PROPOSAL PENELITIAN

HIBAH PENELITIAN UNTUK JURNAL INTERNASIONAL

DIAJUKAN KEPADA FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

MELALUI UNIT RISET DAN PUBLIKASI
FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

JUDUL :
PROBLEMS OF JOKOWI'S NEW DEVELOPMENTALISM
AMIDST COVID-19 PANDEMIC:
A LESSON LEARNED FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

FAKULTAS HUKUM
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
2020
 1) Introduction
Many developing countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, India, and smaller
states like Botswana, Chile, Mauritius, Malaysia, and Vietnam adopt a developmental
approach because it reserves a crucial economic role to the state.1 Unlike classical
developmentalism, the current emerging paradigm adopted by the majority of
developing countries in the world is the new developmentalism. New
developmentalism is an integration of economics, social, and political theory, which
also comes as a result of a historical-deductive theory based on the successful
experiences of fast growth, particularly the recent experience of East Asian countries
such as China.2 However, in practice, the new developmentalism paradigm has
influenced not only a country's development agenda and political economy but also its
policies in handling other issues. Similar to other developing countries that have
implemented the new developmentalism paradigm, Indonesia has been suggested to
implement the new developmentalism paradigm. This later influenced the government
of Indonesia (“Government”)’s policies in handling Covid-19 pandemic.
In general, developmentalism is motivated by the belief that the state's primary
mission is to achieve rapid development to eradicate backwardness and reach out to
advanced countries.3 State involvement in economic life is an essential element to
accelerate national growth and achieve industrialisation.4 As a result, in a
developmentalism state, other political goals are subordinated to the overall goal of
achieving fast economic growth. The same view is adopted by the new
developmentalism paradigm, in which economic development remains to be the
essential element of progress or human development.5 It works with five
macroeconomic prices: the profit rate, the exchange rate, the interest rate, the wage rate,
and the inflation rate, and understands that they must be kept 'right'6.7 Further, quoting
from Novo-Desenvolvimentismo, a book edited by João Sicsú, Luiz Fernando de Paula
and Renaut Michel in 2005, new developmentalism is characterized by: 8
a. there is no strong market without a strong state;
b. there will not be sustained growth [...] without strengthening [...] the state and
the market and without the implementation of appropriate macroeconomic
policies;
c. a strong market and a strong state can only be built by a national development
project that aligns growth [...] and social equity; and
d. it is not possible to [reduce] inequality without economic growth at high and
sustained rates.

1
Bresser-Pereira, Louis C., 2016, Reflecting on new developmentalism and classical developmentalism,
Review of Keynesian Economics, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp.350
2
Ibid, pp.332
3
Feith, Herb, 1981, Repressive-Developmentalist Regimes in Asia, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 7(4),
pp.502.
4
Leftwich, Adrian, 1995, Bringing Politics Back In: Towards a Model of the Developmental State, Journal of
Development Studies, 31 (3), pp. 400–427.
5
Bresser-Pereira, Louis C., op.cit., pp.341.
6
‘Right’ prices do not mean prices defined by full competition, but prices that make sense economically and
politically: (a) the profit rate must be high enough to support investment by business; (b) the exchange rate
must make business enterprises competitive; (c) the level of the interest rate should be as low as possible; (d)
the wage rate should increase with productivity, and be consistent with a satisfactory profit rate; and (e) the
inflation rate should be low.
7
Bresser-Pereira, Louis C., loc.cit.
8
Bresser-Pereira, Louis C., 2011, An account of new developmentalism and its structuralist macroeconomics,
Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 31(3), pp. 494.
