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Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016

10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, ISHVAC2017, 19-
22 October 2017, Jinan, China

Mesoscopic pore-scale simulations of natural convection of porous

media in closed square cavity by using LBM
a,b,c,*
Heming Yuna,b,c,*, Fangfang MAaa, Xunhu Guoaa,Baoming Chenb,c
b,c

aSchool of
aSchool of Thermal
Thermal Energy
Energy Engineering,
Engineering, Shandong
Shandong Jianzhu
Jianzhu University,
University, Jinan
Jinan 250101,China;
250101,China;
bKey
bKey Laboratory
Laboratory of
of Renewable
Renewable Energy
Energy Utilization
Utilization Technologies
Technologies in
in Building ，Ministry
Building ， Ministry of
of Education ，Jinan
Education， Jinan 250101,
250101, China;
China;
cShandong Key
cShandong Key Laboratory
Laboratory of
of Renewable
Renewable Energy
Energy Application
Application Technology,
Technology, Jinan
Jinan 250101,
250101, China
China

Abstract
Abstract

A
A lattice
lattice Boltzmann
Boltzmann model
model isis applied
applied to to simulate
simulate natural
natural convection
convection of of porous
porous media
media in in closed
closed square
square cavity.
cavity. The
The numerical
numerical
simulation is
simulation is conducted
conducted toto investigate
investigate the
the influences
influences of of porosity
porosity on
on fluid
fluid flows
flows and
and the
the effect
effect of
of thermal
thermal conductivity
conductivity ratio
ratio of
of solid
solid
matrix to
matrix to fluid
fluid on
on heat
heat transfer.
transfer. Micro
Micro X-CT
X-CT hashas been
been used
used to
to obtain
obtain 2D
2D optical
optical image
image ofof various
various slice
slice with
with different
different location.
location. A
A
construction
construction porous
porous model
model has
has been
been established
established accurately
accurately by by 2D
2D optical
optical micro
micro X-CT
X-CT image
image ofof porous
porous media.
media. AA fluid
fluid –solid
–solid
conjugate
conjugate heat
heat transfer
transfer model
model has
has been
been applied
applied to to the
the established
established construction
construction porous
porous model
model byby using
using Lattice
Lattice Boltzmann
Boltzmann
method.This paper
method.This paper confirms
confirms the
the reliability
reliability and
and the
the computational
computational efficiency
efficiency of of the
the lattice
lattice Boltzmann
Boltzmann method
method in
in simulating
simulating natural
natural
convection in
convection in porous
porous media
media at
at mesoscopic
mesoscopic pore-scale.The
pore-scale.The temperature
temperature field
field is
is simulated
simulated byby aa simplified
simplified thermal
thermal energy
energy distribution
distribution
function
function which
which neglects
neglects the
the compression
compression work work done
done byby the
the pressure
pressure and
and the
the viscous
viscous heat
heat dissipation.
dissipation. AA comprehensive
comprehensive parametric
parametric
study of natural convective flows is carried out for various values of Rayleigh
study of natural convective flows is carried out for various values of Rayleigh number. number.
©
© 2017
2017 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published byby Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
© 2017 The Authors.
Peer-review under Published by
responsibility of Elsevier
the Ltd. committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air
scientific
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committeecommittee of of the
the 10th
10th International
International Symposium
Symposium on on Heating,
Heating, Ventilation
Ventilation and
and Air
Conditioning.
Conditioning.
Air Conditioning.
lattice Boltzmann;
Keywords: lattice
Keywords: Boltzmann; porous
porous media;
media; conjugate
conjugate heat
heat transfer;
transfer; thermal
thermal lattice
lattice BGK
BGK model
model

1. Introduction

Permeability prediction, and more generally, the investigation of the effect of pore structure on the bulk
properties of porous media, has posed a major challenge to researchers and engineers in a wide range of industrial
and academic disciplines. The internal micro-scale pore structure of natural rock has been of interest to

* Corresponding
* author. Tel.:
Corresponding author. Tel.: 152-6413-9511;
152-6413-9511;
E-mail address: yunheming@163.com
E-mail address: yunheming@163.com

1877-7058
1877-7058 ©© 2017
2017 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
Peer-review under
Peer-review under responsibility
responsibility of
of the
the scientific
scientific committee
committee of
of the
the 10th
10th International
International Symposium
Symposium on
on Heating,
Heating, Ventilation
Ventilation and
and Air
Air Conditioning.
Conditioning.

