HOMEWORK 3

Question 1.

For each of the following functions X(s), what can you say about x(t) (0 ≤ t ≤ ∞)
without solving for x(t)? In other words, what are x(0) and x()? Is x(t) converging
or diverging? Is x9t) smooth or oscillatory?

6 ( s+2 )
a. X ( s )= 2
( s +9 s+20 ) ( s+ 4 )

10 s2−3
b. X ( s )=
( s2 −6 s +10 ) ( s +2 )

16 s+5
c. X ( s )=
s 2+ 9

Question 2
For each of the following cases, determine what functions of time, e.g. 3t, e -8t will
appear in y(t). (Note, you don’t have to solve y(t). If you use MATLAB you still need
to justify your answer as to why these terms appear in the final solution). Which y(t)
are oscillatory? Which exhibit a constant value of y(t) for large values of t?

2
(i) Y ( s )= 2
s ( s + 4 s)

2
(ii) Y ( s )= 2
s ( s +4 s +3)

2
(iii) Y ( s )= 2
s ( s + 4 s+ 4 )

2
(iv) Y( s )= s ( s2 +4 s+ 8 )

2( s+ 1)
(v) Y ( s )=
s (s2 +4 )
Question 3

Which solutions of the following equations will exhibit convergent behavior? Which
are oscillatory?

d3 x d2 x dx
(a) 3 + 2 2 + 2 dt + x =3
dt dt

d2 x t
(b) 2
−x=2 e
dt

d3 x
(c) + x=sint
d t3

d 2 x dx
(d) + =4
d t 2 dt

Question 4

Find the complete time-domain solutions for the following differential equations
using Laplace transforms:

d3 x t dx ( ) d2 x ( )
(a) 3 + 4 x=e with x ( 0 ) =0 , 0 =0 , 0 =0
dt dt dt2
dx
(b) −12 x=sin 3 t x ( 0 )=0
dt
d2 x dx −t dx
(c) 2 + 6 +25 x=e with x ( 0 )=0 , ( 0 )=0
dt dt dt

(d) A process that is described by two differential equations:

d y1
+ y 2=x 1
dt
d y2
−2 y 1+ 3 y 2=2 x 2
dt
If x1=e-t and x2=0, what can you say about the form of the solution for y1? for y2?

Question 5

We are working with the following differential equation:

d2 y dy dy
2
+6 +9 y =cost with y ( 0 )=1 , ( 0 )=2
dt dt dt

Find Y(s) and, without finding y(t), determine what functions of time will appear in
the solution.
s +1
(b) If Y ( s )= 2 , find y ( t ) .
s (s +4 s +8)

Question 6

A perfectly mixed, constant-volume tank has two input streams, both consisting of
the same liquid. The temperature and flow rate of each of the streams can vary with
time.

(a) Derive a dynamic model that will describe transient operation. Make a
degrees of freedom analysis assuming that both Streams 1 and 2 come from
upstream units (i.e. their flow rates and temperatures are known functions of
time).
(b) Simplify your model, if possible, to one or more differential equations by
eliminating any algebraic equations. Also simplify any derivatives of products
of variables.
(c) Derive the transfer function relating output variable T3 with input variable
T1.
(d) Derive the transfer function relating output variable T3 with input variable
T2.
Note: Liquid properties are constant (not functions of temperature).
 Question 7

A completely encosed stirred-tank heating process is used to heat an incoming

stream whose flow rate varies. The heating rate from this coil and the volume are
both constant.

(a) Develop a mathematical model (differential and algebraic equations) that

describes the exit temperature if heat losses to the ambient occur and the
ambient temperature Tα and the incoming stream’s temperature Ti both can
vary.
(b) Derive the transfer function between T and Tα.
(c) Derive the transfer function between T and Ti.
(d) Discuss qualitatively what you expect to happen as Ti and w increase (or
decrease). Justify by reference to your model.
Notes: ρ and C are constants. U, the overall heat transfer coefficient, is constant.
As is the surface area for heat losses to ambient. Ti> Tα (inlet temperature is
higher than ambient temperature).

Question 8

Two tanks are connected together in the unusual way shown in the figure below.
 (a) Develop a model for this system that can be used to find h1, h2, w2 and w3 as
functions of time for any given variations in inputs.
(b) Perform degrees of freedom analysis. Identify all input and output variables.
(c) Derive the transfer function between h1 and w1.
(d) Derive the transfer function between h2 and w1.

Notes: The density of the incoming liquid is constant. The cross-sectional areas of
the two tanks are A1 and A2. The flow rate w2 is positive for flow from Tank 1 to
Tank 2. The two valves are linear with resistances R2 and R3.

Question 9

Bioreactions are often carried out in batch reactors. The fed-batch bioreactor model
that we developed in class is also applicable to batch reactors if the feed flow rate F
is set equal to zero. Using the available information shown below, determine how
much time is required to achieve a 90% conversion of the substrate. Assume that
the volume V of the reactor contents is constant.

Available information:
Initial conditions: X(0)=0.05 g/L. S(0)= 10 g/L, P(0)=0 g/L.
Parameter values: V=1 L, μmax=0.20 hr-1, KS= 1.0 g/L, YX/S=0.5 g/g, YP/X=0.2.g/g.