” es. F et Sfz 10 Zfxz 160- —> Cod aig ng |Vlethod + Auge date oe com make the celal Jn cose eosser™ osing ‘cooling Mellel”... — be Op BOY “ae Be : n wD Xk 2 at SFO-H) a7 Exomoples 5g ee call 13 f Eo. 2 4 j 2 i Te find Mean by Be ete 7H =e 2 pe lB + G0 FIZ FZE eee.S a 72 S E Bf = tt To okt Meow aa) Coalig. ¢ Mebbed- ae= EL . Example LZ "He length time, tminutes, token To. olocress worck tn a Certain. pews Anper esos observecl at 12 otcasioms. Fa vesull to Summarized as..Z (TA 38) = IS. Collate the meam of these Limes: Got, $=? . = i (oR) Giver 2, : tee a+ EUt-o) ite 2 _ n het t-3S =~ Gey oe tas | . toe BSt7 ee fm BS tn eee veer 3 2 354 54 LE 55-25 2 33-8 min 4 eH. = 33:7 min Expiry le: Bs. Asummory 24 observations ave lhe ner ah ew “once aes -Q)_= = 23: i 7 pei ac | Ihe geoed bo B95. = Lhe vole gf Conlon(ee _, le; Le tftce. : OF oe we Mink Veg) “Ig 9.43345 Maden 3 (Unimedal Dabs) Datel) S37, 7858, 410 Mode = 7,8 CBr model Dats) morte thon 2 modes a bl medoL). (Adh 7 Pate (2: 5,678,175, 20 Mode 2. nme. x te Faery Dibra: Maks 1) fee BRE. Te Fe Students (7) Modok Marks. = F th, in mode.= Median fhe. Fe midelde dle aloe the. ae ate. ae Meckiam chivicles the ores lata Lynl Aolves. ah w2 £5. Aa oF es - : Meclion =. 5 See 10. : . WA So f---—7-- aaa WMecliom 2 £CT#I) = 7. He tye! no a ae 77, Then Medan 2 D2! Uh snbat _ ye Sromp wy 27 _ Meckioi.= we bt value..2-€. Melon a: 5 => 5 Cua Likes : Boneh cLuicle [he avronageel olathe inf Equal poh pt Looe quart Os recipe tile A ~ eth vole Or ee =. oe Lo _ Bs_- BUY 2 9th vuhe > he _ 4 _ - = — ITER QuakTILE Kobe = 10k 2 6-3 pape ie €. = 3-/e Lom “bhartiles ¢ in Dye | it we neecl —Cummubabice L Logg veneith 4 | doe Fegperin “Cem f) These... ate the fjuantits. Ethined. | ap Coron la Successive adel Libin Preguencits. Ee are. nee F Prgerdcs at fj deeb) Decibes Dy 2 “Zin £h une lunxb basi in m Gaoapedl RS Deshi iy dabibabon “Mecliom 5 Quark, _ Jn cose YY oll (ye Se ce $I PLI YE ed Joon "Cannladee ate Curve, @R) Core ee formula: — [Meckom 2 Le fA t(m- 0) ee = “ahaye . = bl we gop Blea’ Medlism hee —Qurrtiles: — _ = Liq.—e). wheve.... Wr ee yD fot (m-9- ahereJyo* ~ Beh b lly -c).. here ae (oo. L. Pi. joes ae oh by Saami cnse Nork..Class Baunliles, i = fo 3, classes ave. ree Pennens Be S10, MAIS, 16 — 20 hon we fink Closs bovodliies by aclebon sabe from offer 9 wer clo loll, BLe o° aby eg Clan lpwti Cloth Boumbires : o5— lo” ‘cond s—l0 Ie 0615S ee ree 16-20 19-5 — 205. 21-25 20-5 — 258. ite + Class beset 08 ave eswnda fo Comamlachee rregote Cure. tt Hist sere Ty ove pot essentiol, pr cob tebonf— Grean [Cina bative Fieyuency Cusve Cobve. s (ve. proph py Food Commelahee fetgrtnes by successive. actlihon # FOG HME — Bae ain ook By tae Sar alor Valens bt om: lay ve df D fb als ap aivns } ufpper limit gem eh cls. curve . be mot (G) LF lent | fe-wo |3|.2-| to-20.|_5.| 8 zo- 30.) 5 3 3o- 40} 9 | 22 | go-so| | 33 so-bo| IS | 48 - 70 R oa ‘ Ee | oe 20 “ AFL to to ae 1 Bo~90| 6 76 ac-ioo| |_| 40PG IB. NerE. : (when ~e yrimncs owe piven, we com foal eva bbe Feeywerdes by Successive nollehor: 29 |_wteg) em J o-/0 z re Z lo —20 s ars = 8 eer toe B49 217 1 Laevaenes 30-40 ut i7tll_ = 23 2&, aut. if cmomubahve find ane a b7 ie Then. we. Su bhae hens: ner KES. nee Successvve (2. “ofc cummu rmulihee Pastesp pve top aa Gene . we. need ~ Prep nt wes Qread—- Laromrtabed fre alo Feb | fiero oe hi ove then by Succ esstve._.sub Prachon ee ape em. _ ere ew tt a po | ons —-—--——— S-=-lo.