Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Madhu Kishwar
“I have a horror of ‘isms’, especially when they are attached to proper names.”
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theory and Leninists which used to lend support and the USA, reinforced by thinkers
practice. The first to the politics of the terrorist brigades from many other schools of thought,
kind of ideology inspired by Bhindrawale in Punjab such as utilitarianism and Marxism.
evolves under justified their approach on the This second type of ism may not be
the pressure of grounds that this was a class struggle as time-specific as the first, but it is as
the specific of poor and middle class peasantry culture-specific.
challenges in a against the kulak farmers represented As I mentioned at the start, though
given society at a particular point of by the Akalis. Likewise, Marxists who I stand committed to pro-women
time. Often, it comes to be identified opposed the Bhindrawale type of politics, I resist the label of feminism
with the name of a particular thinker politics dismissed the urgent because of its over-close association
or political leader, such as the significance of the ethnic and political with the western women’s movement.
ideologies of Marxism, Leninism, and strife in Punjab and considered it I have no quarrel with western feminist
Maoism. However when the merely as a sign of false movements in their own context, and
movement dies down, or once it consciousness which was being feel strengthened by the existence of
achieves some of its immediate aims, promoted to destroy the potential of women’s movements in western as in
and usually after the leader’s death, real class struggle. Similarly, some of eastern countries. Manushi has
the ism ossifies. It is then used more those leftists who wish to climb on received a lot of love and support from
as a ritual chant, reduced to a set of the bandwagon of the new peasant all over the world from women who
deadening formulae by its votaries to movements are trying to bestow take pride in their feminist ideology
justify their own actions, though these Marxist credentials on these and solidarity and there are many
may or may not be logical outcomes movements, portraying them as feminists in India whose work and
of the original ideology. A good anticapitalist even though these ideas I respect.
example is the manner in which the movements make no such claim. However, given our situation
Indian Communists defined their There is little attempt made to grapple today, where the general flow of ideas
relationship of hostility to the with these movements on their own and of labels is one way, from West to
Mahatma Gandhi led freedom terms. East; in this overall context of a highly
movement, attacking Gandhi and his It is also apparent that isms which imbalanced power relation, feminism,
colleagues with the vocabulary and are founded by individuals who as appropriated and defined by the
critique borrowed wholesale from defined certain tenets in response to West, has too often become a tool of
Marx, Lenin and Stalin fighting a a specific situation in a particular cultural imperialism. The definitions,
totally different set of opponents. society at a particular time - like the terminology, the assumptions,
My problem with this kind of ism Marxism-Leninism and Maoism - are even the issues, the forms of struggle
is that while in its origination it may in crucial ways both time-specific and and institutions are exported from
play an important role in a creative culture-specific. While certain West to East, and too often we are
upsurge of ideas and action, it elements of these isms may be expected to be the echo of what are
becomes moribund once it is relevant at other times and places, assumed to be more advanced
institutionalised at a later point as the while they may provide inspiration women’s movements in the West.
