70-28 557 MOGBO, Nathan Chidozie Tkpeazu, 1941- EFFECT OF CONCRETE COATING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LINE-PIPE, Rice University, Ph.D., 1970 Engineering, civil University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDRICE UNIVERSITY EFFECT OF CONCRETE COATING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LINE-PIPE by Nathan Chidoziestkpeazu Mogbo A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Directorts signature: Houston, Texas May, 1970AOKNOWLEDGEMENTS, This thesis was written under the direction of Dr. James 0. Jirsa, Associate Professor of Civil Engineer- ing, Rice University. Dr. J. C. Wilhoit, Jr., Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rice University was a co-director of the research project. The author wishes to express his appreciation to both Dr. Jirsa and Dr. Wilhoit for their invaluable help and guidance through the entire project. The author would also like to acknowledge the help of Manuel G. Aguirre and Fook-Hoy Lee in setting up the experiments and doing some of the analysis. This research project was sponsored by the following companies: Atlantic Pipe Line Company Brown and Root, Inc. Columbia Gas System Service Corporation Chevron 041 Field Research Company Esso Production Research Company Gulf Research and Development Co. J. Ray MeDermott and Co., Inc. Mobile Pipe Line Company Shell Pipe Line Corporation Southern Natural Gas Company ‘Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation Trunkline Gas Company United Gas Pipe Line Company The pipe coating was provided by H. C. Price Co.TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Object and Scope 1.2 Background 2. Experimental Set-up 2e1 Description of Test Set-up 2.2 Description of Test Specimens 2.3 Specimen preparation and Instrumentation 2.4 Test Procedure 3. Material Properties 3.1 Concrete 3.2 Wrap Coat and Somastic 3.3 Steel 4, Behavior of Test Specimens 4,1 Introductory Remarks 4,2 Measured Moments 4.3 Computation of Curvature from Measured data 4,4 Cracking and Crushing of the Concrete 4.5 Moment-Strain Curves 4.6 Moment-Curvature Relationships 4.7 Effect of Concrete Coating on Flexural Stiffness Page 10 12 13 13 14 17 18 19 20 iiaii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 5. Computed Moments and Curvatures 5.1 Introduction 22 5.2 Assumptions 22 5+3 Computation of Moments and Curvatures 23 6. Comparison of Computed and Measured Moment-Curvature Relationships 25 7. Influence of Field Joints on the Behavior of the Pipe 7.1 Introductory Remarks 27 2.2 Effect of Field Joint on the Contribution of Conerete Coating 28 73 Predicted Average(effective) Stiffness 32 8. Summary and Conclusiéns 4h References a? Tables 48 Figures 5h Appendix A.1 Introduction 109 A.2 Notations ata A.3 Steel Forces and Moments 115 A.4 Concrete Forces and Moments 1341. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Object and Scope The object of this investigation is twofold: (a) to determine the contribution of the concrete coat- ing to the flexural strength and stiffness of the pipe system, (b) to determine the influence of field joints in reducing the effectiveness of the concrete coating. A total of eight concrete coated pipes were tested in flexure to simulate the bending stresses that are produced in the pipe during laying operations. Each pipe was tested as a simple beam and loads were applied in such a way as to produce a region of pure flexure. Since the field joint allows slippage between the concrete coating and the asphal+ tic interface, the influence of the field joint is a function of the shear and creep properties of the interface materials. Push-off tests were carried out to determine the shear and creep properties of the interface materials(somastic and wrap coat). Using material properties, the theoretical contribution of the concrete coating to the stiffness and strength of the pipe system are determined. In addition, the extent to which the effectiveness of the concrete is reduced by a field joint or a crushed setion is examined on the basis of realistic assumptions regarding the properties of the asphaltic interface materials. The calculated response is presented and a procedure for extending the results tovarious diameter pipes is given. 1.2 Background During construction of offshore pipe lines large bend- ing stresses may be developed in the pipe. These stresses result from the unsupported weight of the pipe line, currents and barge motion. It is clear that the unsupported weight of the pipe will increase with water depth, and this will in turn increase the bending stresses. Currently offshore pipe lines are being laid in water depths of about 300 ft. How- ever with pipe lines planned for greater depths, the problems associated with flexure will be compounded. Care is usually taken during construction to limit the curvatures applied to the pipe to values near the elastic limit in order to ensure ‘that the bending stresses in the pipe will not significantly exceed the yield stress. To estimate these stresses and curvatures requires that the flexural stiffness of the pipe be known. Therefore information is needed to determine the average stiffness of concrete coated pipes including the effects of field joints. This information will also help in defining more accurately the geometry of the pipe line from the stinger to the sea floor. The trend towards deeper waters also necessitates a modi- fication of conventional techniques for laying offshore pipe- lines. Deep water construction makes the stinger approach uneconomical because of the stinger length required. The on-bottom stability of the pipes io another problem that is encountered as a result of laying pipes in deep watenThis stability may be provided for in a number of ways. In Bome cases it is sufficient to bury the pipe but in other circumstances this is not practical(in deep water) and the pipe must be weighted to keep it submerged and to provide stability against transverse horizontal currents. In general, large diameter pipes(pipes with outside diameter of 8 inches or more), require additional weight to provide the necessary stability when laid in marshy ground or in deep water. To provide the additional weight needed for stability, the pipe is coated with a layer of concrete reinforced with a light wire mesh. The concrete layer is generally at least one inch thick. Usually a wrap coating or somastic layer (voth asphaltic materials) is applied between the concrete coating and the steel tube core to prevent corrosion of the steel tube. Thus, large diameter offshore pipe lines may be considered to be composite beams made up of a steel tube core, an intermediate layer of asphaltic material, and a thick outer shell of reinforced concrete. Field joints are formed at locations where the pipe sections are welded together. During the laying operation, the conerete in the field joint length is still fluid and can not carry any stresses. Therefore the pipe has two flexural stiffmesses, one over the field joint length and the other over the length of solidified concrete. As will be discussed later in this report, the field joint allows slippage of the concrete coating over the interface material thereby reducing the effectiveness of the concrete coatingin increasing the flexural stiffness and strength of the pipes. Failure of the pipes may be due to crushing of the con- erete coating and yielding of the steel tube core, to local buckling, or to @ combination of these factors. Review of previous studies indicates that the effects of the concrete coating and field joints on the general behavior of the pipe were not specifically investigated. Livingston (1) made model studies on two-inch diameter pipes coated with concrete and concluded that slippage of the concrete coating over the interface material made the concrete contri- bution to the flexural stiffness of the pipe unreliable. The report did not give any estimates of the magnitude of the concrete contribution. The properties of the interface materials were not investigated and no basis was provided for the extrapolation of the results to larger diameter pipes. In order to overcome the field joint effect on the behavior of the pipe he proposed that the steel tube core in the region of the joint be made thicker than the rest of the steel tube to compensate for the loss in stiffness, However, this appears to be an impractical solution. Wilhoit and Merwin (2) made theoretical studies of the pipe stresses induced in laying offshore pipe lines. Their results provide a simple method for computing average stiff» ness of concrete coated pipes with field joints. However the approach appears to over estimate the the stiffness of the pipe.2. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 2.1 Description of Test Set-up Photographs of the test set-up are shown in Fig. 1.1. Each pipe was tested as a simple beam supported at each end in a frame. The supporting frames were held in place with high strength rods tied to an overhead beam that rested on two concrete pedestals. Loads were applied at two points within the test span to produce 4 region of pure flexure, The load was applied through a frame similar to the support frames. Hydraulic rams were placed on the load frames and high strength rods, instrumented with strain gages to serve as load cells, ran through the center holes of the hydraulic rams. The bottom ends of the loading rods were tied to the structural test floor through a steel assemblage as shown in the figure. Both the loading frames and the supports were assembled in such a way as to enable the frame to rotate freely as deflections and rotations of the pipe increased. Since bath the the loading and supporting rods were pinned at each end, there was no restraint to lateral movement at the supports or load points and the introduction of axial forces in the pipe was avoided. A schematic representation of the test set-up is shown in Fig, 1.2. Note that both the load cells and the supporting rods were essentially linkrconnections and provided no restraint against rotation or horizontal movement of the frames. In order to hold the pipe in place and to distributeload over the surface of the pipe a high strength gypsum mortar seat was cast between the pipes and the supports and the loading frames. 