 As an integration of several theories, besides affecting the economic policies of a
state,9 new developmentalism paradigm further influences other governmental actions,
including but not limited to the laws and regulations. Concerning the relation between
law and developmentalism, the law may serve three purposes concerning
developmental state. First, regulations and legislation can be utilized to establish the
developmental state's goals. It will include clarifying the underlying state-to-market
relations norms, strategies, and policy objectives. Second, law may describe the
instruments and mechanisms to achieve particular objectives, such as methods of
enforcement to induce compliance. Third, law may lay down the institutional
framework to structure the developmental state as well as new relationships between
public and private actors. Thus, a developmental legal framework will guide and direct
the implementation of development strategies by public and private institutions.10
Given these connections, the word "Law and Development" appears, which
generally refers to the theory and practice of fostering economic and social
development through legal reform and institutional capacity building. Therefore, it can
be regarded as the intersection of legal theory, economic growth theory, and
international practice of development.11 The trend of Law and Development is
significant for both fields of law and development due to many reasons. First, The
orthodoxies of modern economic growth are seen to have influenced past laws and
growth movements. Further, such models and their respective law reform programs
may have been inadequately adapted to the current domestic circumstances. Lastly, new
developmentalism is a way out of traditional orthodoxy growth, as it involves both
learning and adaptation to local settings.12
As one of the developing countries, many scholars believe that Indonesia has
adopted the new developmentalism paradigm, especially since 2016 under Jokowi's
presidency. 2016 has marked the notable shift away from Jokowi’s previous focus on
pro-poor and populist policies, towards a development-focused agenda. It could be
proven by his statement in his state-of-the-nation address in August 2016, where
Jokowi proclaimed 2016 as the year of accelerated national development. Moreover,
his speech, which concentrated on the Government’s program for reducing inequality
and poverty, has summed up into a three-word mantra—infrastructure, deregulation,
and de-bureaucratisation.13 After almost four years, even though Indonesia has never
displayed the kind of bureaucratic efficiency that is characteristic of the East Asian
developmental model,14 it is arguably, Jokowi's new developmentalism has crystallized
further and become a defining feature of Indonesia’s political economy.15
Similar to the general new developmentalism characteristics, Jokowi's new
developmentalism is characterized by a normative commitment to engineer rapid
9
The term ‘developmental state’ was initially used to capture the East Asian model of economic growth.
After the Second World War, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea adopted interventionist economic policies
and established efficient bureaucracies, both of which drove fast-paced industrialisation. See: Woo-
Cumings, Meredith, 1999, The Developmental State, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
10
Sherman, F. Charles, 2009, Law and Development Today: The New Developmentalism, German Law
Journal, 10(9), pp.1270.
11
Trubek, David M., 2008, Developmental States and the Legal Order: Towards a New Political Economy of
Development and Law, University of Wisconsin Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1075,
https://ssrn.com/abstract=1349163, accessed 30 March 2020.
12
Sherman, F. Charles, op.cit., pp.1257.
13
Warburton, Eve, 2016, Jokowi and the New Developmentalism, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies,
52(3), pp.307-308, https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2016.1249262, accessed 30 March 2020.
14
Ibid, pp. 306-307.
15
Warburton, Eve, 2018, A New Developmentalism in Indonesia?, Journal of Southeast Asian Economies,
35(3), pp.356.
 economic development, direct industrial upgrading, and ensure economic
redistribution.16 It is also pragmatic and development-oriented in its policies.17 The new
developmentalism bears the hallmarks of a statistical philosophy as the Government
sees a strong and stable state as a critical component in the acceleration of national
growth, with the state sector as a locomotive for economic development.18 In practice,
Jokowi views the state’s principal task as a service delivery, which is reflected through
his administration that focuses almost exclusively on a restricted set of practical
services and tangible economic outcomes. For instance, after initially renowned for his
free health and education initiatives for the needy, Jokowi has moved to pour most of
his energy into supporting the Government's infrastructure boom agenda.19 After
cutting fuel subsidies, Jokowi was able to allocate $23.9 billion to the Government’s
infrastructure projects, which shows an increase of 86% on the previous Government’s
budget allocation. Further, the modernisation of Indonesia’s infrastructure constitutes
a more central component of Jokowi’s political agenda. In 2016, the administration
spent relatively little attention on marketing education, health, or other social
programs.20 The new developmentalism paradigm has influenced not only Jokowi's
political economic but further his legal policies in other sectors, such as the health
sector.
