4 DEFINITIONS 4.1 INTRODUCTION ‘This chapter deals with definitions and materials that are used inthe lilt state design ofteinfored and prestressed concrete stuctures, 42 LIMIT STATE the load case beyond which a structure no longer satistcs the design “There are owo main Kimi states Collapse Limt State: To satsty this init state, the strength mist be adequate to cary the loads. Account must also be taken of stabil Servicebilty Linit State : To saisty ths limit state, deflection, exacking. and vibration mast not be excessive Violation ofa limit state does not necessarily mean that the structure bas foiled of collapsed. It implies fale inthe sense that a clearly defined limit state of strutual structure shall be designed a with appropriate degrees of (© sustain ll actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use, and remain it forthe use for which itis required. ‘A structure shal be designed and executed in sucha way that it will not be damaged by events such as: © explosion, © impact, and 1 the consequences of human errors, to an entet disproportion Potential damage shall be avoided or limited by appropriate choice of one or more ofthe following : ‘© avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards to Which the structure can be subjected; «selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity tothe hazards considered ; o Scanned with CamScanner‘tying the stractural members together ‘The basic requirements should be met: jon, and we relevant 0 the part ‘The Eurocode 1990 requires are classified a8 follows: ‘persistent design situations, which refer tothe conditions of moral use; ‘© transient design situations, which refer to temporary conditions applicable to the structure, eg during execution or reps: ions, which refer to exceptGnal conditions applicable to ts exposure, eg, to fre, explosion, impact or the consequences of localized failure; "= seismic design situations, which refer to conditions applicable to the structure ‘when subjected to seismic events. ‘The salient fears of Eurocode 2 ae discussed later inthis chapter, sates shall be related fo design situations that 43 CENTRAL VALUE MEASURES rth mean If te sequence of observed vabes ls denoted by 3 fsople meen i holy givens zeit rey +24 Aterively Bla «ay where, f= frequency of occurrence of x ‘n= total number of samples “The sample mean is frequently interpreted asa typical value or a central value of the data’ If required to give only a single number, one would like to use this art asthe best prediction of the data. ‘Mode and medion ae the other measures of the central tendeccy ofthe dataset. Mode Js the most frequently occuring value in the data set. Median is 0 m divides the glven observed values into two parts: one-half the numberof being more, and one-half less than the median value. _ where, 1 = lower value ofthe median class {fh = cumulative frequency of the class just before the median class f, = fiequency of the median class. w= class interval = upper value — lower value of the median class = total fequency 44 MEASURES OF DISPERSION measure of dispers an. The variance o? i defined as follows : = 2S (5-x? * oe US tambon? al" ite ote What at ale eemte Say = a Fa Atematvey, where, W = class interval 4, deviation from origin ‘much emphasis on the exten of experimental enor and neglects bulk of the dita which it is number is also sensitive to the size ofthe sample obseved a is analogous to the moment of inertia in with squares of distances from a center of gravity which is simply be (3) (439) a) (30 Scanned with CamScanneree me eee nn te sree Recah tate Path ane dependent parumeters. The adition af contant toile aren che came woud her the sample mean but te siandiddeviaton would wees asd aga tage ‘Sinn one ease! Om ai 45 NORMAL DisTRIBUTION CURVE Tifa coete des load tly ost over pes potty dn of ema ie "Sees en {Gefen ech or Ted a com son mie noe leche err tomie cacti cone paie en © Scene in hs rile enti mye eof eb tea emerges ah ii nals eee nee aon ‘clans ty nth ini care we of ince bine 5 Serbo cx