2.2 Description of Test Specimens Each specimen was a composite cylinder made up of a steel tube core, an intermediate layer of asphaltic material, and an outer shell of very lightly reinforced concrete. Two specimens had interface materials commonly referred to as “wrap coat" and the remaining six specimens had a“somastic" interface. The thickness of the interface material varied from about 1/4 inch for the wrap coating to about 5/8 inch for the somastic. The thickness of the steel tube core varied from a nominal value of 1/4 inch to 1/2 inch, and the conerete outer shell varied from about 1 inch to about 2 inches. Specimens were supplied in nominal lengths of forty feet. A summary of the properties of the test specimens is listed in Table 1.1, Material properties are discussed in detail in chapter 3. Of the eight specimens tested, three had simulated field joints within the pure flexure span. The field joints were made by removing a band of about 4 inches of the concrete coating and the interface material (a thirty inch band in specimen 12Sia) around the pipe near one of the load points. The joint was located near a load point to allow the greatest possible distance within the flexure span for studying the effects of the joint on the pipe stiffness.2.3 Specimen preparation and Instrumentation Each specimen was instrumented with electric resistance epoxy-backed foil strain gages (0.25 inch gage length) # fastened to the steel with Eastman 910 adhesive. Since, the specimens were coated with concrete before they were delivered to the laboratory, cores of the concrete and inter- face material had to be removed at the locations where gages were to be applied to the steel. The steel gages were placed at 2 feet intervals within the constant moment span. Gages were fasteneddboth at the top and bottom surfaces (tension and compression sides) of the steel tube. After cementing the gages to the steel, the installation was water proofed with wax and the opening left by the core on the compression wide was filled with concrete. It was necessary to provide smooth surfaces for the application of gages to the concrete. This was accomplished by covering the concrete surface at selected locations with a layer of a mixture of epoxy resin cement and fine grain sand (the mixture was about 80 percent sand and 20 percent epoxy by volume). The epoxy-sand mixture was. allowed to cure for 24 hours and then sanded to a fairly smooth finish. The concrete was instrumented with paper-backed wire resis- tance gages (2.5 inches gage length) fastened with epoxy cement. In order to measure the deflections, short scales were hung from bolts fastened to the side of the pipe. Deflections of the scales were taken using a high precision level witha built-in vernier reading to 0.001 inch. These scales were located at two feet intervals within the pure flexure span. 2.4 Test Procedure Load was applied in nominal 1000 1b. increments. After each load increment had been applied, strain gage and def- lection readings were taken and the progression of the cracks in the concrete was marked. Widths of the cracks were also measured. At each load stage, 15 minutes was required to complete the recording of the data. The entire test required about 8 hours.3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES 301 Concrete The strength of the concrete coating was determined by means of a Schmidt Concrete Test Hammer which is a non- destructive test for obtaining concrete strength. The test hammer used was the standard type, intended for general concrete construction. ‘The instrument operates by measuring the rebound produced by the impact of a loaded plunger against the concrete surface. There are other types of test hammers available for special applications. A more detailed description of the instrument can be obtained in Ref. (3). To obtain good results using the test hammer requires the selection of very smooth surfaces on the specimens to be tested. The plunger of the hammer must be placed perpen- dicularly against the concrete surface. A gradual increase in pressure is applied to the hammer which depresses the plunger and loads the spring until the required force is reached. At that point, the plunger is released automa- tically and the rebound scale is read. A calibratienntable is provided with the instrument to convert rebound readings to concrete strengths. Generally, there are six factors that will affect the accuracy of the concrete strength obtained using this methods a) surface texture of the concrete b) surface/internal moisture ratio c) size, shape and rigidity of the specimen10 4) aggregate size and concentration of aggregates near the test spots. e) type of ageregates £) age of specimen To reduce the possible sources of error, it is advist- able to take about 15 scale readings in one area moving the hammer at least one inch for each reading. The readings are considered reliable if variations do not exceed 42.5 to £3.5 on the rebound scale. The compressive strength of the concr concrete is determined by using the best 10 of 15 readings. This procedure has the advantages of speed and non- destruction of the concrete being tested, and if carefully used, gives concrete strengths to within approximately 15 percent of the actual value. In each of the pipes tested, a large number of impact readings was taken along the length of the pipe. These read- ings were averaged and used to obtain a representative concrete strength. Table 1.1 lists the strengths of the conerete coating. The strengths shown should be regarded as approximate values considering the method used in obta- ining them. Figure 3.1 shows the concrete stress-strain relation- ship assumed in the analysis of the pipes, This figure represents a typical stress-strain diagram for concrete obtained by Hognestad (4). ‘The curve is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5. 3.2 Wrap Goat and Somastic The interface materials, wrap coat and somastic, wereat assumed in the analysis to make no contribution to the flexural stiffess of the pipe. However, the interface material does influence the behavior of the pipe near a field joint or crushed section to a large extent. Field joints are formed by welding two pipe sections together during the laying operation. The influence of the field joints on the flexural behavior of the pipe is a function of the shear (bond) capacity of the interface material and will be discussed in detail in Chapter 7, To obtain infor- mation on the shear properties of these asphaltic materials, push-off test were performed on short pipe sections. Figure 3.2a shows the test set-up for the push-off test. ‘The specimen was put in a hydraulic test machine and load was applied as shown. ‘he relative displacement (slip) of ‘the concrete coating with respect to the steel tube was measured using dial indicators. Load was applied in several increments and slip was measured immediately after each increment of load was applied. This reading represented the instantaneous slip and the instantaneous strain is plotted against the shear stress in Fig. 3.2. The curves shown in Fig. 3.2 are assumed to be similar to those which would have been obtained if the specimen had been loaded to failure in a short time. However, the curves are likely to have been influenced by the creep phenomenon which was studied in the following manner. After the application of each load increment, the load was held at a constant value for a period of time and slip readings were taken every12 five minutes. These readings gave an indication of the creep properties of the interface material. The load was maintained until the slip showed no increase for three successive five minute intervals. Failure ocourred when the slip started to increase very rapidly under constantcstress. ‘The large values of slip were produced by bond or shear failure at the interface. Figures 3.3 and 3.4 show the creep characteristics of the somastic (specimen 12Sia) and the wrap coat (specimen 12W1). An examination of these curves and correlation of the push-off tests with the behavior of the pipes in flexure will be discussed later. 3+3 Steel Coupon fests of the steel tube core were run for all the pipes tested, and the stress- strain curves for the steel are shown in Figs. 3.5 and 3.6. The curves show that some of the steel exhibited a definite yield point with a bilinear stress-strain diagram while the remainder of the specimens had stress-strain diagrams that exhibited a steadily increasing stress-strain relationship after the proportional limit was reached. See Fig. 3.6. These curves had a non- linear transition to the plastic range which was also linear but with a much smaller slope than the initial slope.13 4, BEHAVIOR OF TEST SPECIMENS 4.1 Introductapy Remarks The behavior of the pipes will be discussed in terms of flexural moment-curvature relationships, moment-strain relationships of the concrete coating, and the crushing of the concrete coating. Crack widths in the concrete coating at various load stages and the influence of the concrete coating on the flexural stiffness and strength of the pipes will also be examined. 