—— — a S jo— 1S at qo Is 20. — 30 20-20 vo} LA 2S — Be} 1 Oa ee uFBak. CAT ree ce le EE Remarks + ee ft Te bas shall beg wiper width —~ “|i Te 9apsbetocen. the consective bats shewlel ee eqpol. _ |i He bass moy be. verbal or. Jotzantol. eee i Scole, tebe eh. shoull be renter at te wre o “pg Ke ber Liogiam. * 2-91 Drom 0 Simple beot.cbinftoa a eZ he toa tae 7 & o jae: J pee = 725 928 3a hl | Year 2 Roof 2602 _2003_,. | Slee Bor Di ia a | Yeon Med icol- a pplaccvng ee | 008 a a sil i cael = oc ee a 200.5. | lhe fe loeer Dit es). Produchen oy Tone th year. cheat. Ace. Suge \2007 40. SRB prs IS fA. 09. ho B44remarks 2 ci) Aids ts Move ab Arex ne > not 6 be confasecl osith roms ae cliowin o B 9m must not_beony9 g each bar K AK Az Kf. or _Hsthpranns vest blo. Bae chosthabnt Dott thor. A oper. 2, le the (Preguteny ALK Cembrt) aaa KC fonttert) bares. case Lh + gn grouped prey atm chsh: buen. tf Me. clases ove Continent 57. | wrollis of the classes ave yan 1 hen, | lasses 2 > Horizon tol Sl ot ss fguery > Verto. ‘ “9 ‘Mow ks -“0~ 30. 80-9 fo— Se Sob. 4 _ i253, 2 J 2 _5| Cave Lys "a sain ovis 1g whol _ When clases. ove confrours bak mie 4 classes ave not —feyetgties _Abesi et ae = ——— _— [he Soe sey Gm ete stove fx Clowes a Horizontal cheney on stase mere _|f-d vertical ‘To draw the Histogram, the he poised calculating Frequency €easity | Nove sat he data as bee collet ito | NOISIREASS Gr deren with rights of the bars. woex< 50 sogx< L when. CLises ove nol Conbi noes |, conshoachesg clots boundiies , M16 tabvng...cvillhs. eal S/o |e-8 45-10 | WS EE Cosel: a = ? Max BS. Sm 2O5~ frat we moke fea. fdbonrnl Ben. frvegi Soest + Clas bramkvtee >Adtem heat Ling van, whik pimp ata inh, classes Marg mnblfi ng Met Pere thet sheee GF. A vVetiy: suse, way ty orded...oma lata Yer oe. a Sp One wey, te olin abo go ~ pee tis fe..Sdiom —< Gea: -. escimeling order. bust | HhuwCo'vr _— unk + hell, Leena ae 5 onih A Key. in ther bok gaa Stem $$ a aio — _.This hingrom illus trates fe Aiperiion ga iste bbhen St. -dipencls te Oy. & me), @ and. he! oye “R. bor ottndi fim bz & @, ; + SOY go Meclole obserrahens.. Whiskers...over the > he. Leaer whisker ei lend Sine test. Vobut. acl Ke uskey oe ° —Fm8: ee vnbist. e Adda Sf Ba po relies] Bids tmclep@ poche Me oa are bie oe both endian bat ot give ingen Tyee imageExamph, 2. Rtn, Meas Data as -{Medion | OT Qs"[ Min | Max Seto pee eo _ [Bees Lote os [oe - et a oe alin iste leg twa 1 goin cdoile Hood 4 Grid Sila --Skeaedpn Pick ag ais (L) Te ages, x yrots, of 18 people a Henelung am evening Class ax€ ged by he polnss tld ' = ? Spin fone ex 25, LER 233957 tne as Fine. Ke_meom 2. 6:D_Y. we eg hes. Grenp Z people 7 wh One person Leove. Ke TP F the meom ag¢. a Kérm: ST prep ia woilly 4) yas. Fink Khe KF Poervhe Left g he 8: DG. The ie TG emo Sel : fae a PO ee Lie ss ee Meow, 2 BX 2 TE = 9138 = 404 (lo 357) As. Ex vas B39S7 7 795) 2. EWarer we aean) ree See aties os Tota age 17 pp ZGdk ev Sx for 8 people 2 BB9SN a St Gor AT people. = 3895). — G8. SDI Kawe: 17» [ET [SUE — ee 2 184... (Ans Exomple: 2, Giytm f= 26, 5 fx » 378, Eft e SOSZ s ‘olate mean oml..S+ Di Ans: #2 14S4 5; Os 3-70Do ee The. effect om /Meon -: Variance a = By. ale ing a Constant; LUG, EF IE Shs 3S, MS. , Consider : Xt _ whee FX = 1eIEF BEF BI +2 2 359 NS, SET I 7; W, 20 EX = 60, 2a Gaile Mean i» pecteaked =a SD in pot affe Med Rene ik: - . of Ss to Subtyne ted. Fyrm earh Seove. Mean 0o/ll.b0, reluded.. % Ss SD atl veram Song ,aa Cams) her tot by Gy GF AE / Team oH Vortiae ih pip nen by. 3. Se ge AB LR AB BL GL on Mow : ia Zx 10S M2 4% 2S = ~ Pleom (BX). =. BX Meom (%) (X) 2 22-8 | Se G77 “Nor Ox) =. Conedusion-Mo. ) Mar (t¢0)2.Nar(t) yi). Mar (O) = 0... jy Mar XA) orl). af Ul) ity Var (OX) +O Var) Etortb)e aeieb Ue Var. (Zo) = at Var lt) vial. Ww vn (eu A Nay (4) | S:D@xts).2.8S-D(x)Pe: 7 sft 5D Zu short ae meld ~F 7 ee 2 Z 2 Xf aa flea. fas 2 | - I) t O71). 