The author suggests that due to his new developmentalism paradigm, Jokowi's
initial responses towards the Covid-19 pandemic were mainly focused on saving the
national economy rather than preventing the pandemic happened in Indonesia. On 11
February 2020, when most countries have started their war with Covid-19, the
Government, through the Minister of Finance, declared the possibility to give
incentives for tourism as impacted by Covid-19 pandemic rather than focusing on
preventive measures.21 Further, on 17 February 2020, the Government prepared a 30%
discount for international and domestic tourists to boost tourism in Indonesia22 , and a
day after, the Government planned on giving incentives to all affected tourism
destination.23 As the peak of the tourism policy planning, on 26 February 2020, the
Government has ready to give Rp 4.7 trillion as a tourism incentive to boost the tourism
activities in Indonesia.24 However, just few days afterwards, on 2 March 2020, when
the Government announced the first two confirmed Covid-19 cases in Indonesia, the
Government decided to cancel its incentives.25
16
Ibid, pp.355.
17
Warburton, Eve, 2016, op.cit., pp.315.
18
Chalmers, Ian, 1997, (edited by Ian Chalmers and Vedi R. Hadiz) ‘Introduction’. In The Politics of
Economic Development in Indonesia: Contending Perspectives, Routledge, London.
19
Warburton, Eve, 2016, op.cit., pp.307.
20
Ibid, pp.308-309.
21
Rina, Ratu, 2020, “Corona Rusak Wisata RI, Sri Mulyani Kaji Subsidi Penerbangan”,
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200211162619-4-137042/corona-rusak-wisata-ri-sri-mulyani-kaji-
subsidi-penerbangan, accessed 2 April 2020
22
Bayu, Dimas J., 2020, “Virus Corona Ancam Pariwisata, Jokowi Beri Turis Diskon 30 Persen”,
https://katadata.co.id/berita/2020/02/17/virus-corona-ancam-pariwisata-jokowi-beri-turis-diskon-30-persen,
accessed 2 April 2020
23
S., Lidya J., 2020, “Corona Kacau, Sri Mulyani Siap Keluarkan Kebijakan Konkret”,
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200218154249-4-138737/corona-kacau-sri-mulyani-siap-
keluarkan-kebijakan-konkret, accessed 2 April 2020
24
Bayu, Dimas J., 2020, “Pemerintah Siapkan Rp 4,7 Triliun Selamatkan Pariwisata dari Corona”,
https://katadata.co.id/berita/2020/02/25/pemerintah-siapkan-rp-47-triliun-selamatkan-pariwisata-dari-corona,
accessed 2 April 2020
25
Kompas.com, 2020, “Virus Corona di Indonesia, Wishnutama Tunda Stimulus Pariwisata untuk Wisman”,
https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/03/02/221300627/virus-corona-di-indonesia-wishnutama-tunda-
stimulus-pariwisata-untuk-wisman?page=all, accessed 2 April 2020
 In the health sector, before the first two confirmed Covid-19 cases was identified,
the Government actions on health sectors mainly focused only on primary prevention,
such as thermo-scanner procurement in the 135 state's gates.26 The Government has not
prepared any further measures to handle Covid-19 if the pandemic happened in
Indonesia. Rather than focus on preventing Covid-19’s entrance to Indonesia, the
Government was not being strict on traveling policy, for instance by stating that there
is no travel restriction to countries that have already infected by Covid-19 pandemic on
5 February 2020 when so many countries have been affected by Covid-19 pandemic
such as Singapore.27 The Government has just started to focus on controlling Covid-19
pandemic on 7 March 2020, after four confirmed Covid-19 cases has declared in
Indonesia.28 As the confirmed cases have been kept increasing since the first two
confirmed cases on 2 March 2020, the Government, through the Minister of Health,
then released several policies to handle the Covid-19 pandemic. However, as can be
seen through the official Government's website on Covid-19 pandemic,
https://www.covid19.go.id, the Covid-19 pandemic is getting worse until the date of
this proposal was made.