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and
Air Conditioning.
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.869
4010 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016
2 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

researchers for decades since it can provide information on pore geometry and topology, two determining factors
related to many hydraulic/transport properties of a rock, such as permeability and diffusivity.
A common problem limiting our understanding of multi-phase flow and transport is the lack of information about
the microscopic geometry and associated processes in porous media. Recent advances in pore-scale modeling such as
network modeling[1], and lattice Boltzmann model[2] has allowed simulation of fluid flow processes on the micro-
scale. On the macro-scale, macro-pore and preferential flow are suggested as important mechanisms for accelerated
breakthrough of contaminants, however, to fully understand the significance of immobile water regions, as well as
dispersion and diffusion processes, it is becoming increasingly clear that pore-scale measurements are needed. The
mechanisms, operating at both macro- and micro-scales, are difficult to understand based on traditional measurement
techniques, which generally require insertion of a sensor at or near the region of interest. Herein, we report on recent
investigations using X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), which is a technique for determining the internal structure
of an object. In a conventional two dimensional shadow radiograph the depth information is lost, but when X-ray
transmission information is obtained from a multitude of radiographic images, scanned at different angles, a complete
three-dimensional image can be obtained. Over the years, the applications of CT have evolved to cover
characterization of specimen pore space with respect to variables such as soil bulk density[3,4], volumetric water
content[5], spatial correlation, connectivity and tortuosity[6], porosity, pore-volume-to-surface-ratio, permeability,
electrical resistivity, and wetting phase residual saturation[7], and breakthrough of solutes in porous media[8,9]. Among
the most recent applications is the use of CT to describe the physically complex pore space as used in network and
pore-scale simulation models[2,10]. In very recent work, Held and Celia[11] used network modeling to support the
thermodynamic relationships for multiphase flow developed by Hassanizadeh and Gray[12]. These functional
relationships incorporate non-traditional porous media variables such as interfacial areas and common lines, the latter
being the contact points between the three phases (solid, air and liquid). The ability to quantify phase interfaces and
common lines in a non-destructive way will make it possible to evaluate recent theoretical and numerical model
developments, particularly, lattice Boltzmann models that rely on detailed information about the geometry of the
porous medium. Currently, this information cannot be obtained with existing indirect measurement techniques.
In addition to the experimental and theoretical investigations, various computational methods have been used to
study fluid flows and heat transfer in porous medium. Most of previous numerical simulations were carried out based
on the discretizations of certain semiempirical models using some conventional CFD techniques, such as the finite-
difference, finite-volume, and finite-element methods[13,14]. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a recently
developed numerical tool for simulating fluid flows.
Due to its kinetic origin, the LBM has some features that are significantly different from conventional CFD methods.
The LBM, based on microscopic models or macroscopic kinetic equations for fluids, simulates fluid flows by
following the evolution of a prescribed Boltzmann equation instead of solving the Navier-Stokes equation[15]. An
important advantage of LBM is that microscopic physical interaction among fluid particles can be conveniently
incorporated into the model[16]. The LBM has been applied successfully to a lot of fluid dynamics and heat transfer
problems, including fluid flows in porous medium, thermal two-phase flow, diffusion in the multicomponent fluids,
heat conduction problem[17-21]. Qian et al. developed a method to determine effective thermal conductivity of porous
materials by lattice Boltzmann model for heat conduction[18]. In this method, heat flux and temperature gradient along
the coordinate direction can be calculated by the lattice Boltzmann model, and then the effective thermal conductivity
of porous medium was obtained by use of Fourier’s law.
Most previous numerical simulations on fluid flows and heat conduction in porous medium were separately carried
out by using LBM. When calculating the effective thermal conductivity of porous medium, fluid flows were not
considered. Because of complicated pore structure, heat transfer condition is unknown at the interface of matrix phase
and pore phase. Therefore, fluid flows in porous medium are coupled with heat transfer. For this kind of problem,
LBM could not solve the energy equation because it could not currently realize the continuous temperature and heat
flux at the fluid-solid interface. Although LBM has been applied successfully to simulating fluid flows in porous
medium, there are few reports for LBM to simulate the fluid-solid coupling heat transfer in porous medium. In this
paper, authors will discuss the application of LBM to the simulation of flow-solid coupling heat transfer in porous
medium (preliminary study has been reported in the form of letter[22]). The basic idea is to model the velocity field by
the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE), and the temperature field by another LBE that describes the evolution of a
temperature distribution function[23]. The numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the characteristics of flow
 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016 4011
Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 3

fields, the influences of hydraulic gradient and porosity on fluid flows, and the temperature evolutions under different
thermal conductivity ratios of solid matrix to fluid.
In this paper, X-CT has been used to obtain 2D optical image of various slice with different location. A construction
porous model has been established accurately by X-CT image of porous media. A fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer
model has been applied to the established construction porous model by using Lattice Boltzmann method. A lattice
Boltzmann model is applied to simulate natural convection of porous media in closed square cavity. The numerical
simulation is conducted to investigate the influences of porosity on fluid flows and the effect of thermal conductivity
ratio of solid matrix to fluid on heat transfer.