2 ° ° o ees Zz é AR 4 2 ! 2 2C Losi CL concept) _ He werd Pobobilily ox chance is. commenty abth tm rst oboily. Lele. Sn ovr” laity Nive. we. come theress.doKem 7 “4, westions. chick cle enh na Probe bilby far. Shee. QANSweys « <9 . > .ahat ie the chemt.g geling a Hook if a coin. 1a tossed? inwhot io the chong “a siany cag om aoth fu esl Pp UD hot. the hanes ¥ obhinng Z G mia ude. - a Rrobebilety. mensures te degree of uncertainty. — Experiment Awe defivecl. ache Prcets b observe. = Sane hidden facts in colle expertentm L of c1n_esperimemt it tall Expetiment. 2 Bn_etpenl mont coon be trea tedl ab .xtamelom &Xpetioemt if it prodaces hf ferent _onteomes.ohentt atigdeled snl He tal. Z Cheb in each mut come in_eguolly Lr kely.. Z Kan kam Aapihaaatt J ti St-com. beaepeotacl prnctieally ah mony rember tit Gi) Freve, must be mere thom. one..possi ble out corm preety Seng pay Lr0. Gane /The_©X pectinae eo - ti, Thevemust. be.semé uncer tein lyin. ey Threw. .0...,fosx cubical ead. enea ee a = te det gf all posible outcomes 7 2 torclow experiment do cillhel Sample. space ome 2 usual _denoted. 4y. Sy, Fock pues oo collecl a Sarple ay eae : Sample ports be Sample ypu 2 re & 763). f eg a one Keroo yf Lot, 3 ae Z = {h2,3,4, ae a ns) = Lille Reale for count s Sample. points ; JY ove penkn cae be ats - comes amo ther exabon Scam be‘ clone inp’ woeugs _ Tench fhe imo. Lifferent 5 ig assouatecl.corth Zh y et * ebefferent wos, hen: “Cte foto. num ber. Ae ii which. bY Lease _operahers.. Com, Be clem @o a x I= a sea Bae ee Cae Toth Mo: f vangs both clit Com otek Lint Tn Possible tot pares “i A vem es 3.- eloon_t enter od. eer b Tote. Meg woes a. y Com enti Lave dew >» Liven vent : the faventable ont coroe..2¢- fe. enteome chose. Beet, io repnived 2 Collect... “Euent.”. Event... ja Se biel a The Somple spose. neg. eer ‘rolled. {nase bt} ie A be he ae "he oe io bes thom 5" Fer SEER BGP NA 24o- HoT, 0g nAje nl)...yp0s..of- Avent. : ie Matsally Ex clisive bee a Dispoint. Eveok) - Taro events Ay B. ave. saicl tbe... mutiably exe lusive fe hey com nol occur dagether at Me Apme. Hen A Bove sail t be_mutially mutially z : “¢ ANG = & eo + ByNen a GN. _evelusive events eg th ALL 3,5 4..8+ £2, 4.6}. ti Acvin. ia tostecl.. Evenh. of Head ral. 2, Not /4uteally Exclusive Events : a Tino events... A. B.078. com occuy together not mutuoll, exclusive Se axe not mndtoolly exclusive Bey MG Phen 298 y Cy A fos chit. in valled, . 3 Sf 1 Bt b246).. AOBAP Ay Bwole_not. onushuolly. erelesixe.. a eee playing coche Event A>... aes wah oo. ff oT he B+ chron cord 2% = A458. cae not muteolly. exelusivebecmuse ee et moy $2 anak. 0. harocl ot the Some. times. 5 wo fo a E ually dihely Kents : 7 YEvents Kat hove oon eyed) chon 9 Octuveme. 2-9. Head. Tool a Com: De nae ea aoe rare 7 AUE.=.S. hem evemh.A4 1B. mre Soveh te be exhaustive. e-9. Ae $1,354.82 E246}; AUB. S plo chamee of... occurence. Confosn no conf ft 5. possible. Event. Contocns oll ate ee 6... Corteim /5ue Eventsane Poke Ly. Bent. A ae on PCA) 2 0 gous im which A oceuts - ee reo: ¢ all poritle oul Comes. Pa). 