4.2 Measured Moments Load was applied to the specimen at two load points (generally near the third points of the span) to produce a constant bending moment over the central portion of the span. The value of the applied bending moment is simply the end reaction multiplied by the shear span (the distance between the support and load point). The dead load moment is obtained by adding the moment due to the weight of the loading frames and the maximum mom- ent due to the distributed weight of the pipe. If the weight of each loading frame is P, then the moment due to P is obtained by multiplying P by the shear span. The maximum moment due to the distributed weight of the pipe (My), is computed from the following formula: m= wiz. . . . oe ew Meh where w = distributed weight of the pipe 1 = distance between the supports14 Hence the dead load moment (Mj) at the center of the pure flexure span is given byt 2 Mae = Pl, + wh JB 6 «© © © 8 8 8 462 where 1, = shear span 4,3 Computation of Curvature from Measured data (a) Curvatures from Deflection data Measured curvatures were computed using deflection and strain data. A simple finite difference expression was used to approximate the second derivative of the deflection curve at a given station. The finite difference expression ie written in terms of the deflections at any station n, and two adjacent stations n-1 and nti, each a distance h on either side of n. The curvature is given by the following formular 2, ay -t 2. $ = Yn-t ~2¥y *Ynet 4 2 Pp n ae ax’ n ne where f= vadius of curvature at the station n = curvature at the station n Deflections were measured at a number of points two feet apart along the pure moment span and curvatures at no less than three points in the pure flexure span were comp- uted from the deflection data. A representative curvature for the pipe 2t each load stage was obtained by averaging the values computed+15 (b)_Error Analysis The finite difference equation employed in calcu- lating measured curvature from the deflection data was very sensitive to slight variations in deflections, especially in the early stages of loading when the pipe was subjected to very small curvatures. Therefore,,small errors in the measured deflections could result in large errors in the computed curvatures in the elastic range. However, the influence of these errors was minimal when the pipe was sub- jected to large deflections and curvatures (in the plastic range of behavior). The nature of the test program precluded a statistical study of the results to estimate the possible errors in deflection readings. A least square approximation was applied to all the elastic deflection readings for each station in the pure moment span of specimen 20Si. The uncertainty (the possible value the error might have) that existed in some of the deflection readings was small but it produced changes as much as 60 percent in the complete curvature values in the early load stages. The uncertainty in the curvature computations can be obtained in the following manner: Tf £(x,, Xg0 X3- - ~~ X) 4s a function of x1, Xp» x3 and wi(i= 1, 2, - - -n) is the uncertainty in x1, x2, “x, (all independent variables), then the uncertainty in f iss 2. 2 e b ve = [T+ Beth] = =16 Applying this to the curvature relationship, Eq. 4.3, the uncertainty in the curvature will ber nh a wi [ce + (-20K)" r( “in| eomPe ee] Equation 4,5 is applicable to a1} curvature computations at Wed every station in the pure moment span. Because of the large errors that might have been present in the curvatures computed from deflections in the initial load stages, curvatures based on strains were considered to be more reliable in the elastic range. As the steel started to yield and the specimens underwent large deflections the curvatures computed from deflections were considered to be more reliable. (c) Curvature from Strains Strains were measured at the extreme fibres on both the tension and the compression sides of the steel tube core “at several sections along the pure moment span. These strain readings were used to compute values of curvature at a number of instrumented sections. The expression for comp- uting curvatures from strains is given as follows: $ =p [4d + [6s] 7 a - = 46 De where & = tension strain in the steel €s, = compression strain in the steel Do = outside diameter of the steel tube core17 The curvatures computed at all the instrumented sections in the pure flexure span were averaged to obtain a repre- sentative curvature for the pipe at every load stage. 4.4 Cracking and Crushing of the Concrete Imieach specimen flexure cracks were observed at about 18 inch intervals within the pure flexure span. As the load on the specimen increased, the crack progressed towards the compression zone and the with of the cracks increased. In all the specimens, several cracks around the entire cir- cumference of the pipe were present before testing due to handling of the pipes. The average crack widths and corres~ ponding curvatures are listed in Table 4.1. The crack wict widths are approximately proportional to the curvatures. In the early load stages the cracks closed after the applied load was removed, but at higher curvatures (when the pipes were subjected to large deflections) the cracks only partially closed upon removal of the applied load. Figure 4.1 shows a typical crushed section in specimens without a simulated field joint. Results indicate that the crushing of the concrete was localized in nature and occurred at several locations along the pipe in the constant moment length. After the concrete crushed, slippage occurred between the concrete and the interface material resulting in a reduction of concrete stresses near the crushed section. ‘The slippage prevented the concrete coat- ing from increasing the flexural stiffness of the pipe substantially. There was no crushing in specimens with a18 field joint in the constant moment span. The influence of crushing on the general behavior of the pipe will be discu- ssed in greater detail later. Figure 4,1 shows that only a very small amount of concrete was lost by spalling and the weight of the pipe was only slightly reduced. Therefore, crushirig did not affect the primary reason (weight) for applying the concrete coating. After the concrete crushed, large longitudinal cracks were observed along the crest of the pipe in the comp- ression zone in the neighborhood of the crushing (Fig. 4.2). Large tensile stresses normal to the axis of the pipe caused by the concrete crushing probably produced this spliting at the crest of pipe. This behavior was observed in all speci- mens in which crushing of the concrete occurred. 4.5 Moment-Strain Curves Moment-strain curves for the concrete coating are shown in Figs. 4.3 to 4.10. In Pigs. 4.3 to 4.7 the curves show that concrete strain increased until crushing occurred in the concrete, After crushing, the concrete strains in sections adjacent to the crushed sections were released. The release of the concrete strains was initiated by the slip of the concrete outer shell over the asphaltic interface. So Concrete strains at sections further away from the crushed sections continued to increased. It should be pointed out that the concrete compressive strains were not as high as might be expected to produce crushing. However, the strain gages were never at the exact sections at which crushing occurred and the measured strains19 were probably lower than the strains at the locations where crushing took place. Therefore, the trends exhibited are of much greater significance than the absolute values of the strains. Figures 4,8 to 4,10 show moment-strain relationships for the concrete coating of the pipes with simulated field joint joints, In general strains increased throughout loading on these specimens although the rate of increase was dependent on the distance from the joint. Crushing was not produced in the concrete because the shear stress between the concrete and the interface material was insufficient. The effect: of the field joints on the behavior of the pipes is examined in detail in Chapter 7.1. 4.6 Moment-Curvature Relationships Monent-curvature relationships for all the specimens tested are shown in Figs. 4.11 to 4.18, These figures show the loading history (loading and unloading curves) for the specimens. The strains listed are the maximum tensile strains in the steel at that particular loading cycle. ‘The curvatures shown are computed from the deflection data and are averages for the pure flexure span. The moments plotted in these figures are applied moments and do not include the dead load moments. In Figs. 4.14 to 4.18 the curvatures at which crushing of the concrete coating occurred are indicated. These are diagrams for specimens that did not have simulated field joints in the pure moment span. As noted previously, specimens with field joints did not exhibit any crushing20 of the concrete coating. It is apparent from Figs. 4.11 to 4.18 that steel tensile strains in excess of 1.0 percent and curvatures considerably in excess of those recommended in pipe laying operations were recorded in some of the specimens. Figures 4.19 to 4.26 show moment-curvature relationships from both computed and measured data (strains and deflections). ‘The moments plotted in these curves are total moments (dead load moments included). The curves shown for the deflection data represent the envelope curves of Figs. 4.11 to 4,18 modified to include dead load moments and curvatures. ‘These curves will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter. 6. 4.7 Effect of Concrete Coating on Flexural Stiffmess The initial stiffnesses of all the pipes tested are listed in Table 4.2. Emphasis is placed on the initial (elastic) stiffness of the pipes because it is in this region that the contribution of the concrete coating is most signi- ficant and can be most reliably estimated. After the concrete crushes and the steel yields, the concrete contribution is generally minimal (about 5 percent). The stiffnesses listed in this table are the initial slopes of the moment- curvature relationships shown in Figs. 4.19 to 4.26. The table shows that the measured increase in the flexural stiffness (concrete contribution colum 6 of Table 4.2) over the computed bare pipe stifmmess(EI),/EIg, varies from a low value of 9 percent for specimen 20S1 to a high value of 23 percent for specimen 12Sic. Differences21 in the values listed in colum 6 of the table can be attributed to the differences in concrete properties and concrete thickness, the effect of the field joint, pipe sizes and wall thickness of the steel tube core, and the stress-strain characteristics of the steel. i ae) The last column of Table 4,2 shows the difference between the measured and computed stiffnesses. It can be seen that the pipes with field joints show larger differences between measured and computed stiffnesses, For pipes without field joints the differences are still quite significant and can be attributed to the fact that the concrete coating is not homogeneous. Along the length of the pipe the concrete thickness varies and weak spots are evident in the concrete. All these factors will tend to reduce the potential contri- bution of the concrete coating.22 5+ COMPUTED MOMENTS AND CURVATURES 5.1 Introduction In this chapter, computation of moments and curvatures from material properties and geometric relationships for the cross-section will be discussed. Determination of moments and curvatures using the equations given in the appendix is briefly discussed and the theoretical influence of conerete coating on the flexural stiffness and strength of the pipe is also examined. 