2. X-CT experiment for porous medium

Conventional X-rays are produced in a highly evacuated glass bulb of an X-ray tube, consisting of two electrodes:
usually a platinum or tungsten (high atomic weight material) anode and a cathode. When a high voltage is applied
between these electrodes, accelerated electrons (cathode rays) produce X-rays (electromagnetic radiation) as they
strike the node. Two different processes produce radiation in the X-ray frequency range from 1016 to 1021 Hz,
corresponding to wavelengths of 1028-10211 cm and photon energies from 200 to 100.000 eV. First, the high-speed
electrons themselves produce radiation as they are decelerated by the positively charged nuclei of the anode material.
This radiation is defined as bremsstrahlung (German for braking radiation). Second, X-ray radiation is emitted when
excited electrons of the anode material fall back to a lower energy shell position from a higher energy state, after first
having been knocked out of their K-shell position by the incoming high-speed electrons. The resulting sharp peaks
are characteristic of the X-ray line spectrum for the anode material and will differ between anode materials. The two
processes combined result in a broad continuous spectrum of frequencies to yield a polychromatic beam. Commercial
medical and industrial scanners use this type of X-ray source. In contrast, synchrotron radiation is electromagnetic
radiation emitted by high-speed electrons spiraling in a magnetic field of a particle accelerator. The electron beam is
steered and focused in a ring by large electromagnets, resulting in the emission of synchrotron radiation by the
decelerating electrons. Depending on the electron’s energy and the strength of the magnetic field, the electromagnetic
spectrum can consist of microwaves, radio waves, infrared light, visible light, or X-rays. Thus, synchrotron sources
also produce polychromatic (white) radiation, however it is of such a high intensity that it can be made monochromatic
(single energy) and still have a sufficient photon flux for tomographic (and many other) applications.

Fig. 1. X-CT imaging process

X-CT apparatus generally includes two parts, one for the scanning system by X-ray, the second is the processing
performed by a computer system, as shown by Fig.1. X-CT apparatus including the process of X-ray emission, data
acquisition, image reconstruction and display components.

3. Lattice Boltzmann Model

In this work, we present a generalized heat source implement for the thermal lattice Boltzmann method, then the
interface boundary implements are described in detail for the fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer problem. A lattice
4012 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016
4 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

Boltzmann model is applied to simulate natural convection of porous media in closed square cavity. The numerical
simulation is conducted to investigate the influences of porosity on fluid flows and the effect of thermal conductivity
ratio of solid matrix to fluid on heat transfer. Micro X-CT has been used to obtain 2D optical image of various slice
with different location. A construction porous model has been established accurately by 2D optical micro X-CT image
of porous media. A fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer model has been applied to the established construction porous
model by using lattice Boltzmann method.

4. The numerical model

The sketch of the model was stated in Fig.2. According to a MATLAB code, the X-CT photo was deals with image
binaryzation, noise filter and edge definition, the structure of porous medium could be obtained and the permeability
was determined by a fractal model and imported into the simulation.

Fig. 2. Numerical model of cavity filled with porous media by X-CT (15×15mm)

Natural convection in a cavity filled with porous medium was studied numerically by LBM and temperature field
and velocity field of Cavity containing solids are shown in Fig.3.

a b

Fig. 3. （a）temperature field under Ra=106 （b）velocity field under Ra=106

 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016 4013
Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 5

5. Results discussion and analysis

3 10-3 3 3 12 10-3
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=5×10 .Pr=1
4 4 3 3
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 10 Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=5×10 .Pr=1
2 5 5 4 4
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=5×10 .Pr=1
6
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1
6
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 8 5
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1
5
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1
1 7 6 6
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 6 Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=5×10 .Pr=1
7
0 Ra=1×10 .Pr=1
4
U

V
-1
2
-2 0

-3 -2

-4 -4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4
X 0.6 0.8 1.0 X

Fig. 4. Change of U with different Ra at Y/2 Fig. 5. Change of V with different Ra at Y/2

