FAREAST INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (FIU) > er SI -matioN s Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Program: B.Sc in EEE (Evening) Assignment: 02 Semester : Summer-2020 Power System Protection (EEE 4125) ID : 20104039 Prepared For Atika Farhana Lecturer Fareast Intemational University Prepared By : Ekramul Khan Chowdhury submission date: 8/09/2020Assignment 02 microprocessor Based Protective Relay An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines. Short circuit and other abnormal conditions often occur on a power system. The heavy current associated with short circuits is likely to cause damage to the equipment if suitable protective relays and circuit breakers are not provided for the protection of each section of the ower system. A protective system includes circuit breakers, transducers (CTs and VTs), and protective relays to isolate the faulty section of the power system from the healthy sections. The function of a protective relay is to detect and locate a fault and issue a command to the circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty element. The conventional protective relays are either of electromechanical or static type. The electromechanical relays suffer from several drawbacks such as high burden on instrument transformer, high operating time, contact problem etc. The static relays also suffer from a number of disadvantages such as inflexibility, inadaptability to changing system conditions and complexity. The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by microprocessor-based digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays”. The increased growth of power system both in size and complexity has brought about the need for fast and reliable relays to protect major equipment and to maintain system stability. The concept of digital protection employing computers which shows much promise in providing improved performance has evolved during the past two decades. Digital computer can easily fulfil the protection requirements of modem power system without difficulties. With the development of economical, powerful and sophisticated microprocessor, there is a growing interest in developing microprocessor-based protective relays which are more flexible because of being programmable and are superior to conventional relays. The objective of this paper is to give a comparative review of microprocessor-based protective relays.working principle: provided a review of microprocessor based protective relay (MBPR) systems with emphasis on differential equation algorithms. The application of protection relaying in power systems, using MBPR systems, based on the differential equation algorithm are valued more than the protection relaying based on any other algorithms, because the algorithm has the advantages of acouracy and easy implementation. MBPR differential equation approach can tolerate some errors caused by power system abnormality such as DC offset. tis widely implemented in the protections for lines, transformers, buses, motor, and other equipment in power systems. However, the parameters for system description algorithms are obtained from power system current i(t) or voltage v(t), which are abnormal values under fault or distortion situations. So the error study for the algorithm is considered. necessary. digital microprocessor based protective relays, installed in low voltage compartments of medium voltage switchgear and/or in control panels, become more and more exposed to EMC disturbances due to interferences that may affect the power quality of electrical networks. Endusers sometimes report unexpected circult breaker tripping and significant financial consequences due to process discontinuity. After analysis, itis quite easy to demonstrate that these incidents are caused either by a relay failure that went to a fall back Position, incorrect operation or improper installation/cabling rules. Due to higher market requirements and more demanding applications, mainly in the Oil & Gas sector, digital protective relays have to integrate more powerful protection, control, monitoring and ‘communication functionalities. Although these relays comply with the latest IEC 60255 and IEC 61000 standards and associated subsets, they have to be installed by switchboard manufacturers, whoever they are, in air nsulated or Gas Insulated switchgear. Improper installation rules can sometimes result in unexpected tripping. } proposed a generalizing modem microprocessorbased relay protection at the power transmission line and a design of relays based on ARM processor was put forward. This device used DSP made by TI to be the protective CPU, which mainly answered for controlling data acquisition, the sampled data processing, the protective function implementation, the human interface and peripheral serial interface and Ethernet communication, and used other devices to be assistant to control samplingiholding, multi-path option switch and the /O switching value. The system is mainly composed of several modules such as A/D samples circuit, Fourier algorithm, fault analysis, system. The test results show the design of the microprocessor-based protection has good performa Electrical Power System protection is required for protection of both user and the system equipment itself from fault, hence electrical power system is not allowed to operate without any protection devices installed. Power system fault is defined as undesirable condition that occurs in the power system. These undesirable conditions such as short circuit, current leakage, ground short, over current and over voltage. The functional security of the ower grid depends upon the successful operation of thousands of relays that may be used in protective scheme for preventing the power system from cascading failures. The failure of one relay of the protective scheme to operate as intended may imbalance the stability of the entire power grid and hence it may lead the whole system to blackout. In fact, major power system failures during a transient disturbance are more likely to be caused by unnecessary protective relay tripping rather than by the failure of a relay to take action. In other words, the performance of protective relay or system is very important to be known especially in smart ower grid. In other words, the performance of protection system is measured by several criteria including reliability, selectivity, speed of operation, etc. Reliability has two aspects: dependability and security. Dependability is known as the degree of certainty that a relay system will operate correctly when there is a fault on the system. Security is the degree of certainty that a relay will operate unnecessary even when there is no fault on the system.Advan jisadvan if mi r rel: Advantages Multitunctionaiity — functionally one microprocessor relay terminal is able to incorporate a whole set of all kinds of relays, a complex logic circuit and many output relays (actuators). Filling with protection