2A RO gee a Pa hea Probab by: z Lae , Levtein U4 Tmpessitl F Boa: 52S Bia Probe bility am_event- by a —¥ a gon Sent Ebony ae Pliskikee eee Lees. ret-mton. thal soe geb exactly one cwhite. ball a L every 5 trials. Bul of we hy. So. times we might get the “oohite” ball 12_times..or 9 tines af Ke umber Y trials in imevensecl we. 1 stl a. resol. _.. cleer_te Ke Epa. oe. - ~ ae MOTE 3 ooo — tehb Pobablehy covery oll posible out tomes = 1. ve. PCFovenrable “° + PC un favrwrable.. ieee) Po a C4. Pl Bbck) = on. Prt black) = 4 + 7 a = as off) A. does not. ato R= SHA _...PCA)..= P(A) ats) an(s-Ay 2 wes A Wg pa Me ee gee teKecoll! sa OR. view OR—> -+—— P(AUB) = PUA) + PLB) A dice ig voted .; = a 5S £423, G5,5h A= E35} a 6 = £24 6F A082 Pp, Ay ® are mutually A068 = EL2,345,6F ; exvelusive. Now. PCA) = 2 >» PCB) = 2 je P(AVB) st. P(RYB) = PCA) + PLB) New Consicler foo... anton lly exedusrve events: P= [23,5 E : £2,4,65 PERG, PE cote not mutually PUPUE) = {234565 exelsiva. . en i St PP) 2 By PLE) 5B PRUE) = S ety a ROPRVE).. fp PLP) PLE)... Conclisin » OR vale in tye only for Plaboally Eccles ‘mn ale ia tue only jer ea si EV. ~ Addition Caw of Pobsbility fa 0%. NT. Pubes / Exclusive: _ ee PUA) + PUB) — PROB)... (Aanb9.) oR veh io Troe. 6B. tale vo NOT Pyrad. SLOMCL) ess “Ui pov Pla funbly Erebisive: .: Pt auve” - PCA) + PCB) _ (ArB=9) . "el King er Quetn) = Pking) + PCQuetn) (rtebeelly Exel) Place) + Plhenrt) — Plose of heart) . (net rit holy Exch) q i _Ploce ox het) =eee <1 SOO Shite and_ Prove. Addihn Kows2f Pahah’ “fy a x A %..B ate. omy Heo events of fhe Some experiotnt Such fat PCAs, PB) +0 4 PUNOB) eo P( AUB). = PIA) + PLB) - P(ANB) Pref : Sd n(S)=n nth) =@ _nlB)=6 n (ANB) = x 63) —PlAVB) - PLAUB) : nls. (BX tpt b-m aie n : “= PUA)+ PB) = PLADB)._. Paeved: | _ ee eee A 4 Boe mutsolly exclusive ; ANB = 8 nh DPE YES VA PL AOB) a “PUAUB)..2. PLA) + PLB),Cg ag pug Pep L dndeptnelemt- Lenk: Cxcarene of one event oloes.nol- affect the Becrence of Hhe_other. 2.9. Fron. bn conthin ing SR 2B. bob, 2 ball ore taken ore by oie wikh Leplocemet? > Evenk ave sncipindent. () Dependent Eventi; Oteurene f one event: affech Ke

Leenks xre Mpendent > Dealing worth combimecl proba bi hes we Coot use and/or . And.» X i Nga sig ih fen Independent. Events... P(A and 8) = PCA)» (8) = PLANS) BAe OD) fan Defenclent Events s wae PCAN) = P(A). * P(BIA) LPCBIA) meow Prob: 4B such that A has ccaned) | ter Mutually Exclusive Even: _— : - P(AUB) = P(A+ P(B).. 2 PIAMB) 20 Foe Wot Mutually Exdusive Events, 00 oe P(AuB )..- PCA) + P(B)— P.CAN B) Examples: i> A dle iv volleck ome a Coin» Tossed. Pl omd vouliple of 3) = PCT) x Plaolfph 43) Gi) A bein vwlled PLA 100 bet LAS Kin R OF poet in 4) = Plles then 2) + PL>Y—sahenever. the onteome J ove trial ap feck the poss ble Be ee 8 A outtome ga secncl. “iol kon the event... ave. ote pendent. z 4 a == Of too ;tems ave choser one after the other avlhout yep bcement shin the phew chosen freak Com not be. ches tn _ngoin.. 50. The foto ba BG, es fo (OR) a | ono, the Lababitily Jon event Aoppentag | F for tndepindant Excenfs PROB) —« PUA) 2 PLB) ~> fo Depemolent. Even4.. PlRa). - PlA)«..RBA).... Aly. fir Inde pratt Inter b.._PUAIB).. = 7 2 SO ae “SUL ts be conelihnok- oO lenolctinok on.whok was chosen fi OR. eee /. cle pend on event..trok plo or not,.Then..wve events axe. tepenctint. The LPrvha bib whether. omothey. eet A» G. be An avert such Bat 2B) > 0. af it linge thot B bos.nbteady recuctesl, then the probabilidy (Ain Mhancose. in clometedk