5+2 Assumptions The relationship between the moment and curvature was determined analytically based on the following assumptions: (a) Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending (no slip between the concrete coating and the steel). (b) Stresses in the interface material (somastic and wrap coat) are negligible. (c) Concrete has no tensile strength and the wire mesh in the concrete provides no significant tensile capacity at a crack. (4) The stress-strain relationship for concrete is given by an equation developed by Hognestad (4+). This is a typical stress-strain relationship for concrete obtained experimentally from tests of concrete cylinders. The concrete stress-strain curye was shown in Fig. 3.1. (e) The stress-strain properties of steel are given by ‘the results obtained from coupon fests shown in23 Figs. 3.5 and 3.6. In an earlier study, Aguirre (5) computed the moment-curvature relationships of concrete coated pipes using a simplified bilinear stress-strain curve for the steel. In this investigation, the stress- strain relationships for steel as obtained from the tensile coupon tests were used. For computation purposes, a third degree polynomial was used to approximate the non-1inear "Knee" portion of the curve. For the pipe in pure flexure, Fig. 5.1 shows the effective cross-section of the pipe considered in this analysis and the accompanying strain and stress diagrams. 53 Computation of Moments and Curvatures The detailed development of the equations for moments and curvatures is presented in the appendix. A computer program employing an iterative procedure was developed to carry out the analysis. The effect of varying the concrete thickness was inves- tigated by computing the moment-curvature relationships for a 12-3/H x .406-inch pipe with varying conerete coating thickness. The results plotted in Fig. 5.2 clearly show that increased concrete thickness not only increased the flexural stiffness of the pipe in the elastic region subs- tantially but also in the plastic region (minimum increase in the plastic region was about 20 percent for one inch coating and about 60 percent for a four inch coating). A similar result is shown in Fig. 5.3 for a 12-3/4 x .250-inch pipe. In this case, the percentage of the concrete contri- bution is much larger relative to the flexural capacity of2h the steel tube core. In both figures, the computation for @ bare pipe provides a lower bound on the influence of the concrete coating. All the pipes tested were analysed to determine theore- tical moment-curvature relationships which are plotted in Figs. 4.19 to 4.26. Each specimen was also analysed assum- ing no concrete coating. The computed response for a bare pipe also provides a lower bound on the effect of concrete coating. In the next chapter, a comparison of the measured and computed moment-curvature relationships will show that the contribution of the concrete coating was never as large as predicted by the analysis presented in this chapter.25 6. COMPARISON OF COMPUTED AND MEASURED MOMENT- CURVATURE RELATIONSHIPS ‘The measured and computed moment-curvature relation- ships are shown in Figs. 4.19 to 4.26. The measured moment- curvature relationships were computed from strain and deflec- tion data as discussed in Chapter 4, The measured curves lie between the computed curves for the bare and coated rij> pipes. The agreement between the measured and computed curves is very good in the initial stages, especially for those pipes without simulated field joints. The initial stiffmesses of the measured curves are slightly less than those of the computed curves for the coated pipes. ‘The differences in the initial stiffnesses of similarly coated pipes may be the result of the assumptions regarding the concrete stress-strain curve and the method used to obtain the concrete strength. Another possible reason for the discrepancy is the variation in thickness of the concrete coating.along the length of the pipe. For pipes with a simulated field joint in the pure moment span, the initial slopes of the measured curves are much less than the slopes of the computed curves. The initial portions of the moment-curvature relation- ships of three specimens are shown in Figs. 6.1 to 6.3 for comparison. Figures 6.1 and 6.2 are plotted for specimens 12S1b and 12W2 without simulated field joite while Fig. 6.3 is for specimen 12£1¢ which had a simulated field joint. Figure 6.3 shows that the measured moment-curvature relat- ionships for a coated pipe with a simulated field joint does26 not compare as well with the computed curve as do the curves for coated pipes shown in Figs. 6.1 and 6,2. The influence of field joints on the effectiveness of the concrete coat- ing will be discussed in gceater detail in the next chapter. Generally, the curves obtained from measured strains lie to the right of those obtained using deflection data. The measured strains provide curvatures at specified sections while computations based on deflection measurements tend to average curvatures along the length. Since the concrete coating was cored for strain gage placement and the conti- nuity of the concrete was slightly altered, the strain gages were located at sections of maximum distress, However, correlation between the measured curves from strains and deflections indicated that:-he effect of this disturbance was not significant. With the onset of concrete crushing and steel yielding, the measured curves approach the bare pipe curve. This is in contrast to the predicted concrete contribution discussed in Chapter 5. The computed curves predict a minimum concrete contribution of about 20 percent to the flexural strength of the pipe for a one inch coating in the plastic range of behavior but the measured increasedis about 5 percent. Pipes with field joints were not subjected to large plastic strains but the results indicate that the curves tend to approach the computed response of the bare pipe. In addition, it was observed that the field joints reduce the concrete effectiveness and it can be assumed that the éontrivution of the concrete in the plastic range of behavior is minimal.27 7. INFLUENCE OF FIELD-JOINTS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PIPE 7-1 Introductory Remarks In pipe laying operations, the concrete coating is discontinuous at field joints where the lengths of pipe are welded together. Usually, the length of bare pipe at the field joint is coated with fresh concrete or hot-mix asphalt before the pipe is lowered to the bottom of the sea, Since the laying operation moves rapidly, the concrete does not set before the pipe is subjected to bending deformations. As a result, the coating material at the field joint can not carry any compressive stresses, and the stiffness at the joint is that of a bare pipe. Away from the joint the stiffness increases, In order to simulate a field joint in the experimental studies, a length of the concrete coating and interface material was removed around the entire circumference of the pipe at a section near one of the load points in the pure flexure span. The joint was located near a load point to allow™the greatest possible distance within the flexure span for studying the effects of the joint on the stiffness. As indicated previously, the presence of a field joint or a crushed section allows the concrete coating to slip over the interface material as load is applied to the test specimen. In effect, plane sections no longer remain plane. This behavior limits the magnitude of the compressive stresses which can be developed in the concrete coating.28 Forces must be transferred from the steel tube core to the concrete coating through shear between the concrete and the interface material. If the shear capacity of the inter- face material is insufficient, the capacity of the concrete coating in compression will not be fully mobilized. Therefore, the influence of the field joint is a function of the shear capacity and creep properties of the inter- face asphaltic material. In this chapter, push-off tests made to determine the shear properties and thecoreep cha- racteristics of the interface materials will be examined, and correlation between the push-off test results and the specimen behavior will be made. A method of predicting the average stiffness of line pipe including the effects of the field joint will be discussed. A means of computing the stiffness (El) of the composite pipe section using transformed areas will be examined. The intent is to generalise the results obtained in the tests to include a variety of pipe geometries. Because the test set-up limited the length of pipe which could be subjected to pure bending, the values of concrete force achieved in the tests were never quite as large as the values predicted here (the concrete force used in predicting 1;), and the average stiffness computed in this chapter should be regarded as approximate values. 