Many scholars and medical practitioners believe that the Government is less
responsive in preventing the pandemic from being happened in Indonesia. As seen from
the short timeline above, the Government focused on the economic stability, for
instance, by maintaining the stability of the tourism sector as it was the most severe
sector affected by the Covid-19 pandemic rather than focus on Covid-19 pandemic
prevention itself. The author believes that one of the reason for the Government to
behave in such manner is due to Jokowi's new developmentalism paradigm.
As previously explained that one of the most common characteristics of new
developmentalism paradigm is putting economic stability as the highest priority to
maintain the national development. As a consequence, before there was any evidence
proving the existence of Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia, the Government gave most
of its attention to economic downfall prevention. It can be seen clearly from its first
policy regarding Covid-19. Instead of planning to enact any regulations or policies on
the health sector to prevent the spread of Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia, the
Government was planning to enact policies on the tourism incentives first. The real
executed policies on the health sector were just enacted after the first two confirmed
cases on 2 March 2020.
This research is aiming to analyse the consistency of Jokowi while executing its
new developmentalism paradigm in his policies amidst Covid-19 pandemic and further
analyse how it has created problems in his policy in handling the Covid-19 pandemic.
By using political science and political-economic approaches to analyse the issues, the
author will further propose solutions on how should Jokowi implement his new
developmentalism paradigm through his legal policies in handling the Covid-19
pandemic. This research is crucial and urgent to be conducted due to several reasons.
First, it is crucial to analyse how Jokowi's new developmentalism has created problems
in his policies during the Covid-19 pandemic, in order to prevent similar mistakes by
26
Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2020, “Cegah nCov, Kemenkes Siagakan Termoscanner di 135
Pintu Negara”, https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20012100002/cegah-ncov-kemenkes-siagakan-
termoscanner-di-135-pintu-negara.html, accessed 2 April 2020
27
Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2020, “Tidak Ada Pembatasan Perjalanan ke Negara Terdampak
nCov”, https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20020600003/tak-ada-pembatasan-perjalanan-ke-negara-
terdampak-ncov.html, accessed 2 April 2020
28
Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2020, “Pemerintah Fokus Pada Pengendalian Penyebaran Covid-
19”, https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20030800001/pemerintah-fokus-pada-pengendalian-
penyebaran-covid-19.html, accessed 2 April 2020
 the Government happen in similar situations in the future. Second, Indonesia is not the
only country in the world that implements a new developmentalism paradigm and has
to fight against Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, the analysis in this research could be a lesson
learned for any other developing or third world countries in handling such situation in
the future. Last but not least, this research will help the Government to determine the
impact of its policies that implement the new developmentalism paradigm.
Furthermore, this research will also contribute to the development of Indonesian and
international law and public policy study by using political science and political-
economic approaches to understand the broad impact of public policy on society.
2) Research Questions
a. How does Jokowi's new developmentalism paradigm cause problems to his
policies in handling the Covid-19 pandemic?
b. How shall Jokowi implement his new developmentalism paradigm through his
legal policies in handling the Covid-19 pandemic?
3) Methodology
This research uses a normative-empirical research approach. The normative-
empirical legal research examines the implementation of positive legal provisions
(legislation) in a factual perspective in any particular legal event that occurs in the
society to achieve the predetermined goals.29
Firstly, the author will elaborate the history, development, and implementation of
Jokowi's new developmentalism paradigm in his presidency. In order to produce a
comprehensive analysis, the author will employ a political science approach to gather
a deep understanding of the particular paradigm. Afterwards, by using a political
science approach, the author will analyse how the new developmentalism has
influenced the President in enacting policies to handle the Covid-19 pandemic. Further,
the author will analyse the social and legal issues that have arisen during the Covid-19
pandemic, which are resulted from Jokowi's new developmentalism paradigm. The
empirical approach will be used to gather the necessary data as evidence to support the
argumentation on the political aspects of Jokowi's new developmentalism paradigm
alongside with the data on social and legal issues during the Covid-19 pandemic caused
by the paradigm.