by... TRAE) ohltn cole te cenclebannl Proholilidy A. _ aS en 8. te AA) x PUB suk hak 2 bas vcesste) A) x PBA HANB) P(A) x (fmula) (A).oe eee L)achanns: : ee cohen tao. or more combined events ave bein _ considetedl, 0 Free cbiyyrom com be used. Atree_clingtom oly 2 oll Be. possible outcomes of om ever’ 05. brame has. 07 falls nnSy ta ‘biawed. Obed 0b.0 paabilly. whoo we go.oleny birmeheswvt illiply prolabilehes y when ue have aller te bomebes we veld toleh Pa ba biti eg A box contain YB ard 6R ball. fA ball wo ion fy net. repleced., A Seed ball ir then. rewn. Faod Fabs. Bese A ) ed then Elech. ball being cKrawn. - ts A Rady 0 Black bo being clroun- meet Wi) Fe bal ff Some colour being Lrown Pak labme) 2 =P ota) ET head 1 fed bell) = t— Ol Bek Boll)” f— £8 4B) = = t—(£%9) 2-1-2. *% 90isd —Tated tos gf belle 2000 nem == lB.) (ee tN) = 8 Jao bol ave pied ane by one before The and.is picked _ Evenh. ote. indeprndert - PLB OIN) = 22 ye. ud ont 0 rob yoplocad, , ie depodid. PUB rw) 2 12. LBL x Plu B) [By BO), SS fia ss aes PUB) Gira “A bry_gots ty schenlilkey by Bub, Tul inde ovis tane B . —_ 0:3. Bxo-B.t.0-7X0-I. aoe _ Eas a 2 Bl Teciy Le TPREMEY oT Kod PUY 23!xomples Tom tyevele t work citker by Bus or pin DY y Gyole \ the prebebilily Mol he toe by bus io 0.3, ‘by Hain io aes ide “th 0-2, the Prbabilif thal he anives on hime 66! if he haves by bis, 0-9 of he travels 4 Apacer 08 if he byvels oy : ; ty Lad he Belabth, tat Tom ches nef vive et work on Bie, Ui Bal te cond hon prbebility Anal Tom tovclled ty bus, prom he daes vol ayyive at wovle on fants 8B = 03K a+ OSKO1 + OD XK OD = Orih+ 0.05 + 0:04 =. 002) ty P (dees vd. arrive mtbuae) ih def ene ental rowck bey bus —s B ies nd onive om tme o> L P(B/L) PCBIL) aear) a) os x04 o-a2) > u « odd 0: 2\_.. hem_we_use combinati = eo ae eens ce fod 105). nE) usieg.- Cg MOTE: Diowing Hoe. coreh. wifkeat veplocing Me fort. me a atcha the cate . of chasking “ too” cor. onto Bice Cis fT a Bei hy ~ eee 3 Faaocorrls pve olroun from a_pack of 52. playing core. Eck Mh Reb Tl hace Lie as ws an a PCR oes) 4 ee ; eup 1S feo Nb te beh ohn. fon h The Ahoy. atl BR 3 Inlb y R eorrtes. _ sel, ford Lik: J, hones “Ex (BsEikoley Feat, CZapriet PabithS 7 ofhain’ vepebhers ff cm epirintal, has n & lov, am erent i tae ves Oak = 2. u: aq dic in oa Go dunes. obsariehions ove, Lhent : es 2. 2B. 4 cs 6 eho Cie 4q cecurene) | Lo 2D © 10. ll Pl odd rember) . APNE LBL 60 60 . Sub jec Ave oe yf Fondog Fabebele hes « - tn Anbjechve a reels hk prbablh, 9 J am. eOnt va He pam ed at Tees He cht YI bhp ei hx on en am Orrtoal hy” 0... Far frsdivl [CISCO Pro be LS me x opprcoile purely Meh Be. Teen hero oy Ws Ty cvpcviene. ov f opinion or el poe Cho 'réthod in We 4 en gga 4 a The Lrome Cniolomee ive obfferen, Salt bal acta tt =. J . PC having Gree im Posh va ‘Tant) 2 =o ; pl how Wel 4 om. Somdg) = Buk Pi c aan wb Cader cod wit be "Co on Rid) = yy, = a 7 ae “eMo Nowy)pee [ Biserete: Kesockor Neti Ble to nnn fe Vatioble + A ckangechle ube, e9 X,Y, ca Kk oer ace va bees... eee caraueests — \Avoriable. com be: 0 Quabihie ‘he, Quabhhre + I is not possible te menere unr 0 Quant la hue ey sneer» beauty» in tell ence et. “Ws, Ouankdehee + AU quanbiles. ie ald things rensorable nora ) oe ht ,.hepght eb. Gf pombe shear Discretes 2 2 Be chy. Con tinuous. 2 in Dacre 2. Asntio ble hese eed Kren & Se, erate number. omel therein “rh fo. eed. cemel. the next lalee...2:9.. ss sraumber chi lelten nm nih by 2..0,.1,.2,-3.