7.2 Effect of Field Joint on the Contribution of Concrete Coating (a) Push-off Tests Push-off tests were performed on short pipe sections29 as shown in Fig. 3.2a, ‘The length of the pipe section used in the push-off test was limited to about 30 inches to make the test specimen easy to handle while providing a large enough specimen to give representative results. These tests not only gave information regarding the shear capacity of the interface materials (somastic and wrap coat) but also regarding the creep properties of these materials. Figures 3.3 and 3.4 show that both interface materials have increased rates of creep at high sustained loads. The maximum bond(shear) stress that could be applied is about 27 psi for the somastic and about 8 psi for the wrap coat at a temperature of 74°F, In the following sections, the bond stresses measured in the push-off tests will be compared with those estimated in the flexural tests. (bv) Distribution of Measured Concrete Force Along the Pipe Concrete compressive forces at several sections along the pipe were computed by applying the measured ctnetete strains along the top surface(compression side) to Equations A.i? and A.19 given in the appendix, The neutral axis offset p, from the centroid was computed from measured steel strains as follows: én) — peel ety wore [Gul + |6el Tp = outside radius of the steel tube core €,, = strain at bottom side of steel tube(tension strain) €st= strain at top side of steel tube(compressive strain)30 See Fig. 5.1 for the location of p. Figures 7.1 to 7+3 show the distribution of these concrete compressive forces along the pure moment span for pipes with simulated field joints. The compressive force in the concrete coating increases with distance from the joint (the concrete force ,Fo, is zero at the joint). As the distance from the joint increases, the rate of increase of the concrete force is decreased. The predicted capacity of the concrete coating (shown in Figs. 7.1 to 7.3) is much greater than the maximum compressive force measured. The inability to reach the comp- ressive strength of the concrete can be attributed primarily to insufficient bond stress(shear stress) as a result of the slip between the concrete coating and the interface material or the steel tube. (c) Determination of Bond Stressiin the7Test Specimens (i) Correlation of Bond stress With Forces in ection Pipe Gros: In order to correlate the results obtained in the push-off tests with the shear stresses developed in an actual test specimen, the forces acting on a free-body diagram of an element of the concrete coating at a certain distance from the field joint are shown in Fig. 7.4. To obtain an expression for computing the average bond stress (u), the forces were summed in the horizontal direction as follows: DR 08 ugdl + Fo - Fy - ae From whichat us, = 4 Pf dl or u = a Ff(dleeD) - - = = = = (702) = average bond force per unit length between the concrete coat and the interface material average bond stress, force per unit area 5 1 F, = concrete compressive force D2 = inside diameter of the concrete coating Even though the concrete in tension was cracked, it was assumed that the bond stress was uniformly distributed around the entire circumference of the pipe. Since the tests showed that the entire concrete tube slipped over the interface material, it seems reasonable to assume that bond stresses were developed along the entire circumference of the concrete coating and not just along the portion of the concrete above the neutral axis. (ii) Measured Bond Stress Equation 7.2 provides a relationship between the average bond stress and the concrete forces at. any section within the pure moment span. Three specimens 12Sia, 12Sic, and 16S2 had simulated field joints within the pure flexure span. Using the concrete forces determined from measured strains (Eqs. A.17 and A.19 in the appendix) in these specimens, average bond stresses were computed from Eqs 762. In Figs. 7.5 to 7.7 the average bond stresses are plotted against measured moments. Two curves are shown in Figs. 7.6 and 7.7. ‘The lower curve in each figure is for32 bond stresses averaged over a longer length of the pipe. Notice that the value of the average bond stress decreases when a longer length of the pipe is considered. The reason for this behavior is that the rate of increase of concrete forces decreases as the distance from the joint is increased. The lower curveswwere used to estimate the maximum bond stress that was achieved between the concrete coating and the interface material in the test specimens. For specimen 12Sic, a maximum value for u of 10.3 psi was estimated using the lower curve in Fig. 7.7 while a value of 10.5 psi was estimated for specimen 16S2 using the lower curve in Fig. 7.6. ‘The maximum bond stress in specimen 12Sia was not estim- ated because the length of pure moment span instrumented was not long enough to give a representative value for the specimen bond stress. No wrap coated pipes with field joints were tested. In specimen 16S2 slip of the concrete coating relative to the steel pipe was measured at the field joint during the flexural test. Figure 7.8 shows the plot of the average bond stress against the measured slip. 7.3 Predicted Average(effective) Stiffness (a) Predicted Concrete Force Figures 7.9 to 7.13 showithe predicted values of the concrete force for various concrete thicknesses plotted against the curvature of the pipe. The concrete forces were determined using Eqs. A.17 and A.19 in the appendix. The33 initial portion of each curve is linear and as the curvature increases, the curve becomes non-linear. The value of the concrete force used in computing the average stiffness is that value corresponding to the elastic limit radius of curvature ( (2). ‘The elastic limit radii of curvature were determined from the measured moment- curvature relationships (Figs. 4.19 to 4.26). In order to non-dimensionalize this parameter, /2 was divided by the pipe outside diameter Dg, and ratios ( /2/D9) are listed in Table 7.1. Examination of the table shows a range of values of the ratio (2/0, from about 330 to 440, As a lower bound, the minimum ratio was used to determine the required concrete force in all cases. Hence the radius of curvature at the elastic limit is given as follows: Pe where Dy 4 330D, = = = = = = = = 73 outside diameter of the steel tube Using Eq. 7.3 for (,, the values of concrete force at the elastic limit were obtained from Figs. 7.9 to 7413+ The concrete forces obtained were used in the computation of 1; (length of pipe influenced by the field joint). (b) Length of Pipe Influenced by Field Joint (13) By transposing the terms in Eq. 7.2 an expression for for determining 1; can be obtained: et ua@D where 1, = length of pipe influenced by the field joint.ce Theoretically, this is the length required to develop the maximum value of Fo. F, = concrete force corresponding to the elastic limit curvature, Theoretically, F, is the maximum concrete force based on full development of concrete strength, however, the tests showed tha this is never realised, In addition, only the elastic portion of the moment- curvature relationships is of interest here since the stiffness of the coated pipe can only be reliably predicted in this range of behavior. u = bond stress averaged over 15 D = inside diameter of the concrete coating. Using the concrete forces computed for the various concrete thicknesses and pipe sizes considered, the computed values of ul; are plotted in Figs. 7-14 and 7.15, The con concrete forces were obtained from Figs. 7.9 to 7.13. Five different pipe diameters (12-3/4 inches to 30-0 inches) and two thicknesses for the steel tube (1/4 inch and 1/2 inch) were analyzed to cover the range of sizes normally used in offshore laying operations. A concrete cylindex strength of 5000 psi was used in the computations. To compute ul, for a lower concrete strength (say 3000 psi) it is recommended that ul; be modified by the ratio of concrete strength provided to 5000 psi concrete (3000/5000.y1; in this case) for the same vipe size. Figures 7.14 and 7.15 show that the pipe wall thick- ness and the thickness of the concrete coating are the35 most significant parameters. Even though curves are shown for different diameters, the spread in the curves indicate that for design purposes an average curve could be used. Since the bond stresses between the concrete coating and the interface material is dependent upon many factors including time, temperature, and the rate of loading, the values of ul; obtained from these charts should be regarded as approximate. For use in design, a value of u = 10 psi for somastic and u = 3 psi for the wrap coat is recommended. (c) Determination of the Stiffness (EI,) of the Pipe Composite Section Figure 5.1 shows a typical composite pipe crosaen section under pure flexure and no slip between the steel and conerete was considered in the determination of EI,. The neutral axis of the concrete coated pipe can be computed using the steel and concrete force expressions given in the appendix. For approximate computations, the neutral axis offset from the centroid (p) can be assumed to be equal to 0.90%, when the thickness of the steel tube (t,) is 1/2 inch and a concrete cylinder strength of 5000 psi. For a steel tube thickness of 1/4 inch and the same concrete strength, the value of p can be assumed to be 1.5t,.. In the computations the value of p varied from 0.65t. for a one inch concrete coating on a 12-3/4 in. pipe to 1.18t, for a three inch concrete coating on a 30-0 in. pipe with a t, of 1/2 in. Similarly, with a t, of 1/4 in. p varied from a value of 1,12t, for a 12-3/% in. pipe with one inch concrete coating to 2.22t, for a 30-0 in. pipe with three inch concrete36 coating. After computing the neutral axis, the moment of inertia of both the concrete coating and the steel tube core about the neutral axis can be obtained with the following formulaer ay (ce 8 2 + p(rp - 13) ( cos®,- cos O,) 3 gC ang hae ee eee (78) I, * - 2) - = = (7.6) I_ = moment of inertia of the concrete coating about the neutral axis. I, = moment of inertia of the steel tube core about the neutral axis. I, = total computed moment of inertia about the neutral axis P = neutral axis offset from the centroid The definitions of al1 the terms including rysryiry Ty ,O and @4 are given in the appendix. The units of p and the ra radii are in inches and @, and @ are measured in radians. Before computing the moment of inertia of the concrete coating, the cross-sectional area of the concrete is divided by a factor n(the ratio of the Youngs modulus of elasticity of steel over that of the concrete E,/E,). This transformetiun3? the cross-sectional area of the concrete to an equivalent steel area, The moment of inertia (Iq) of the whole pipe section about the neutral axis is obtained by adding I, and I,. after computing the moment of inertia of the pipe section, the stiffness of the pipe (EI,) is obtained by multiplying the Young's modulus of elasticity of steel by the total moment of inertia(I,). This procedure was applied to all the pipes tested and the moments of inertia and stiffnesses computed are listed in Table 7.2. (d) Predicted Average (effective) stiffness, (ET), The effect of the joint is clearly illustrated by the values shown in the last column of Table 4.2. These values are the differences between the computed and measured initial flexural stiffnesses of the pipes. Specimens 12Sia, 12Sic, and 16S2 which had simulated field joints invthe pure moment span, show the largest differences between the computed and measured response. The initial stiffesses were obtained from the moment-curvature