6 10-3 6 6 20 10-3
Ra=10 .Pr=0.05 Ra=10 .Pr=0.1 6
6 6 Ra=10 .Pr=0.05
4 Ra=10 .Pr=0.2 Ra=10 .Pr=1 6
6
Ra=10 .Pr=5
6
Ra=10 .Pr=10
15 Ra=10 .Pr=0.1
6
2 6 Ra=10 .Pr=0.2
Ra=10 .Pr=20 6
10 Ra=10 .Pr=1
0 6
Ra=10 .Pr=5
6
5 Ra=10 .Pr=10
-2 6
Ra=10 .Pr=20
U

-4 0
-6
-5
-8

-10 -10

0.0 0.2 0.4 X 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X

Fig. 6. Change of U with different Pr at Y/2 Fig. 7. Change of V with different Pr at Y/2

Fig.4-7 show the change of dimensionless velocity and temperature at 1/2 height in cavity with filled porous
medium.Figure.4-5 show the change rule of dimensionless horizontal velocity and vertical velocity at 1/2 height along
the horizontal direction in cavity filled with porous media under different Ra number. As shown in pictures, the fluid
velocity in the cavity is weaker when Ra is lower, but when Ra is bigger the flow velocity increases obviously. The
fluid near the porous media skeleton is almost no flow in the range of boundary layer. With the increasing Ra number,
the velocity boundary layer become thinning, fluid flow in the pore also increases. The cavity filled with porous
medium has natural convection circulation under the thermal buoyancy. The angle between the velocity near the left
wall and the positive Y axis is acute, vertical velocity value is positive, the horizontal velocity of circulation is positive
on the top but the below is negative; the angle between the velocity near the right wall and the positive Y axis is obtuse,
vertical velocity value is negative, the horizontal velocity of circulation is positive on the top but the below is negative.
Due to porous medium obstacles and thermal buoyancy effect, the buoyancy tends to zero in the middle region of
cavity, so the vertical velocity also tends to zero.
Fig. 6-7show the change rule of dimensionless horizontal velocity and vertical velocity at 1/2 height along the
horizontal direction in cavity filled with porous media under different Pr number. As shown in pictures, the fluid
viscosity in the cavity is added when Pr is lower, flow resistance increases, so the flow velocity is weaker, but when
Pr is smaller the fluid viscosity is lower, the flow velocity decreases, so the flow velocity is larger. With the increasing
4014 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016
6 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

Pr number, the fluid viscosity increases, the velocity boundary layer thickening, flow velocity in porous media pore
decreases gradually.
1.0 3 1.0
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1
3 6
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 Ra=10 .Pr=0.05
6
0.8
4
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=10 .Pr=0.1
0.8 6
4
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 Ra=10 .Pr=0.2
6
5
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 Ra=10 .Pr=1

Θ
6
0.6 5
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 Ra=10 .Pr=5
0.6 6
6 Ra=10 .Pr=10
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 6
Ra=10 .Pr=20
Θ

6
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1
0.4 7 0.4
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 X 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4
X 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig.8. Change of Θ with different Ra at Y/2 Fig.9. Change of Θ with different Pr at Y/2

Fig.8. shows the change rule of dimensionless temperature at 1/2 height along the horizontal direction in cavity
filled with porous media under different Ra number. As shown in Fig.8, when Ra is lower the change of temperature
is linearity, the effect of convection isn’t obvious, thermal conduction is primary in heat transfer. When Ra is bigger
the flow velocity of high temperature side increases gradually, the flow field change dramatically, the effect of
convection is very obvious, the degree of temperature deviating from linearity increases gradually. Because the
vertical velocity of the low temperature side is much lower than the high one, the temperature deviation is accordingly
much lower. With the increasing Ra number, the temperature gradient at cavity of left side increases, the heat transfer
rate also increases, the temperature in cavity becomes uniform and tends to be horizontal. Because the vertical velocity
of the low temperature side is lower than the high one, the thermal boundary layer of right wall is predictably thick
than left wall.
Fig.9. shows the change rule of dimensionless temperature at 1/2 height along the horizontal direction in cavity
filled with porous media under different Pr number. As shown in Fig.9, when the Pr number changes, the change of
temperature is similar. The change of temperature in the cavity isn’t obvious when X is greater than 0.55 and basically
unchanged; the temperature of the rest region temperature changes significantly, the change of temperature in the
cavity decreased slowly with the increasing Pr number when X is less than 0.55. The temperature gradient on the left
side of the cavity increases slowly with the increasing Pr number, the heat transfer rate increases smoothly. The Pr
number increases, that is, the viscosity increases or the thermal diffusivity decreases, so the boundary layer turns
thinner and thinner, heat transfer becomes sufficiently, the effect of heat transfer is gradually enhanced.
Fig.10-13 show the change of local and average Nu at left wall in cavity with filled porous medium under different
conditions. Fig.10 shows the change rule of local Nu number along the vertical direction at left wall in cavity filled
with porous media under different Ra number. As shown in Figure. 10, except for the vicinity of the top wall, the local
Nu number gradually increases with the increasing Ra number. Near the top wall, the loss of fluid velocity is large
when fluid collides on the top wall, the energy that fluid can carry decreases, so the change of temperature is reduced,
the temperature gradient also decreases, the local Nu number is decreased. But near the below wall, the loss of fluid
velocity is large when fluid collides on the left wall, the kinetic energy that fluid carries becomes the internal energy,
at the same time the heat flow are squeezed, the temperature change is increased, the temperature gradient also
increased, so the local Nu number is increased. And fluid flow acceleratedly along the left wall under the effect of
buoyancy, heat transfer becomes sufficiently, temperature gradient is increased, so the local Nu number increases.
 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016 4015
Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 7