- ete a — Avotinble fhvt con the all possible stobues én_om interval e.g X.. tee sprerboct. XO lO! cafe Rapasp Done Tern.) OD Am RO RO BO 30.40.—| Kenda Vernbe. 4p -| A a_vamekom storia Me omd each voled trom each seperate, eg X_ clenote ha Wor of lobe an a v0 2 if 7s ae xX. pa 12,34, Fimwetg ‘ns a ° | Ci, Me probe lehes astouiateel ssc Kase valves core Asotin ble quently hese vadees ave elem ined , he _| eutcomes.. -2.Yam hom experiment. 2 collec rem elem voerra ble, ——|chance__sloatable_or_Sdmplp..a_vociate .. a aeactoan _| Romer voriohle 2 cleneted” by. X,Y, Zeke. A vamdow veviable. co. Discrete ox Conbrutous.. Diserete Kanclom Neviable, a of terete fiom er. gefp. bfs..cve vabee_ome tener vobe number, Mke_vemelem secrixhle. io cliserete. love. X._ in discrete. rena nerd sk ham yiy pe ts Ht tna chisctete vonmbke (eg. sehr). tisB¢ Com only assume stofuas ~X) x 7 ence Py Penns fy— where POX 2.21) X_..0__cliserele 6M. of a_remelom vertinhle cam tak whit in continuous. — &. Yarncom.stecriable 9 take ong le o_CaSe weig bho ir..Cen fina ras. e“| Sl, He_number_of 3. cam be.0,L2 peel an D7 pS 7) x, (Eo Exomple :],. det x be fhe biserete sein ble, Lemotig _ the_number 3s Cieeither na, eee _.obhinecl. whem Xoo vy. chee. eve throan. gs lo ee PCX 20). 2 PCB, 3) 2-5 2 POX 21). 2 PO3)4 PBR) ee = rhe Sad fo PUX = 2) = PCS) et = eee Sot 7 = rd oo 2 P(X 2x) = ar Bena Xu _lisere te, UN. Z Eixomple Is. $f Xi tient eee fk st we. | Olle A ~ ph dot X be olisonte %:¥ elanobe’ aay aS Ys ablerivech whem tos fos Watebal ae be _ ale "Comple the table; 9_ Recall | _ Discrete = Eacgseey Dibaba Heit Agu! yh Spo pe ge” a 7 z 3 4 L 13 A bbb, for ox pmph-ckich com Lit all. pos itl “| values. He _clisrete_ gv ve olong._ with. Lore pnbl.l | eallecl. fg Stal olistibukon. fo. olescrete jeg sf cbtacsecl- when free” Jaty clice ave. ple et rolled. ce = aS I B of Plena pale. 36 , 36 | Histo calleal Diaak Fea a biLidy Dishibuden # “| Specht 7 Xone Ax) > (eon. es Ao REE Score _cshson.. Fah: his tiibuson. te blesoo Dimortat Disrerguriort : _ Pi tn he bbaly f Leababidty, we glen clerbssithteiabe shiek. hove nby tose firtuible. outeones... Cream ple, whim a tova— ia. tested neop the exticome ia. feadomk theatler ie tail Dn am omiaoten, a Atrlentl vere to either... ppass_0t_ 7a : Romebem. trials.whick produce ok dso cutcomes.ove calle, Betnoulls tints." One. of The outcome 2 tolled “Success aonel. Me pirbability to nivally, lenatel by ip" whee as pel. therartoome ie Called — Pon bate wstth a prreba hi ty a bet. Gp Nan Ca pryst) e_evint of obtelning a Ars. a.saccess.amok the event g rk obisinwip Six, ea Fosbere ; _ PC Success) @ p- Ay epertvatal teastitess. af a Bonomi expttnd 1 repeated Bevanlle tial a erllecl the. vamckem siostishle X which represents A reson ber. Successes... uncle Semelmt trial in_colledl Bin drad Ramin Matiable anh the... rr ba bide called. Biroran._DisrRIBUTION. he pubebilid, fanchr PlX=4) fa bivomiod tamale . ints xX. na often om form pe foul, i _ nb n= Taploo: of tie 1,2, are’ \ haccenes) _prebabidity el ee wherea Ue “NOTE : Fis clistibuben ia. collec Binowiol. probabil, clit ton foe Re Nak tat te prbebilibes gf X20, wh ade are the. —7.