curves (Figs. 4.19 to 4.26) which were discussed in Chapter 4, Comparing two similarly coated pipes(12Sla and 12S1b Table 4.2), the increase in flexural stiffness due to the concrete coating for a pipe with a field joint(12Sia) is about 50 percent of that for one without a field joint(128tb}e! Thereforé} the ifield joint significantly influences the flexural stiffness of the pipe. To compute the effective stiffness of the pipe, an expre- ssion developed by Wihoit and Merwin (2) for computing average38 stiffness of pipes was adopted. In this computation, the length of the pipe over which the influence of the joint is significant 1;, is regarded as having a stifmmess equal to the average of the bare pipe and coated pipe.stiffnesses. Hence the effective stiffness is computed as follows: (BI), 21y + Bly ty (EI), = (@y +4 - oe ee = where (EI), = effective stiffness of pipe (BI) , = average stifmmess of the bare and coated pipes EI, + EI, z EI, = composite pipe stiffness 1; = length of pipe influenced by joint and 13< erg] Where 1 is the distance between joints. a = effective length of pipe over which no slip occurs = 1 - 21; where 1 is the distance between field joints. EI, = bare pipe stiffness Methods of obtaining EI, and 1; have been previously discussed (Sections 7.3b and 7.3c). Equation 7.7 is applicable only when 1; is less than 1/2, When the value of 1; obtained from Pigs. 7.14 and 7.15 is equal to one half of the distance between the field joints(1).the effective stiffness of the pipe is equal to a simple average of the bare pipe and coated pipe stiffmesses. In cases where 1, is greater than one39 half of the distance between field joints (1571/2), ‘the following procedure should be used in computing the effective stiffness of the piper Sketch 1 Distribution of Stifmess when 1,7 1/2 EI, is the stiffness of the composite pipe section outside the field joint length, In this case where the length of pipe influenced by the field joint 1}, is greater than 1/2 (sketch 1) the stiffness of the composite pipe section EI, used in computing the effective stiffness can be obtained from the following formulas ’ EI, - ET EI, = EI, + 1/2(! 2 ~ = + (78) 4 where 1 = distance between field joints EI, = bare pipe stiffness Equation 7.8 is obtained by considering similar triangles (MNO and MPQ) in sketch 1.40 The effective stiffness (EI), is computed as follows: : (tg = Bat ek eng whe For greater clarity example problems will be worked out in the next section to illustrate the various procedures. (e)_Examples of Procedure In the following illustration the procedure outlined in the previous sections is used to compute the effective stiffness of two different pipes. (i) A 16-0 x 0.50- inch pipe with one inch concrete coating over somastic. Assume that the concrete cylinder strength is 5000 psi, u = 10 psi and the distance between joints = 40 ft. From Pig. 7.14 uly 1.65 kip/inch for +, = 1 inch Hence 1. = _1650 i 10 = 165 inches Henee 1, = 1 - 21; = 480 - 330 = 150 inches EI, (using Eqs. 7.5 and 7.6 to compute I,) = 18.16x10" K-#t CF 2 and (EI) j= where EIg = 15.25x10° k-ft’ Hence (BI); = (18.16 + 15.25) x rot nee? 2An ve (BI), = 16.70 x 10 art? Substituting in Equation 7.71 (31), = fie 20(330/12) + e.n6caso/s2)] x 104 K-rt? 480/12 ty = 17.10 x 10" K-t? The stiffness is increased by about 12 percent over that of the bare pipe. (ii) The effective stiffness for the pipe in the first example with a concrete thickness of 2 inches, the other given conditions remain the same. From Fig. 7-14 ul " 3.08 kip/inch j = 308 inches = 20 ft. = 240 inches El, 720.22 1; = 308 —_|42 EI, = 15.25 x 104 Kort? EI, = 20.22 x 10" K-£t? (using Eqs. 7.5 and 7.6) From Eq. 7-81 Br, = 15.25 x 104 + 240/308 (20.22 - 15.25) x 10" = 19.13 x 10% nore? From Eq. 7691 (49+13415-25) ro ee? 2 (EI), (EI), 17.20 x10% k-£t? Under the conditions specified the two inch concrete coating does not increase the stiffness appreciably over the one inch coating. (f£) Predicted Average Stiffness For Test Specimens ‘The average stiffesses for the test specimens with field joints were computed using the method described in the previous sections. These stiffnesses are listed in Table 7.3. The values listed in the table show that the predicted ef effective stiffnesses are about the same as the measured values. For pipes without simulated field joints, the predicted stiffess is equal to the computed stiffness of ‘the composite section. Even though the procedure outlined in this chapter for predicting the effective stiffness of concrete coated pipes is approximate, the method is not complicated and43 and the predicted stiffnesses are in good agreement with measured values for the tests available.8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (a) Object and Scope This report describes studies made to determine the effect of concrete coating and of field joints in the concrete coating on the flexural behavior of the pipe line. A theoretical study based on the compatibility of strains across the pipe cross-section is made to determine the contribution of the concrete coating to the flexural stiff- ness and strength of the pipe. These computed results are compared with the results from the tests of eight pipe specimens. The influence of the concrete crushing and of the shear properties of the interface materials (somastic and wrap coat) are examined. A method of determining the effective (or average) stiffness of a concrete coated pipe line is developed by generalizing the results from a limited number of tests to include a variety of pipe diameters. (b) Zest Specimens Eight conerete coated pipes were tested in flexure. Each specimen was essentially a composite beam of a steel tube core, an intermediate layer of asphaltic material and an outer shell of concrete reinforced with a light wire mesh. The pipes were supplied in 40 ft. nominal lengths. Three different pipe diameters, 12-3/4,16-0, and 20-0 inch were studied. Concrete coating thicknesses varied from one to ‘two inches. To simulate a field joint in three of the eight tests, a band of about 4 inches of the concrete coating and45 interface material was removed around the entire pipe circumference near a load point in the pure flexure span. Loads were applied to the test specimens at two points to produce a constant moment between the load points(Fig. 1.2), At each load stage, strain gage readings and deflection measurements were recorded. The progression of the cracks was marked and the crack widths were also measured. (c)_Conclusions Even though curvatures considerably greater than normally specified in pipe laying operations wers imposed on the pipes only @ very small amount of concrete was lost during crushing and the weight of the pipe was reduced very slightly. Crushing was not observed in pipes that had simulated field joints within the pure flexure span. Theoretical solutions based on material properties of the steel and concrete indicated that the minimum increase in flexural stiffmess in the inelastic region of behavior is about 20 percent for one inch concrete coating and about 60 percent for a four inch coating on a 12-3/4 inch pipe. See Figs. 5.2 and 5.3, However the measured results did not show as much increase in the pipe flexural rigidity as computed. Increases in stiffness in the elastic range + of behavior were about 9 to 23 percent. In the inelastic region of behavior the increases were minimal(about 5 per- gent). The reduction in the concrete effectiveness was attributed to the slippage occuring between the concrete46 coating and the interface material as the concrete crushes. In specimens with simulated field joints, the slip of the c concrete coating over the interface material adjacent to the joint occurred as soon as load was applied to the test specimens thereby making it impossible for the maximum shear stress to be developed between the concrete coating and the interface material. This behavior limited the amount of force that was transferréd fron the steel tube core to the concrete coating and the full potential of the concrete coating was not mobilized. In specimens with simulated field joints (12Sla, 12Sic and 1682) the largest reduction in the elastic stiffnesses was noted (Table 4.2). Comp- aring two similarly coated pipes(12S1a and 12S1b)it was estimated that the increase in stiffness for a pipe with a field joint (1281a) was about 50 percent of that for one without a field joint(12S1b). A method for estimating the average elastic stiffness (effective stifMmess) of concrete coated pipes was presented in this report. The aim was to provide a reasonably accurate and simple method for computing the effective stiffness of concrete coated pipes. While the method discussed is appro- ximate, the flexural behavior of concrete coated pipelines in the elastic region is adequately predicted.3e a 6. 47 REFERENCES Livingston, L. E., "Flexural Rigidity of Concrete Coated Steel Pipe,” Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Rice University, Houston, Texas. Nay 1965 Withoit Jr., J. Ce, and Merwin, J. Es, " Pipe Stresses Induced in laying offshore Pipe Line", Transactions of the ASME, Feb. 1967 The Cocrete Test Hammer", Magazine of Cocrete Construction June 1969 Hognestad, E., "A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete Members,” University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin Series No 399, dune 1951 Aguirre, G. Me, “Bending of Composite Cylinders”, M.S. Thesis, Rice University, Houston Texas. May 1969 Garcia, D. J, Merwin, J. E., and Wilhoit, Ire, Jo Coy “Bending Moment Induced in laying offshore Pipe Line Under Tension", ASME Publication No 67-PET-8 Holman, J. P., "Experimental Methods for Engineers", McGraw-Hill Book Company 196648 (isa 6 Pn) UBuats 332250; yout ‘ssou -39FUR 97e.z0U0: oT3seu0s 973Sem0S, 9738em0s 3e09 dery, 309 dezy, oT seus oyasemos oy3BeMOS ( wour ) TeyseqeN eoes203uUT SLLUadOud AdId TT TTEVE 0S* x o-02 Sz" x 0-91 0S* x o-91 9OnexH/E-ZT pon*xi/E-zt Se*xn/E-2t por*xn/E-2T On? XH /E~ZT uautoads49 TABLE 4,1 AVERAGE CRACK WIDTH k width ““Catfineters) 0675 163 0.7 0.9 1.8 0.15 1.0 1.33 OS 16550 SquTop PLeTs peqetnuys yyTM sedtq » (sureqs (paqnduo (gtd ezeq, ‘peanseomy ‘ectd poy Ta a) 1a n0T X ( 2t3-% ) Ig Jo sentea SNEWIOSdS ISGL dO SASSENIUILS IVILINI z* 2 209)! 