Furthermore, the normative legal approach is also needed to analyse the illegality
of the Government's policies. The approach will be used to analyse whether or not the
policies and measures taken by the Government to handle Covid-19 pandemic are
contradicting to the prevailing laws and regulations. All of the data obtained will be
analysed based on its legal content. Lastly, the complete results of the analysis will be
used to formulate a solution in the form of legal policies to handle Covid-19 pandemic.
4) Manuscript Outline
a. Introduction
In the section, the author will explain the background of the writing, research
questions, including the purpose and benefits of writing.
1. Background
2. Research Questions
3. Benefits of Research
b. Materials and Methods

29
Muhammad, Abdulkadir, 2004, Hukum dan Penelitian Hukum, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, pp.52.
 In the section, the author will explain the type and sources of materials gathered
during the research. Further, the author will elaborate the methods used in
collecting and analysing data during the research.
c. Results
In the section, the author will briefly explain the final findings and conclusions of
the research.
d. Discussion
The discussion and analysis conducted by the author will be delivered
comprehensively by not just providing and describing legal theories and the data
that the author obtained from the researches. This section will be divided into three
sub-sections, in each sub-section, the author will divide the analysis into several
parts of the sub-section in order to comprehensively analyse all elements of each
sub-section.
1. Jokowi and His New Developmentalism Paradigm
a. Development of New Developmentalism Paradigm
b. Implementation of New Developmentalism Paradigm in Jokowi's
Economic and Political Policies
c. The Consistency of New Developmentalism Paradigm in Jokowi's
Policies against Covid-19 Pandemic
2. Social and Legal Issues caused by Jokowi's New Developmentalism Paradigm
amidst Covid-19 Pandemic
a. Government's Unpreparedness in Facing Covid-19 Pandemic
b. Government's Reluctance in Executing Social Distancing or Lockdown
c. Illegality of Government's Policy (A Case Study of the Tourism Policy
Package)
3. Formulation of Legal Policies to Handle Covid-19 Pandemic with a Prudent
Implementation of Jokowi's New Developmentalism
a. Measurers to be taken during the Covid-19 Pandemic
i. Prevention of Human Death before the Prevention of Negative
Economic Growth (A Comparison to the Chinese Government
Policies)
ii. The Cautious use of Government's Incentives (A Comparison to the
Singapore Tourism Policy)
b. Measurers to be taken Post Covid-19 Pandemic
i. Revitalization Planning Post Covid-19 Pandemic
ii. Jokowi's Tourism Policy Package as a Post Pandemic Initiatives
5) Proposed Journal
a. Public Policy & Administration (Q1)
b. Law & Policy (Q2)
c. Asia Pacific Law review (Q4)
6) Proposed Conference
a. International Conference on Law, Regulations and Public Policy (7-8 January 2021
in Tokyo, Japan)
b. Sixteenth International Conference on Interdisciplinary Social Sciences (21-23
July 2021)
7) Workplan & Time Schedule
Dates Activities
April-May 2020 • Literatures study on policy
analysis and new
developmentalism paradigm;
• Normative analysis on the
Tourism Policy Package;
• Collecting data from related
institutions and stakeholders; and
June - July 2020 • Analysing data collected;
• Analysing the social and legal
issues happened during the Covid-
19 pandemic; and
• Formulising the legal policies to
handle Covid-19 pandemic.
August 2020 • Finalising and preparing the
manuscript to be submitted to the
targeted journal.