—_S4ceesses successive. Lerms...tn. The ies omelet # pe yee): Laplira slay Pon sample ‘Ox Rccin aed limes sohat ia tte Fra bi Fate bay excl 2 Heack. i Sanerol. ws Sz {aHe, HTT, THT, TTH, HAT, “Td, TH, Trt ae rs =.8 nea E _ «CHAT, ATA HAS ae a ne). Z Plan) 2 HO 2 ee ¢ come a Gs w Avy. Buveniek Dis Bebe ee NeZ, Aza, pest Yoone¥ PROB EG PUR a) wes 2 axg¢rt 4 IS _ wr"Chosncteristics 2 \ Bienial Eepevinont. (Canckbens moter which Bineminl Par babil'ty dist bubn com be apple) 1 ta there ove fred number of bivks Celoroted. bya) BE He experiment” a vepeated a fined num ber of bines ne = 2 the succesive. trial are independlent (8€ 0 previous Luinl, clees rot- cofleema kenett). pence ee 3. Each tyink os onbge toe possible outcomes. 20 Auccess 0% fotkee: 5 Gn The probabclaly ‘success 2:0 Ptemoins Cexathmt fot peak cal is See x Popzvries of Binomiat. _Frobasiuty Lisraigution. 1. Binmink hebibeber cypinls om foo thurgs 88.2 _j—P whi axe 1 tollek Poramelers of he Binomial Disteibaten. | 2. 0. Random Nottehle X hob « Boremind aébi baben. Se ether OPO aca _ "peod ob..X. filles Brivo: biti baben wilh ppatamaters 1 ¥ P 3 3... Tatw Probably o equal to ome. es posene ter n-+-P,- &. Bimo. Dishibuhe hos a mean % Nosiome Cor Shmolord Devaber) wo Meo = £00 = np phere <1 = 0: Ff tiols { ted Jue oy X.) Ps probs J Satce. v5 Suma hint 9h ee mee - “_ SD&x)..-= npy eee & vA sho peop Bina: dirk babe cle pends pn olesg. Np px oy pe debibude 2. symnchiol a, ; wt prt chat lyte i Mynbarly shoved : all a pak +e Pathely shevol ae a4 om Fema ie, Me Jin Disha.Ohad fe Hera, elon, thle of bree . Distee bation (27 ty" oe 7 z pet ; 4 pe 16. 4, give Biro distibucion a ayrmetiiced. Lo. ees posible. egies en » Bina. Sa 23... aS| __Nosin al Disbeibu tions Continuous Veviables: Te veviables which resell’ from meoiten other oe counting anol com ate any. valued athe devel adh es written: thes bes mam, helength of a rock or. a a fete on wpeiead ce wn: oe take 2. amd “8 Kn a continuens variable. 1 Normol Dishribaton ia Conibnuovs romdlom variable probally, _ histerbution . ae . . Sn Stahstes, a cove which is gyrmeberel about Me. meam end (‘bell shopek iv called a ormol Curve’, A semen _vowia ble X~ hove Be bell. shaped Listerbatien, 2, cole de normol vanchom Variable, amd. the probability Listetbalon of X known os Normale Dishebution. fon a Back normal curve ia characterise SLY = : 7 by tooo posome bots! : id ‘ a ee fhe ‘poprlaken. vtadtiomts.6. _. (bispecsion. posasasle) a pd ia SR patty ow Se Me..rormol xomhem. sectiable..%. aaq E,pedties aa Normal Distybahm . Ba : : - wn35 a Mee 10 The .curve.2 symmebra rbocl a verbal axis. Heng h The moo kh, 12) He normoll curve approaches Ihe hovixonteL, axts asymp hbrall, starting’ from tht promt Xz M+30. The woh enact. : wt a M-3 ty.the Lf. ema 2 8028, Bs He ttal oven onder ihe eucve. omel above the: hertronded axis in gual t LES { oom ve EF , ze - “2% © @ Me mote, mediom ome mean of X all bycrte. ate the. Seo fonedo. Ch) beta raoimasn.. stokad.. ©. 68.a7Z cherie tee be srelex the. ong Ue Oto AMAB) 22 C).92.13 f,.cbserva.hers.f beeinder Me. tomge = : (dh 5.) to... BO) a Gs Wetel Libel bas. atone. hey Be| | sing the..€9uceden : Zw Xadh =| Mssal Dui ike Tbe; leg ACE Ka) = Pala ere: 0. PURE 8). .=. The... Stanckexd. Natal: Distibubon.. a The. sbamdorelisecl rarnel. disteibater hob. pean amet. a shear. deviatin: L” Ar Poy snciokle..X whieh es) /.. pars Lisbibited with moon Nh. ond shadeed Leviahon 6 ema iie. seonverted th Ihe. stoocdive pened aihibadn Ged) the. rondo vortnble % hos os clrhibaber which ia. M01). Mere 12.0. table of. areas uncler Be shard. povmell hibababors Te a pee valet 7 $8) PCR S2)..