can be so large that we can already talk about centralized protection, covering the whole switchgear. In many ways, this is an undoubted benefit, but multfunctionaiity reduces the reliability of the protection system, One way to increase reliability to the proper level can be duplication. A good option for duplication is to implement it within one terminal of MP device. In this case, two independent from each other instances, should not only present the relay protection functionality, but also the current and power circuits, ‘@Compactness — often one panel of MP device is able to replace several panels of EM device, but if installed in cells, the terminals of MP device also significantly save space. The terminals of MP device can become especially compact if the IEC 61850 standard (or its new analogues) finds wide application, because massive analog input cards and muttiple discrete | 1.0 cards will become unnecessary. At the same time, in the relay protection and automation panels, the sizes of terminal rows and cable ties will also dramatically decrease. @Observabilty, self-diagnostics and integrability in automatic process control systems — all this can significantly increase the reliability of the relay protection system (potentially): careful monitoring of the state of relay protection devices allows timely detection of its malfunction; Using a comprehensive analysis of the emergency mode and protection actions, vulnerabilities can be detected in the functional part of relay protection and automation equipment, Resistance to mechanical stresses is an advantage of MP device in comparison with EM device, itis also inherent in all static relays. This advantage is used where relay protection experiences great mechanical disturbances, for example, in submarines. Low load on current transformers — unlike EM device, when calculating the load on current transformers, the resistance of the current input of the terminal of MP device can be ignored — usually it does not exceed 0.1 Ohm. The resistance of the wires remains, which, as a rule, is much greater than this value. But the application of the IEC 61850-9-2 standard practically nulifies it, especially if optical current transformers are used. Of course, when implementing IEC 61850-9-2, you can encounter many nuances, but this is a separate issue. @High sensitivity — both in ME device and MP device, the sensitivity coefficients of measuring organs are much closer to unity than in EM device. Also, the sensitivity is increased due to more complex forms of relay response characteristics with two input values, which is easiest{o implement in relay protection and automation equipment. Here it could be noted as an advantage of MP device the use of measuring bodies for emergency components. However, emergency components have long been actively used by EM device, in so-called filter shields, even if it may not be as effective as in MP device. Thus, in almost all respects, MP device surpasses the previous generation - ME device. Compared to EM device, itis not so simple, especially in terms of electromagnetic compatibility. For example, this aspect can be fatal in terms of national security in military conflicts. Disadvantages: High price the first industrial designs of MP device came to Russia from Western countries, they were very expensive and were used more as a tribute to fashion. However, in the very ‘west, the price of MP device was already comparable to EM device . The fact is that, unlike the USSR, EM device was manufactured there according to high, one might say, space, technologies. But the high price of such an EM relay protection was compensated by the savings on maintenance, because relay protection engineers in the west are highly paid Personnel. At present, the price of MP device is gradually decreasing, while more and more budgetary solutions appear on the market. In addition, due to the development of information technologies in the electric power industry, there is a tendency towards a significant reduction in the cost of maintaining the relay protection and automation equipment, and towards a transition to maintenance as itis. @The need for reliable sources of operating current - this is the disadvantage of MP device only in comparison with EM device . The previous generation, ME device in the same way needs operational current, as well as MP device . It should be noted that recently the need for operational power supply of MP device has ceased to be strict. Development applications are ‘found in which the power supply is integrated inside the microprocessor terminal, and the power of both the terminal itself and the disconnection circuits is provided from secondary current or voltage circuits. ©The need for electromagnetic compatibility is also a disadvantage of MP device, which can only be compared with EM device. ME device is also subject to the influence of external electromagnetic fields, and to a greater extent than MP device. To make sure the last statement is correct, it is enough to recall that digital technology is more noise-protected than analog ©The problem of cyberthreats is associated exclusively with MP device. For none of the previous generations of relay protection, it did not exist. However, with a sober look, itis clear that information security is needed only for additional functions that are laid in microprocessor terminals in addition to the relay protection function itself. If MP deviceremove all connections with the external digital world, then this problem will cease to exist for itn the same way as ‘for any other relay protection system of previous generations. Without prejudice to additionalfunctionality, this could be done by placing protections in the microprocessor terminal on a separate board, informationally isolated from the outside world and from other boards. recently where use it and how to use it :Microprocessor-based relays may be used in all electromechanical relay applications. The added benefits of simple scheme design and improved reliability make them a very attractive option. Microprocessor-based relays also make new applications and protection philosophies available. We can implement more flexible protection schemes, reduce maintenance, obtain more information to increase our understanding of the power system, and improve the reliability of the protection system as a whole at a cost less than conventional electromechanical relays. Use of MPR is fast gaining acceptance especially in new plant and systems on account of the various advantages associated with it. Use of these is also being made in cases of renovation,, modernization and remote control of the old/worn out power stations/power systems, However, their use-in. existing systems is not finding .many acceptances due-, to cost and other implications, particularly in " developing countries. It appears that it will take quite some time in charge over and till such time old systems will continue to run concurrently with the MPRs, Recently use