September 2020 • Final submission to the targeted
journal.

8) Bibliography
A. Books
Chalmers, Ian, 1997, (edited by Ian Chalmers and Vedi R. Hadiz) ‘Introduction’.
In The Politics of Economic Development in Indonesia: Contending
Perspectives, Routledge, London.
Muhammad, Abdulkadir, 2004, Hukum dan Penelitian Hukum, PT. Citra Aditya
Bakti, Bandung.

B. Journals
Bresser-Pereira, Louis C., 2011, An account of new developmentalism and its
structuralist macroeconomics, Brazilian Journal of Political Economy,
31(3).
______, Louis C., 2016, Reflecting on new developmentalism and classical
developmentalism, Review of Keynesian Economics, Vol. 4 No. 3.
Feith, Herb, 1981, Repressive-Developmentalist Regimes in Asia, Alternatives:
Global, Local, Political, 7(4).
Leftwich, Adrian, 1995, Bringing Politics Back In: Towards a Model of the
Developmental State, Journal of Development Studies, 31(3).
Sherman, F. Charles, 2009, Law and Development Today: The New
Developmentalism, German Law Journal, 10(9).
Warburton, Eve, 2018, A New Developmentalism in Indonesia?, Journal of
Southeast Asian Economies, 35(3).
______, 2016, Jokowi and the New Developmentalism, Bulletin of Indonesian
Economic Studies, 52(3), pp. 297-320,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2016.1249262, accessed 30 March 2020.
C. Researches
Trubek, David M., 2008, Developmental States and the Legal Order: Towards a
New Political Economy of Development and Law, University of Wisconsin
Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1075, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1349163,
accessed 30 March 2020.

D. Miscellaneous
Bayu, Dimas J., 2020, “Pemerintah Siapkan Rp 4,7 Triliun Selamatkan Pariwisata
dari Corona”, https://katadata.co.id/berita/2020/02/25/pemerintah-siapkan-
rp-47-triliun-selamatkan-pariwisata-dari-corona, accessed 2 April 2020
______, 2020, “Virus Corona Ancam Pariwisata, Jokowi Beri Turis Diskon 30
Persen”, https://katadata.co.id/berita/2020/02/17/virus-corona-ancam-
pariwisata-jokowi-beri-turis-diskon-30-persen, accessed 2 April 2020
Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2020, “Cegah nCov, Kemenkes
Siagakan Termoscanner di 135 Pintu Negara”,
https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20012100002/cegah-ncov-
kemenkes-siagakan-termoscanner-di-135-pintu-negara.html, accessed 2
April 2020
______, 2020, “Pemerintah Fokus Pada Pengendalian Penyebaran Covid-19”,
https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20030800001/pemerintah-fokus-
pada-pengendalian-penyebaran-covid-19.html, accessed 2 April 2020
______, 2020, “Tidak Ada Pembatasan Perjalanan ke Negara Terdampak nCov”,
https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20020600003/tak-ada-pembatasan-
perjalanan-ke-negara-terdampak-ncov.html, accessed 2 April 2020
Kompas.com, 2020, “Virus Corona di Indonesia, Wishnutama Tunda Stimulus
Pariwisata untuk Wisman”,
https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/03/02/221300627/virus-corona-di-
indonesia-wishnutama-tunda-stimulus-pariwisata-untuk-wisman?page=all,
accessed 2 April 2020
Rina, Ratu, 2020, “Corona Rusak Wisata RI, Sri Mulyani Kaji Subsidi
Penerbangan”, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200211162619-4-
137042/corona-rusak-wisata-ri-sri-mulyani-kaji-subsidi-penerbangan,
accessed 2 April 2020
S., Lidya J., 2020, “Corona Kacau, Sri Mulyani Siap Keluarkan Kebijakan
Konkret”, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200218154249-4-
138737/corona-kacau-sri-mulyani-siap-keluarkan-kebijakan-konkret,
accessed 2 April 2020