bedrest vibe ky neo Sccame. Tie male Gan prey dire a homens ny el sate Tr iy cane ap pine Eien of team oft mmber of lama dered eden le wt croc! ton of mot potty oy ant ey trent cons e ero ate ven bons aps Gn ot Sametnanion ate wiley enone = 1 Zi 7 0 t a0 pot Fig Normal sation curve ‘taRAcTenisTic STRENGTH ‘Tea dito ton a he me weceee un) tones? as ‘ee men ne cu ca be sated by meen eytog Ewin snp to e nod wes te cv, Hem em a 9 fe eof be creer ereen-1 64a nd word Lito. Thames tat ne ‘Sony 3% poy at eet sal dow Z Lek oertepad E+ Lhe. Toe ‘opr fe soma denen a ne (Rica sbont he vecel ping emgh =O, (2) ih point (0,1, (0) Tae casei cancare domme erates atone oped fore use hs age ad (4 Tolar tnd ea he wen ey. conten Lee et of alesse sorely itd, en he pba fay sng ase ‘sing beeen Inst F's LS oer Fhe he ues of be om aoebeton fue betieen hein Thi poi expres apr refered on ‘ecole Wel Th iss (F # bo) nd (F~ La) eed was ecole lin nde incr (Z +o) and (Ko) ieee was he one ier ‘The paiiy of ny single ailing oie Us ( 4 ko) exrsed m4 stage eee oa eee eons, ‘4s CuaracrERisric stRENGTIE In ay sea the willbe vain in suengh of te mates wed The tone tn sengh of est test saps may be tall, Thee vations ae ‘pred sisi. The chance sengh oy me at vale fhe ezeng of ‘ual lw wich nt wee Bua 8% of he ess ae expel The ne ‘Efin i wed fr both conclave el eat Ren ud at i titecon sid rT Ls an he moral but cuve nem pbably uve as shown nF 2. Scanned with CamScannerISTIC LOAD, DEFRITIONS (CHARACTER % = days cube strength la MPa represented by the 28-day ee svength oe, Ce eee Gs [3 BE 2, ofrelaercement sa fair 1365 1385 aia fais rem eon» mode, sand Sa meng af ence, Determine Be ch testa 25a Solin : itera w MPa The rats ts anange he data into a clas interval w eal t 2 _ tabula Table 42 The da as been ploted in ie form of histogram ad epee fovea 44. Fig-42 Definition curve for characteristic strength 47 CHARACTERISTIC LOAD Jota erent oad which bas 95% probity of rot being exceed tog he Kaatw. M@ofasmctare, The characte loud is defined by WAFL 4s) Table 4.2 Statistics of concrete cubes Where, y= characteristic ood ea = svthmetic mean toad Cumulative |p roan og fois | tomerela This would meen that not more than 5% ofthe leas for a ven load condition would mena | AR] fregency ss 7“ treme | 4 | 88 cxceed yx shown Fig 43 "| | 2a | eee At present, there is insufficient data to allow loads to be assessed in sion ; aS t to materials that is, in statistical terms. However inthe sbsen ead, + i t live and wind loads given in 18: 875-1967 and seltmdefrces given nS: 18932000 a 2 Tas + sccepted as characteristic loads. ; + of 3 5 350 r To $00 3 3 TEs s < Bs 7 > 300 © > 950 9 £ z Too io Ea is the centroid of the histogram, tha is, the value for i= 402 = 2, rumulatvefequency is 24) and median cassis (29-31). Ife ~ Fig. 4.3 Definition curve for charac nH FA Nave 294 OM yn 94 6 esa MPD ti 24 0 Example 4.1 ; The cube strength results for 40 cubes of conrete produced athe ste ofa mulistorey “Mede Is the midpoint ofthe clas interval wit highest fequency, = 10) building project are as follows: = 30MPa Scanned with CamScannerSTRENGTH OF CONCRETE, MPa Mig. 44 Histogram of concrete eube strength ‘Standard deviation, Cottisiento aration : 1000, cor = 1002. OHA yy (Character strength oy * T= 1646 = 3041.64 440-2215 MPa ‘There isa 5% probability that strength of concrete will fall below 22.5 MP, Probability of non- chance of geting a value less than a given vale, frequencies. Thus, the probably of geting a A conerete mix isto be designed for a stength o MPa such that there is a2 % Probability that an individul cube suength test result wll ill below o, by mote than 91 MPa, Determine the target mean stengh, PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS Solution For a2% probability that x cube strength will fll below (ag ~ 0), the area under the ‘normal distbution curve between the limits = oy 204 From stndaed tbl where,o° = stot deviation ko = 2.050 current margin ey-9 = characteristic seen 43 DESIGN VALUES Materials factors wed to allow forthe poate