30 3 4.5
28 Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 6
Ra=10 .Pr=0.05
3
26 Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 4.0 6
Ra=10 .Pr=0.1
4
24 Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 6
Ra=10 .Pr=0.2
22
4
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 3.5 6
Ra=10 .Pr=1
5
20 Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 6
Ra=10 .Pr=5
3.0
18 5
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1 6
Ra=10 .Pr=10
Nu

Nu
16 6
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1 2.5 6
Ra=10 .Pr=20
14 6
Ra=5×10 .Pr=1
12 7 2.0
Ra=1×10 .Pr=1
10
1.5
8
6 1.0
4
2 0.5
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Y Y

Fig. 10. Change of Nu with different Ra at X=0 Fig. 11. Change of Nu with different Pr at X=0

8 2.2

6 Pr=1 2.1
Nuavg

Ra=106
4 2.0
Nuavg

2 1.9

0 3 4 5 6 7 1.8
10 10 10 Ra 10 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Pr

Fig.12. average Nu with different Ra at X=0 Fig. 13. average Nu with different Pr at X=0

Fig.11 shows the change rule of local Nu at left wall in the cavity filled with porous media under different Pr
number. As shown in Fig.11, except for the vicinity of the top wall, the local Nu number gradually increased with the
increasing Pr number. The local Nu number is the local dimensionless temperature gradient and agreed with the
intensity of heat transfer. The change of local Nu number isn’t obvious near the top wall, the loss of fluid velocity is
large when fluid collides on the top wall. The energy that fluid can carry decreases, so temperature change is reduced,
the temperature gradient also decreases, the local Nu number is decreased. Near the below wall, with the Pr number
increases, the boundary layer turns thinner and thinner, heat transfer becomes sufficiently, the temperature gradient
increases gradually, so the local Nu number is larger.
Fig.12-13 show the change rule of average Nuavg at left wall in cavity filled with porous media under different Ra
and Pr number, respectively. As shown in Fig.12, the buoyancy of nature convection increases with the increasing Ra
number, fluid flow intensifies, and the boundary layer turns thinner and heat transfer becomes full, so the Nuavg
number increases with the increasing Ra number, the effect of heat transfer is gradually enhanced. As shown in Fig.13,
the boundary layer turns thinner and thinner with the increasing Pr number, heat transfer becomes sufficiently, the
effect of heat transfer is gradually enhanced, so the Nuavg number increases with the increasing Pr number, but the
Nuavg tends to level with the increasing Pr number when Pr exceeds a threshold.

6. Conclusions

In this article, a lattice Boltzmann model was applied to simulate natural convection of porous media in closed
square cavity. The numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the influences of porosity on fluid flows and
the effect of thermal conductivity ratio of solid matrix to fluid on heat transfer. X-CT had been used to obtain 2D
optical image of various slice with different location. A reconstructed porous model had been established accurately
by 2D optical X-CT image of porous media. A fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer model had been applied to the
4016 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 4009–4016
8 Heming Yun et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

reconstructed porous model by using lattice Boltzmann method. The study found that Ra number had a significant
impact on natural convection, as Ra increases, the flow and heat transfer became more severe and sufficient; Pr number
had an important impact on it, when Pr increased, the flow became more slowly but heat transfer sufficient and would
be steady.

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