final truth,and then applied in orwarningand one may learn much Importance of an
changed circumstances. What may from them, applying them as formulae Independent Self-View
have been a very creative idea or in other societies at different points Anyone working for women’s
strategy in the course of a movement, in time most often proves rights in India is automatically
as enunciated by its leaders in counterproductive. assumed to be a feminist, no matter
response to the immediate situation, Culture-Specific Isms what form their work takes. Yet people
becomes a bizarre parody when used The second kind of ism does not working for peace and disarmament
in a completely changed context. arise from one movement or one in the West are not assumed to be
Another effect of such individual leader or thinker, but often Gandhians, even though Gandhi is the
ossification of an ideology is that it pervades many different movements most outstanding leader of modern
furthers the common tendency to in the formof a structuring idea or times to have provided a philosophy
approach reality with a preconception tendency. Some examples of this and politics of non-violence, and led
of what it should be, and to justify second kind of ism are anarchism, the most noteworthy mass movement
one’s own actions on that basis, by humanism and feminism. Feminism based on non-violent principles. The
manipulating the ideological jargon. was an outgrowth of eighteenth Green Movement in Germany, and the
For instance, the section of Marxist- century humanist thought in Europe peace movement in the West in
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stirrings and the women’s movement. It seemed as compelled to drop it because it became
protest in foolish to take an a priori position a liability. Nevertheless, the entire set
different epochs against men, as some separatist of controversies aroused by the
in the context of feminists insisted on doing, as it termsin the West descended on us
the dilemmas of would be to insist, as a cardinal lock, stock and barrel. We were
their age, rather principle, on an unconditional alliance besieged by any number of self-
than imposing with men, as those who called appointed inspectors out to examine
our own themselves socialist feminists required the health of our collective. The idea
aspirations on the past. The past of everyone. It made no sense to of collectives was poorly thought out
ought not to be studied either to seek expect an undifferentiated response even in the West. Attempts to import
justifications for, nor faulted for, not from all men - or from women for that a structure that in actuality functions
having lived up to our present day matter. We felt that the actual only rarely and temporarily created
political inclinations, but viewed on responses of people, men and women, even more bizarre results among
its own terms, while acknowledging it to the issues we advocated would Indian women’s groups.
as our inherited legacy. provide a better indicator of whom to Another example of the
Expected To Be A Mirror build meaningful alliances with. Thus importation of institutional forms in
Image neither did we shun men on the basis the name of feminism is that of homes
The use of the term “feminism” of theoretically postulated for battered women. Over the last
and the resultant ism warfare brought confrontation, nor woo them insisting decade, innumerable western
with it a host of other problems. Even on a preconceived alliance. Partly as feminists have asked us: “Do you
in forms of organisation, we were a consequence, Manushi has over the have homes for battered women in
expected to live up to the standards, years received an unusual amount of India?” The assumption is that not to
patterns or mythologies evolved by support from numerous men with a have such homes is to be at a lower
western feminists, and to mimic all the variety of ideological orientations. stage of development in the struggle
stances taken within the movement Likewise, it was assumed that we against violence against women, and
there. You had to predecide, for must work through what western that such homes will be one inevitable
instance, whether you were going to feminists call “non-hierarchical stet outcome of the movement’s
walk hand in hand with, ahead of, or collectives” even if the experiment had development. The psychological
behind men. We were bullied to take a not really worked in the West. I have pressure exerted on us when the
position on separatism simply always opposed authoritarian question is repeatedly asked should
because the issue had been the cause structures. However, the particular not be underestimated because many
of a major controversy in the West notion of a “collective” common at activists begin to wonder whether all
and in certain left movements in other that time, and the unrealistic organisations in any way related to
countries. expectations that it created, proved women should in fact be creating
In the early years there were to be a mistaken import from the West. battered women’s homes. Some may
occasions when certain feminists from In the early phase of Manushi’s ask what is wrong with having a
the West who believed in totally existence, we unwittingly used the common international response to the
excluding men from participating in term without being aware of its history common problem of wife battering.
women’s movements threatened to in the western women’s movement. My answer would be that the
launch a boycott against Manushi We were then confronted with the completely different socio-economic
since it included a few articles and task of putting together a loose and cultural contexts should be
letters by men. At the other end of the heterogeneous group of volunteers studied before we accept any
spectrum a section of those who whose work commitment was often predetermined response.