1 TTaveSt gotraa/t * > uewtoads SUNLVAWND 40 SAIGVE LIWIT OIESVIa 1°. Tiave52 one €2et €6° 16HT STeTes 26°92 sores eL*€ed 9e°€LE onrzte 6z*09€ 62°60E an eez shiz ge°o8e 2orste eg°0g€ Tr9Te (voae (Te309) (99n3 19038) ](7209 aq0r9U09) pawzojsuez3) er ° 1OTZ35-%) Brg ‘Syxy Teagnoy 942 gnoge eTZZeuT Jo yuaWOW uewtoads (Stary pewrojsuetL)SNAWIOTdS GSGL dO VIGUANI JO SLNAWOM 2°2 TIAVL( ¥8do0t (wenoypeca) ~ (peansvauy |(eaae peuossues3)| 3) ia) ®g 401 * ( 235-4) Ia *ss0uzztas uautoeds SNSMIOGdS USHL dO SHSSUNAIITS GHUNSVAN GN GaLOLagUd €*2 staveFIG. 1.1b Side View of Test Setup FIG, 1,1 TEST SETUP $455 AN-GAS LSAL JO NOTLVINISHUSTY OIZVMTHDS 2°T *ora ‘soada Buyupeuer ay; soz o- zt pue zsgt Pu OTSZT sueuTSeds 0x 07 81 = ueds quowoq “soads Buyutemst oy; Jos o- 6 pue zs9T uw OTSZT suSUToeds Jos 9 - 9 = uNds aeous f eds aeeys weds 3uewom omd 4. weds zeus a \\56 SDAYONOD YOI ATHSNOLLVIAY NIVULS-SSauLS GAWASSV T*€ *oTE > ‘utes a2. g€ooro = "5 Pgs D2 = % —D ‘seen57 (WVEOVIG NIVUIS-SSHULS UVSUS ) ESEL g40-usnd 2°€ ‘ora OT X T/g = 9 ‘upeas snoouezuezsur +z oz gt zt 8 Ea aghd = ernzereduey, (3809 deze ) THZT ‘\ dn-qes 7801 e2°C ‘old (2y38ewW0s yBTSZT o€ ‘@3ez9u09 eo deam Jo oFFsewos T0ste ° 2 a syed ‘n ‘ssaq3s seoys ry a on‘BISZT *SHSSHULS SNOTEVA LV dHHUD €°C *oLa Qt ¥ Vo = 9 tesa o9t ozt 08 on : a,hl = eanzereduoy, oy38emOS ZaA0 a3e19U09 wed g°e2 —y— ot Ted 6°92 —— g— ¥ad o-fz —-O— ourL ysd 2°61 ——t 2 3. sepnuTH 2 a59 ogz IMZT ‘SHSSHULS SNOIUVA LY daxyo 4° 401 ¥ T/y => tdeorg one oz 091 ozt 0g dgnl = eanzeseduey, 309 dezy zeao aqezsu09 sd Q°TT am tsd 46°C —O— ‘old on seqnutW ‘owyy,60 ‘THELS Yod 9 fupenis 9t0* zt0° 00° zoor =89 yeu 9°65 =% TuzT uaaposds 9 Uyeags gt0° zt0° 800° £100°=% 78x €°5G=85 1S0z usuyoeds SdIHSNOTLVIGU NIVULS-SSTULS $*C *oTa afupeais 700° ° zt0° 800° 700° o€ zoor=% s 78x gl? 19 by 3 euzt ueutoeds 8 09x 3 g ? urpesas : 00° ° zt0* 800° 700° gtoo=F9 sx €€°en = fy D1szt usutoads 2 a 3 3 {sy ‘ssaa7561 g00° 00° ‘ISSLS YO SdIHSNOILVIGU NIVULS-sSaYIS 9°C ‘Old 2 Cupens 900° 700° BISZT uswToeds 9 fuyens 900° ‘700° IS9T ueuzoeds zoo* z00° 0 9 ‘users 900° 209° z00 @sgT uswyzoeds of utens 900° 700° 200° QISzt ueutoadsFIG. 4.1 TYPICAL CRUSHED SECTIONS 62FIG. 4.2 TYPICAL LONGITUDINAL CRACKING 684 QISZT *SdIHSNOLLVIGU NIVULS-LNIMOW C4 ‘Ora gQt ¥ *SuFeIs eAtsseaduo oz0I0U09 00S oo0t o00z oo0t (2uyzez0do you wee $ pue 1 stoTz008 3e 80909) ueds eanxeTs uy sTearequy 2 38 PaseooT eae S-1 suotzcag 2% woy300s*eouenbes Butysnay 2 8 *43-4 ‘quewoy paytddy65 THZT *SdIHSNOILVIGY NIVELS-ENENOM 4° g0t X "suTers eatsserduoy oyerou0p 000% o00€ 0002 o0oT *suoqqo0s Paysnso wods AsayIaes Sy € UoT}0eg cueds srnxaTT UT STearoquy 42 48 peyEooT ose S-1 suoTz095 $*1 uoq3095"souenbes Sutysnay core 2 3 *43-% ‘juUoWoW peTTddy o0z66 Zk2T “SdIHSNOILVIZY NIVULS-LNEWON S* “DIE gQt ¥ ‘UTEIs eAtsserduoy azerou09 000 002 coor lueds oanxets ut steazsqut nz 38 pezB00T ate S-T suCTzIag $*z +99 souanbes Sutysnzg *I-X ‘quawow peytddy67 IS9T ‘SdIHSNOILVIGY NIVULS-LNIVOW 9° “OTE gt ¥ ‘SuTEIas eAtssorduoy syer0U09 009T o02zT 008 00: *suotz0ss paysnzo 9u3 Woas yseyraeZ ST TOE UoTz00g TOT *1o#feouanbss Zutysnap weds aanxeTs uy steasequt 42 38 PaqeoOT ere TOS-ToT suoTzoag 00£ 00S OT *quowoy paytddy =H ras:68 Ts0Z *SdIHSNOTLVIGH NIVULS-LNIWOM 2° ‘OLE gQt x ‘SUTeI3s eATEsetduog eyer0U09 o09t oozt 008 00% ° o0z uoy,098 paysnzo 8uz WOAT WBsYITET ST Toy UoTZOeS T9z_pue 19T SUOTZ998 UeeKMZeq patnd90 SuTYSNID weds aanxels uy sTeATesuT YOUT nz “* 4B pezBOOT are TOH - TOT sUoTIDeg a 4 009 "43-4 ‘quewoW pettddy 000T69 BISZT *SdIHSNOILVIGU NIVULS-LNEWOW 8*h *OTE oT x 00g 083 suTof oya wosy ZEST 19H auto euz mors” oz ST 49 aupof aya mozz zt st Co quyof ey worz wt $F TO ‘suTeaag eatsserduop o4etou0p 00% o0z o9t oze 45-4 ‘quowow pattddy70 STSZT *SdIHSNOILVISY NIVULS-LNEWOW 6° *OTd gt * ‘turers eatssesdue aqazcu0p 008 009 00% “002 aUyof ay woss zt st ToS qutof ayy woss og st So guyof 2uz woay “2E St zo qutof eyz woas Oz st ieee ° e “25-4 *guauoW peTTddy7 2891 ‘SdIHSNOILVISY NIVELS-LNAWOM OTH “OTE QT x ‘suTeIys eatsserduog azazou09 008 009 oon ooz 0 Quyof ayz wosy .8ZT ST 19S FUTOF sua woas” 26 ST Toy FUTOf sua wors 9S BT TOE autof euy woss oz st 10z on RS _— — S s *2F-4 *yueWOW pattddy oz2 & BISZT *(BUOTR90T FOP) STHSNOTLVIGU SUNLVAUAO-LNAWOA GATTdav 11*y *oTE aot eag/t? Y= teanzeaang ozt 08 0900°0 47500°0 $00°0 €€00°0 €100°0 UTeTS sTTsUe, Tesrs unUTxe_ quyor PleTa PaetnuTs O7RBEUDS TaA0 ajerDU0D 08 o9t Onz oz og *ag-4 ‘quewoW pottddy73 STSZT *(BUOTRO9TIOP) AIHSNOTEVINY AUNLVAUND-ENIWOM CETTdaV 21° “oTa Qt ¥ *35/t ¢ ft = saanzeamy OF of 0 ‘of n600°0 > 3 6t00°0 zz e s 2ttoo*o oT 09 & = UyENs STTSUaL Te0e%5 uNUTrEW 3 qUTor Ploya Peretauts 2 9}38EMDg ZaA0 eje19U09 06 ? ozT Ost7 @sgt *(SuoyR09TFep) AIHSNOILVIGY SUNLVAYN-INIWOM GAITaay CTH OT * *ag/t * St =$eanqeaang Sh ge St veld 09. s€zoovo € nSSTOO"O z t99000°0 UFeEIIS STTSUSL Tels unUTxEH qwuTor Pleta poxernuts 9F}SeUOS TBAO aZerOU0D os oot Ost o0z Sz ‘45-4 ‘quowoM paTTddy75 Qiset *(SuoTROeTIeP) AIHSNOLLVITY SYMLVAUNO-ENAWOM GALIady qty “oTd ot x *a3/t ¢ Ot = $ toanaeamg 3° gutysnz9 6800°0 2200°0 SSo0°0 ‘nE00°0 ztooro 1 uyesas eTTSUEZ T297g uNUTeH 9TRSeUOg BAD ayaI9N0D 08 oot one oz 00% *9g-4 "quewo_ peTIddy6 zg o9t TazT *(SUOTRO9TIOP) ATHSNOTLVTEY SUAEVAUNO-LNEMOM GETTaaV $t* *oTs ot x 35/1 * Yt = btaanyeaang ozt og g800°O 1900°0 s tn tooo € 21000 & 6000%0 1 IIS STysusa, Teers unuprEK 3800 dei_ a9a0 oyer9U00 *95-¥4 “puCWOW PET TddyTe Za2t *(8UOTZ99TFOP) AINSNOILVISU AUNLVAUNO-LNIMOM CETIdav 91°H “OTS Ot © °93/T * ot = @ *aamzeainy on €s00°0 e€ooro $t00°0 g000°O uyerys eTYsUe; TeeIs uUpxEy 809 dezy ga40 a30z0u09 09T nz *35-4 SQuawoM paTTddy joze 00%7) TS9T *(SUOTR00TI@P) dIHSNOILVISY TUNLVAUND-ZNAKOM CETTday LT*y ‘ota Qt X °33/1 * Yt =eoanrensng oat 06 09 ezt0%0 00t B0T0°0 9800°0 €S00°0 g€00°0 1 uTeaas STTsueL Tee3s "xen 002, oyaseuos Zea0 SjeT9U0D 2 3 a “ag-m ‘quewoy pettddy oon 00S79 Ts0z *(SUOTZ09TFEP) TINSNOTLVIGY AUNLVAUNO-ENSWON CUTTaaY gt*h “ola 06 09 o€ SST0°0 SEto°0 getto"o g0T0"0 €1z00°0 UTBIs eTtsuaz *xeq OF;8eMOS Jaac aqarou0g ot x *a5/t * ot = toanqeaang J ar “30 Ful azouoa FUSS OST 00 OS 35-4 ‘quowoy petTddy 009 Se80 o9t PISZT *SdIHSNOILVIGY FUNLVAUND-LNAWOM TvLOL 6ty *DTa Qt ¥ 35/t * Yt = & toanqeaang ozt og on ( peanduon ) adyd azeg (Buy2q8) peansesq (Suo}zOaTZap) pernseey (peqndwo) adyd pexe09 09T Ey = nN *4s-% "quaWOM TeIO;, ze 00%81 QISZT ‘SdIHSNOILVIGY BUNLVAUNO-ENIUON TVLOL O2*H *DTE AQT 35/T * St = taanyeaang o9t o2zt 08 on 01 ( peqnduos ) edd oreg — eee 8 (suyez3s) peamseaq +e 2 a 8 (su0}z09TIep) pernseay ——-—— (Peqndwog) adyd pazzog ———e oot one “35-4 *QUaWON TEz0] oze oon82 08 STSZT* SdIHSNOILVIaE SUNLVAUND-LNAWOWN IVLOL 12° "Or Qt ¥ 3a/t * Yt = h soanqeaang 09 on oz ( Pegndwos ) sdyd oreg ee (suyeazs) paanseay -— —--- = (suoT390TZep) peznseeq —— -——_—— (Panda) add poyeo9 —— --—— o 2 "259% ‘quemoW TeI0] 02T83 002, TAZT *SdIHSNOTLVIGY SUNLVAUND-LNTHOM TVLOL 22° oT x az/t * oy = ‘eanzeaing OST oot os (peqnduog) edtd pajzz0g (suoT08Tsep) psinseeq —__ § — (suyedqs) pemnseoy — — — - oo ( peynduos ) adyd ozeg —— oe ord 8 a *ag-% *QueWOM TeIOE84 2u2T “SdIHSNOLLVISUY AUNLVAUNO-INZHOM IVLOL C2z*y °oTa Qt % 1335/1 * Yt = @ *aanzeaany 002 ost oot 0s 0 (pegnduog) adyd pazeog (Suoy209TJap) pernsvay — - ——— (sufezjs) peanseay -—- —- --—- ( paqnduos ) edqd eseg ——--— 00z 004 "25-4 *qUaWOW THIOL,85 o9t IS9T ‘S4IHSNOILVIGY AUNLVAUNO-LNSWON IVLOL nz*y *DTa agt * *az/t * St = h sornqeaang on ° ozt og ( paynduos) edtd oreg —— - —— (8Uzea3S) peanseoy -— oon (SuoT22eTZep) parnseayy (payndwop) adtd paxzog ost 00€ 009 *2u0WON TEI0] <4 "a86 @S9T *SAIHSNOTLVIGY FUALVAUND-LNEMOM TVLOL S2%y ‘ora aQt X 1335/1 ot = roamensng 08 09 on oz (pegnduos) sdzd a2eg ———__— (suyea3s) pasnseoy— - — = = (SUoT}OeTIap) paansesq —_—_— (pegnduo) edtd paze09 ——— -- —_ ° s onz "35-4 “yUaWEW Ter0], oze 00n87 0 rf T TSOZ ‘SdIHSNOTLVIGY SUNLVAUNO-LNAWON IVLOL 9%*H *OTa . gt ¥ a * Yt = taanzeammy oz (peqnduog) edtd payzog —— == —— (stoq309T30p) pemnseoy———__— (suyeaqs) pesnseey——- —— (peqndwoo) edtd areg - 2 - -— 35-4 "UOMO TIO]88 s8ed3g ajeq9u0D SUAXETd TUNd NI NOIOS 1°S ‘old sseqis Tees upeays Bo q> ea09 9qnz T2038 > 309 deam a0 oT4seu0s 3809 ajezou0989 SASSENNOIHL SLYONOD SNOTUVA Hod SATHSNOTLVTSY SYNLVANAO-LNSMOK aaEnawoo 2°S OT x *25/1 * e/t= teangeaany ooz ost oot 0S FSX 0°8S tsd oot x 62 tsd oo0€ adgd your gone x #/¢*21 2F4SBUoS aro 9zaz0U09 Drs oot 2 8 a “45-4 “quawoK TeIO, 00% 00S90 SASSANWOIHE SUTYONOD SNOLUVA HOI SAIHSNOTLVIAY TYALVAYNO-ZNAWOW AgLNaKoD CS ‘ots OT ¥ 1393/1 * o/t= *eanzeaing On 9, On T 0; gT8°92 = Sq ¥sd o00€ = % adrd yout Sz* x 4/C-2T OT3BeUIOS Teno e30z0U09 0g oot one oze oon *a5-% *QueWoW PeTTddy1 QIs@l ‘dIHSNOILVIay FUNLVAMND~LNAWON ZO NOTLYOd IWILINI 1°9 *ord OTX *35/1* o/t=$ ternqeaang se of 2 oz St or s 0 edtd axeg id (suyeajs) peanseay S a a (suoyz00Tzep) pemseay o0z ‘PByndmog *adqd peeog "95-4 ‘queue TeqOy,92 2uZT *4THSNOILVIGY SUNLVAUND-LNAWOM JO NOILUOE IVILINI 2°: 401 X °3S/TYT = toanzeaing St of $2 oz St 9 9 *DTd T s 0 a *4s-% *GUaUOM TeIOZ, (sufeaqs) DOT peamseay pagndwoy *edqd pereog93 se STS2T *ATHSNOILYIGU SUNLVAUND-GNSHOM dO NOTLYOd TVISINI €*9 *oIE a91 2933/1 * ot =@ *eangeaang sz oz ST of quTof Plats uit usutosds Bagndmootedyd pazeop Qt (suyeazs) peamsean On ° 8 ozt 33-4 ‘auOWOW TETOE og o0z94 BISZT ‘ddId ONOTV AOUOA ALAYONOD JO NOILNGIULSIG TZ *DIa saysuy *3utot ayy woaz esueysta se o€ oz ot 0 S 8 *sdtx 9x *aogoz aqarzoucn ssdyx zg = ypoedep aqerouoy pezorperece One STStT *ddId ONOTY FOOT ALAYONOD JO NOILNGTULSIG 2°24 "old seyouy *auyof eyj woaz eouessta ost oat 09 ssdty ZET = Ayyoedeg ayarouoy poyotperz 2 i *eogoy ayeaouog 3 sedty soy og96 ZS9T ‘ddId ONOTV SOHOd ALAYONOD JO NOT“NGTULSIG C*L ‘OTe soyouy ‘3uyof 943 woas soueista ogTt Ss *dq4 94 *aaz0z agezou09 ° o ‘Sdt¥ The = Aatoeden exesou0 payotperaGNINTTA FLAXONOD THE BuTz209 ayez0u0g NO S#Ouog g°L ‘org e409 aqny [ears sTxy Teaynay Sseajs ontssarduoo aepun 239%0u09 Jo vaay98 ogz BISZT ‘dIHSNOILVIGY LNAWOM-SSTULS UVIHS S*2 ‘OTT *23-% *quewoy pettddy o9t OTASeOS ZeAO eqaqoU0D 98 wn ° sysd''n ‘880535 puog odezeay a oz99 2891 ‘dIHSNOILVIGY LNSKOW-SSHuLS UVES 9°2 ‘ora “23-3 ‘quewow patddy oze one ogt oe o SaYDUT 26 JeA0 peeroae n a SSYDUT 95 JeA0 pesezese n Qe OTSeUlog Jeno azeqou0g a ot 0z ‘ssezzg puog oderaay syed tn100 STSZT ‘dIHSNOILVIAU LNSWON-SSTYLS UYYEHS 2°2 ‘ors “33-4 ‘quewow paytddy Ont ozt og SeyoUT 401 Joao peFereae n —a— SOUDUT fy Teao paFeroae n —O— Oq4SEUOS JaAC ajar0U0D on