=. PA... i LER) ws PZ >= = ea oC) = . P(REZES) La Place Zeb wh. Pus KB) ou Ee a ez go. i.t- PCB A423) PRD. ge ee 828 oa Ui POTS ZE1G) =. PUD POD e O- WIZ = 0° 7588. fy PB)_2 PL) 2 PUY) 2 {ig fix Ai Hamad Divlibalin: "2 Xe a8) eet X he ony veviable i x a, 8 ss we _shrdardize X., which pix the stoma roto | vorinble Z Abs. 2 a Ket where. Zn. ee : P(b< XK) P(E2 pee en BEE i 2 eon Prod = peo = lt gl0-8)) (yse Tabh)BS sin Alotnol- Dist bubion 05-00. Fepioxinatkon..- ‘ [8 Gentl Inektn een Lf KO BOP) Of ” 2, beye exough b Then.X or NCA, 6) i [aa ME) =p & 6 = Nortx) = "PF ‘fr. beller. approximation. to Conye enol in lose b0-8. Coubimcity Correct’ sslicin edna tadn sotvhde in -chomped BY a. conbinuors rrmelom voria ble, 0m erm oceuts..Sn. proler by “elo the adjustment wt. alo canitaw'dy correction by eee 1, Subhocting HOS 09 cont ores... s pay s oF X18. diserele_stamolom. vactinble ensure tot ..p2S..onk 2G 2S. Xo in contincoet tomdore Nodttalole. aDisevete form ; Cx < 38) POX <2 3S) PASSE EAS) oD XK. nnacnnnnee es PUK £0 LPLK.2.0).. : Pl-aS Ex £05) “Plaexe gS ae a) ee AP (S€ MAB ae ote. vy cohen it gjeen at Xe “os notnadly no need ty dy conkmi'ty concechan: Tn_.whem tf. in.giter, Thal ©" Use. suctable a }). Tien, ole cambunity CoC KIN cay on vee te eei cohen pint cb givin We Com banek. te. “tbl Len ne Verse Ym Le 9. _ oo wD Azebe _ Ce ee . Plz) 2 0:9904 Loa «rom Table,» fe a ~ - =a 2:34. rteeneenee wp “ Rize ) = Soa : Beet PZ). 2 0-123 his wolae io.not the Table): Se ‘seek. 2 Case. sublmct Tis volo from L lie 9:12320.877) | see Zable je the _tesll (28772). pete es | Sach. that. Play 8770 fda sn ot ( X~ NCSo, 6: 4 f eect be shoossclised ‘vale. I-= see ef geen tb) O26 ‘Mathematival Formulas and Definitions ‘THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION If Zhas a normal distribution with mean 0 and variance | then, for each valve of, the table gives the value of (2), where 02) = PZ <2) For negative values of 2 se (-2) = 1 Oz). zl, 0 4 2 24°45 6 7 8 T3000 osea8 oss o.s2t7 0.6591 o.69s0 0.7291 611 07910 0.8186 ous 66s ots 0.9049 o9207 os3as 0.9863 0.9564 0.9649 9719 09778 0.9826 oes 0.9206 0.9920 09940 09955 0.9966 09975 09982 0006] 0.398! 0.5193 0.6179 0.5556 O15 ons7 0.500] 0.7881 o.aiso| ona 0.643 0.33) 9032! oi 05332) 9.9452 9s 9641 foa73 osm 0521 {osaet 23 [ases3 09918 09538 0953 0.965 oso 09981 5080 sere ose 0.055 0.5528 oes on 0.7602 0709 on2i2 oxist 8585 ‘088s 05066 osm om3s7 474 09573 09656 09726 0973 09830 09868 o9e08 0992 O91 19958 9967 9976 0.9982 aaa ra 03636 osnis 0.026] o.stas o.see0 asses 07190 97817 0:73 ‘oBt06 036s 1.599 ossio 03997 aster 9306 o9a29 0981s 0.9625 (0.9699 ogre ose oases 0.9887 0.9913 a9si4 09931 09963 o9973 09330 09986 asia o3si7 05910 093 0.554 ‘7019 ons o7673 07967 ome sats 1.8708] 9907] sora] asa36| 9320] 940d] asta] 0.9664] os] o97e8! 09834) 9671 2.9901 995 09963 09957 0.9968] 099m] o9sta) asia oss sess 8301 15700 0.7054 0.7389 0.7704 0.795 anes oases 08729 03925 09089 as2si fog3e2 095 09391 09671 09738 09793 0968 96s 2.9908 fo9s27 ogss o9959 19969 09977 0.9984 asi 05396 05987 0.5365 oss 0.7088, 0.74622 ome 0.3003 a9 08531 ono oa asus 09265 09354 09505 09599 9678 974 09798 982 09678 0.9906 0929 09546 09960 99970 978 9984 osrn| ona 0.7454! 0.76) 03051 oasis 855s oa770| 0.9962 09131 03279] ‘09406 assis 09608] 03686! 09750] 0.9803] o9tas| opsat 0.9008) as931 9948 03961 ass 9579] 908s} Critical values for the normal distribution FZ» normal igsibution with mesa O and vatiance 1 then, foreach value ofp the table ives she value of 2 such chat Pa ss)=p. Os ___ap0 ass [01s 099 ass | a997s osm) 09995 2 | ast 1g _1.645 [1960 23262576 [2807 3.090329