considered themselves socialist not sustained. With fluctuating Homes for battered women in the
feminists in India accused Manushiof attendance and very unequal work West seemed to act as a useful type
being anti-men and also attempted to contributions, it was hard to say who of short-term intervention because of
organise a boycott against it. During among the volunteers would actually (a) the existence of a welfare system
all these years, despite these persevere and take responsibility in a which includes some, even though
pressures and attacks on us, we continuing way. We could not inadequate, provisions for public
studiously avoided duplicating the announce a fixed set of names as a assistance, unemployment benefits,
postures and responses of factions core group, since none existed. subsidized housing, and free
within the western feminist movement Though we provisionally chose the schooling for children; (b) a national
on the issue of men’s participation in term “collective”, we were eventually employment situation which is
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relatively easy for that in that case they would cancel counterparts rather than any
those calling the invitation they had extended. independent investigations within
themselves In most cases, third world this country. Often issues are picked
feminists as feminists end up becoming part of so- up simply because funds are available
compared to called international campaigns on the to work on these issues while they
those unversed basis of materials that present only are not available for other more
in feminist apartial picture of the issues. They are pressing priorities. Thus the
rhetoric. This was contrary to the often without access to any sources dependence on funding agencies
experiences of western feminists who of independent research and causes an undue emulation of the
had to struggle hard to find investigation, even when the issue changing fashions in the West.
acceptance in professions for requires careful study, interpretation Agreements and Differences
themselves. Since feminism brought and evaluation of specialized Apart from serious ideological
with it a certain amount of easy technical data. The campaign against reservations, there are more practical
international mobility for many third injectable contraceptives, launched reasons for refusing to call Manushi
world feminists, the ideological through newspaper articles about a a feminist magazine.
domination of western feminism and decade ago, is one of many examples The use of the term “feminist”
the resultant importation of frequently of how many third world feminists end does not tell me enough about those
inappropriate issues was absorbed up taking up cudgels on this or that who use the term to describe
uncritically. In this context, the use of issue without doing proper themselves. It, of course, tells me that
radical anti-establishment rhetoric homework. This campaign was in some waythey believe in women’s
borrowed by Indian feminists from the launched without even finding out equality, but so do many non-
early stages of the western feminist whether these methods were being ”feminists”. It is possible to be a
movement appears esppecially used in India and if so, how Gandhian, a liberal, a Marxist, and
inappropriate. widespread their use was, leave alone believe in women’s equality with men.
The process of mindless import of conducting careful evaluations within Experience has shown that those who
issues is most evident in many of the India to assess the negative side call themselves feminists may
international conferences. Third world effects of these contraceptives in disagree with each other on almost all
feminists are invited to such comparison to other available options. possible issues, including the
conferences with the expectation that The opposition was based on definition of women’s rights and
they will join the campaign on campaign material prepared in the freedoms.
whatever issues are currently West using data from some of the I have often been asked
fashionable in the West. Those who inconclusive studies available at that reproachfully by feminists: “How can
have resisted or expressed time. It seemed foolish for us to set you refuse to join the campaign on
reservations are usually excluded. To such a high priority on a campaign such and such issue if you are a
give just one example: some years ago here against something we were not feminist?” But, on many important
I was invited to attend a conference even sure was being used in India, issues concerning women, I often find
on reproductive technologies to be while we had not paid sufficient myself differing more with current
held in Germany. However, since the attention to higher priority issues feminist opinion than with other
invitation letter mentioned that those such as the millions of deaths being political groups not claiming to be
who attended the conference would caused in India due to lack of feminist. One way of resisting being
be expected to campaign against the availability of safe contraceptives for dragged into issues taken up by some
use of certain new forms of the majority of women, and the feminists on which I hold a differing
contraception and reproductive government pushing sterilization position was to learn to say: “I do
technologies being developed in the operations as the preferred method of not call myself a feminist, though I am
West, I wrote back saying that while I contraception, performing them under committed to the struggle for
was willing to discuss these issues, I extremely unsafe and unhygienic women’s rights. Let us discuss the
was not prepared to commit myself in conditions, causing serious health concrete facts of the case and consider
advance because, on the basis of problems for millions of poor women. the pros and cons of the approach
available information, I had not yet Nevertheless, a whole spate of articles being proposed and find out if we
been convinced about the need to by Indian feminists continue to be share any common ground, instead
oppose all these reproductive written on the subject, based mostly of starting out by assuming an overall
technologies. I was summarily told on data provided by their western solidarity or agreement just because
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