uog aFeaaay ysd ‘n ‘ssenis p101 oon eS9T ‘dIHSNOILVISU dIIS-SSa¥IS UVES gtd ‘ota soyout 01 x *dTTs peanseaq 00€ 002 SayoUT 26 Jano padereae nh SeYUT 96 dano poSeroae n Owe DF4SBUOS TeA0 azazouU0D oot + o x 9t Jed ‘n ‘sseais puog aesoay102 08 SHSSANMOIHL ALAYONOD SNOTUVA HOI AO ALTWONOD agLAdKOO 6° ‘OLE 09 te OIx*35/T * oft = § *oxmenm On i 02 SRE/T 0T%E* 82 sdoo0s oT3SeWOS ZaA0 azazou05 SseuxoTus Tlem adqd cuz 4/; —-—— - = ssouxotua Ties edtd sur 2/1 ‘uy 4/€-zT = taqewetp edt 08 o9t one oze oon sdyy ‘2y feodog ayezou09 peznduog103 08 SASSENWOIHL FLAYONOD SNOLUVA Od AOUOT TLAYONOD GALNAKOD OTL “OTA 09 4OT ¥ 133/T * Ut = p taameagng on oz SAE/T 4QTX Stzz ="¢ tsd 000s = 5 OTASeUOS I9A0 aZer0U09 Ssouyoyuy Tlem edtd *ut 4/1 ---—-— SSOUxOTYS Tem edtd ‘uy z/p ———— *Ut 0-91 = aoyeuetp adta ° a o9t one 3 3 a 00% tdtx ‘9 sa0a0g aqzeaouon paynduog104 SESSANMOINL BLAYONOD SNOLYVA HOT TOMOA SLAYONOD GaEAaWOD TI's *oTa 09 0 Tx 135/T ¢ ot = @ texmqeaang On oz ° oot *aoaog azarouog peynduog o0€ °43/T OT x et tsd o00S 9T4SeuOS ZeA0 e3a10u0} ssauxoqyy Tres edrd *ut 4/1—---= edyy a SseuyOTYS Trem adqdeuy 2/7 *Ut 0-02 = Jezowetp edtg 00S105 SSSSANHOIHL ALAYONOD SNOTUVA HOA TOUOI SLTYONOD aaLNaNOD ZT*s “OTT Qt ¥ *3a/t I = $ teangeamg 08 09 on oz ° © "85/1 Jot x $1 tsd coos OF4SeWOS TAC e7e10U0) ssou “AOTUT THEM og uy 4/7 -NOTUT Tlem adzd suzy 2/T suy O-n@ = aezemetp edt a tdqy *2g *e2a0g azexoU0D perndwog a106 og SASSUNNOIHL SLAYONOD SNOTUVA Yor TOUOd ALAYONOD aELNdWOD ETL *DTa_ Qt ¥ 35/1 ¢ Yt = $ toanyonany 09 on oz *RE/T OX ZT % tsd o00$ = 0 oT;seUOS ZeA0 azez0Ud9 SSSUNOTUS TIem adtd suy 4/7 —--——- BSOUAITYI Tlea adtd uy 2/T ‘UT 0-0€ = Jez0ueqp adtg 3 rdyy *2y teoa0g ogez0u0g pagnduogConcrete thickness, ty , inches y 107 1/2 in. Pipe wall thickness Conerete over somastic 12-3/% in. pipe —-—-—— 16-0 in. pipe ——— —20-0 in, pipe ---—- — 24-0 in. pipe ——.--- + 30-0 in. pipe 1 2 3 4 5 Ulj . kip/inch PIG. 7614 PIPE LENGTH INFLUENCED BY FIELD JOINTConcrete thickness, to, inches 108 1/4 in. Pipe wall thickness Conerete over somastic 12-3/4 in. pipe ——--— 16-0 in. pipe — —— 20-0 in. pipe + --- == 24-0 in. pipe —-.. —— 30-0 in. pipe 0 1 2 3 4 5 uly + kip/inch PIG. 7.15 PIPE LENGTH INFLUENCED BY FIELD JOINT109 APPENDIX A.1 Introduction In this appendix, the theoretical computations made to determine moment-curvature relationships will be discussed. These computations are based on the compatibility of strains across the pipe cross-section and the material properties discussed in Chapter33. A computer program using an iterative procedure was developed. ‘The iterative procedure consists of assuming a strain gradient across the pipe section, in effect, imposing a curvature on the pipe. From the strains on the section, the forces in the steel and concrete are computed using the stress-strain relationships for the materials. The equilibrium of the concrete and steel forces acting on the pipe cross-section is checked and if the forces on the section do not equal zero, the assumed curva- ture is adjusted and the forces are recomputed. When convergence is achieved (the concrete and steel forces add up to zero), the neutral axis of the pipe is established and the values of the concrete and steel forces and moments for the correct strain gradient are determined. The offset of the neutral axis from the centroid of the pipe is denoted as p. To obtain additional points on the moment-curvature diagram, increasing strain gradients are imposed on the pipe and the iterative procedure is repeated for each imposed curvature. A typical stress-strain relationship for steel without110 a defined yield point is shown in Fig. A.t, The initial portion of the figure is linear up to the elastic limit@ ,¢)- Between the elastic 1imit and (G,,¢,), the stress-strain curve is non-linear. Beyond (G, ,¢,) the relationship is linear for strains larger than any considered in this study, Since the stress-strain relationship is divided into three parts as described above, the force and moment equations will ve derived in parts, each part corresponding to a maximum strain on the section which falls in a particular portion of the stress-strain curve. Yo apppotimate the non-linear portion of the stress- strain curve, a third-degree polynomial was used. The expression for tensile strains is the following: T- aes pee cee Dd - - - = - (at) where A, B, C, and D are constants Gs steel stress For compressive steel strains the equation becomes: G- ae- wes ce- v0 - - - = (a2) To evaluate the constants A, B, C and D the following boundary conditions were used: 3 2 ~ --{a- = AG + Be, + CE, oo (as) _ aAe@ + 284 o> - - (a)14a A@ + BertCe+D- — — (a9) (0) G2€, dO) =f = 3AG + 2BE, tC - - - (AG deere 2 7 ) Equations A.3 to A.6 can be solved by the Gauss elimination method to obtain values for A, B, C and D. The three segments of the complete stress-strain rela- tioship(Fig. A.1) are defined by the following equations: (To G4 when o ORs 26 e oon, + pe (A 1%) ] fy = [aes Be +c +D)da ; [" { “Tea (rsnosp) + 28 (rSine +p) an Le c # AE(rSuorPr) + 2Dt | drd@ “Be ae =") C50, (Sm *o,42) +2 plata) (C2502 Sind - 6 +6 “rps a EOE a+ salut d-a S28) 8 az et Cosa, (ht) + BOL -4)| # 2¢f enc, o nino —e, 2c (en, + PELIE-#)] eon -n XK -%) ene Avs oa 28 -Wr)ong + punnleet %G)|--- aa)118 The corresponding moment on the steel section is + Ms = Mp + Me one = fe da = Jyeea Ne = AB fafreseh ese lt y'Ginto + apr'Sing tp” rf & Jy, and Mp: = fy 4G, 94 -{(ae + BE+CE +D)y 4a w % al 2A (1°Sin‘e Ape Sin i) +6 prSin’e 28 v fap r'sino + ptr) + AB (e8Sute + apr'Sinto #p''Sine +P) + BS (r*Su%@ + apr'swe + P i) ? t ad (r*Sine + P| drdeaCe Ms = (Gas NaF 38% 4p SIN Sea Fb (cn) sq (Sa'9, +4) # Bane nS - Be +S 2%)4 geri se, HOLE a] «281 CA Desalter) mpi) (Lr Sinn ee - &) + ms (ens) + POI %-%) |] Ben(Ess Sina “a _ =n) tose, + Pl Gk 0) + a [ue W(% - Sin 29, + Z)~ $p(13-13) G09, + POIRt OJ - ----- (10)120 (444) Case 3(n< rg-p and hg? ro+p) In this case some of the steel in both the tension and compression zones is elastic and the rest of the steel is in the non-linear range (between the points and in Figs Ast) €sb Sketch A.2 Strain Gradient across the Steel tube section In this case the force in the steel ist a FF s where Fe EZ feeda 26 a [ “Snot pr Sf ‘kos ple and Fo = le da -* jn (3 (rSine +p) r +28 35 (rSvoa’ r 4+ 25/-°Sne+4pr) + 4Dr dr de 2 (a0 +P) 4ne ; ‘ i \. 3B (Sino apr — 28 (rsa ' + 2°(pSing +p)r — 2dr dr do — “is a [eee se, (Sin?@, +2) + Gs, (Sin wat APOE TINTS +24 0 4 Gna’) te (ae wl ors, se) PUL ‘ar &- 4)] *a8/ eC T+ 8, - Sin2Hy _ @ +8028) t Ep (nn lrg - 50) + PON YC -4-O] ie Nase + Gs) +h(t Nam 4 - J tal GUI, 4-7) + EEG AD(ten + oe) + a BANG, +0 7) eee (an)Ms = Me + Mp where Me = Sugjeda ef (eSate + apron + Pre de fa om Mo = J (SmosplaceBer+ce «n)ae lan (Guo 49)"r SS “(Samp a t ary “Cinosp) eatee[ Leen rae] al ‘ (CSnbep) rede + I ‘fi CSino4p) rardo] + arf fe (e (r°Siao +preh de - [hice et br) dr *|123 Ms = aes or 2 Sia + Sing Si 7 - Sac +4 4 4 6(6 End) Gra Cm 78 +2) + Ose, (Se a, } fe Be (ner “NR B+ Sin - es + Sin afr) + np (sen) (loa % + ose, ») + UE 210-6 - @, J i [seen (Sin*9,+2) — Gose, (SO, 42 )f tp En O14 — SAO + Sn 2% ) +e tat to) «fed -©+4, -4)] sg BBN t Bp(Pe nest Co) + PC Ser4-4)] + 2D [Gn se, doe) + Ge Ya-0-9] 3 - Be rt)124 (iv) Case 4 (ra-p Shy < rotp) In this case the maximum tensile strain in the steel is greater than €,while the maximum compressive strain is greater than €, but less than €,. Sketch A.3 Strain Gradient on the stecl tube section In this case Fy = Fe + Fy + Fya , feed Laetesesnes US \ (1S @ tprjéde J. — 1) Nh - fue 4 Berrce +2) 4A i e “af Mi 2A (Hi spre aB (of r r*+ Geo +pr) + adr Jay de nae ; ; ‘f I, FAG es tae + BE (1°Sine +p) —adt] dr de Foa = fta+ E,€-4)] 44 ork a(G- eB), I, redo 28 (L"(rSee tp ard + = ABE (oat Yeon etn) epee 3 AM flint SnD 1S ~ G59, (Sin?8, +2) i HCE Hp BE -o, + Sate, +4~-Sin2q _ a + SHER) 4 (np (Gog #0 Gg) +R - 8 7% 4] s =Fy continued , i [@@-4- Sin2@p + Sina ® -al 48, ~ Siar) + Sp(G-1S)( os G - Gs - sq) + (nan) (& - AF - % +] 2 t ne eenr(teg + OE) 3 + ain PCF £9 % *) | + URE MY -% 8 #8) - A aye 7 tG@-8,4)(8" nye ~ 4) §26[G es 6 +e wo) (ho ay ettetee M. so Me + Mt Me oT—r——”—C=E A-il-t) ‘ Jetnernire +BerHCe oss “2 Te 2 neat (rinwapSrad] +a ‘ Sassen [Te (Sno phe de127 elt i "(Sno spr aedo« [J (Sino epy'rdrdo] + off, i, (1Sn8 + pr)dv do J, “Ecie +r) aed] Mp2 = J ¥(m-E,6, +66) 4A ah = 2(G- as) \ (1°6n +pr) dr de +26, ‘J, rh eke sap + *r)drde pin ee Mg = [OMe Sant +5- $262) ~3p (Ro Sec +G59)+ P (eon 3 +9] 2A ; te (ces ~ S08 #8045 3 ong oss + IF - 38, + Sin 24 - a) + “(0 548) (Ss 6,42) + Cosa, (Sin"e, +2) (4-196 — 8 - Sina Cos 8 (Some +9} + a128 Mg Continued Sin Tr + Lk +3 -0 + Sind) + tp non} Vos, Gem + Oren) + MSE) -G-8 + AE) tables 4 e [Sora see +2) ~ Gse,(Sin"e, +2) = G5 % (Sint ta) + HPGTHICT 49 ee ah = Sin28 -~%&+ Sin 8) + pi (nbs) ( los.a, ~ Gs, ~ Gos @) \ o 44 PONG ath EYES ~%- Sin 2% 4 Sinah 4 3% 0, #5in2&) x a z -—z TEPC AE)( lose, + GO, — see)t p(n +38 -6- poor 3 e ‘, | +ad GH Nose - Gs, - Gos6 ) #9, 6IC% 4 & -& - 2E)T +6 G8)[3(C Gy +p IE-O pint 7 FETE 4 + Saad) s spleen) asg +P GEOI(E-4)]J- — - - ~~ -- an) Po129 (v) Gase § (hg ry-p) Innthis case both the maximum tension and compression strains are greater than €,. Sketch A.4 Strain Gradient across the steel tube section F, = Foot Fh + Foo Fe the same as in Caseq &, A121) Us fees Bet ce van AY I “LP Cesnoepi J NCesnnep rt fr Ltt iJ 8 ue [re (rSine arth, “GSino Nr] dre . “if (eSooapel, Jay ( Se 44) na joffIdoes [eg Fra = [@-B4 E640 = a(- celle f ik 4 a] ali (Sino thr of fesnes aa ie 7 “2 (1-1 )(Gs0, + G54) sp(erlartra) t+ 2A 5 8) 4 et Jfeesy (Sn 0, #2) ~C 4 (Sin *ep +2) + Gse, (Sin*6, +2) = Cas ty (Sin'ags2) +H P(ENY(O-% #6)-% ~ AG + Sina ~ Sinnty + Sin 267) 465293)4%( 2 ~ Gasty 4050 Carty) + Pen Y( Hy -8 495 -%)] : AO a8 ©, +% + Sinaq—Sin26 op Sind + Sin 204 = Sin 6 + 2p (inte ~6se,Fs continued = Gse + Cosy) + Pa -8, -& +4)] pS pd t aL I Xlese, + Cosa, -Gsq —Gsey) ¥ PON + —% ~%)] a2 t D( Kn) %- % ~ % +) + G(R Gs + Gse) t pie ar- & ~*))--- ~~ (a-s) Ms = Me + Mp: + Mpa Me is the same as m case 3 Gr Asld) Nn = [Snopes Be*E Ce +D) dA 4 ne & : el Jone +p)’ i [, esmorn] ade G * iN NG Sh, es ino wr] d- de132 ae at (Sineep) +f \ (rSino +b) r] ado voffiitersenn finer Moa = [Sine +g - £6, + & 16) 4a eao-ess[ hye ne -j iN "(Gao +po dr do +98, ser (#Sin®

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