dieences beeen te material sn oid ine acl ec a hance ng alse ‘aviation in wormanip or quality conto nthe mamafcre of eae and edaeet, the characterise sna fo Tower values Known desig sengih, The esi seagih ofthe materi i ivy: a a where, op = haneternic reap of mtr Yo Patil safety factor appopcte to material and Hint ste being fosiden. Loads Factors are used allow forthe possible diferences inthe lads tat may scully come ona sroctre as compared thee characteristic values The design iad valsevenby wer am, 19 ves, > hacer load A= patil safey factor appropriate to the nature of lading and Hit ate being considered 49 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS. 1 calealaton procedure, and and economic consequences. Scanned with CamScannerDEFINITIONS (2) ‘umusua inerease in loads beyod that wed for dev (©) unforeseen stress redisebution, ® ‘Inaccurate assessment ofthe effects of lading, and ‘combination DL +L, DLFWE SDL + WE DL+iL + Wi "Rca a beeen ‘retusa ead under DL + WL DL+LL + WE, 4.10 FACTORED LOADS a by an appropriate nt factored [STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE . All STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE and, therefore, the essa ream stesestrain curve for concrete as shown in Fig. 4 indesign. The Code has idea shown in Fig. 46. ‘bya cube test and the strength of concrete in structure, The cu nce orton where the slope of the tangent at the origin equals te yond 0.2% strain, the sess remains constant wit nein, Joad until a stn of 0.35% is reached when the concrete i said to have failed. Scanned with CamScannerDEFRNITIONs Other simplified stress jonships ‘conservative than the one defined in Eq equivalent to oF more for instance bilinear relation, ‘more precive data, the stess-suain relation shown in Fig. 4.8 may be used with inerensed characteristic strength and stains according othe following telatons: Fig. 4.8 Stressstrao relationship for confined concrete 'STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE a ) fora; £0050 + 2300/08) — forer> 00504 Scanned with CamScannerWhere, Be = 000 Jax Fe % Short term modula fet Sa = 28-deys chance strength The value ofthe modus cg 7 (ela of ence given by clase 3.13 of Face Manda 851 oFACT a ae ey ae 3 of ace (ote 3.13 ofbarcade2- put tiny & nam) ses 416 [Clause 85.1 of Act 318) E, = 4700 fay Mra 17) where Sek chatacterstic strength ofeonicte clin Jes cleat stated i the codeeommenany tata Biven by the above equations may be cea, 10% 020% of that values given-in the Enmaode are based onthe secant modus conespending os ste coal Wes roe oylinder strength, [The value of the modulas of elasticity given by Eqs. 4.15, 4.16 or 4.17, {0.5 the short term static modulus of concrete. Thi be used for jon of elastic deflections as well as in the design of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures. ‘The long term value ofthe Youngs modulus of concrete includes the effet of creep due to permanent loads and is given as follows . - Fe" 6 baad where, fgg Long term Young's modulus of elasticity or effective modules of concrete. © = creep coefficient whose value may be obtained from Table 4.5 in accordance with clause 62.5 ofthe Code Jong term modulis of elasticity of concrete i used only in the calculation of creep ‘The long term modil defections, [STRESS.STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR STEEL, 5 ives detiled expression to obtain suess stain tural analysis, 5 of Eurocode 2 part wn in Fig. 4.10. The vale ot flow is influenced by: P Tecovery relationship, luce the effective modulus of elasticity of concrete byt the quality of concrete. Creep is measured in terms of sttess. Creep coefficient is defined as the ratio ofeeep ‘The effect of creep {actor of 2 10 3 depend i La ive humidity and passage of time and is uelted tld le and partly permanent, The mechanism of snag the factors which inuencecrep also have been falls ily those related to los of moisture, age RT ENDDIAI tives deuited expression for eonpaing ee al 42 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR, ‘STEEL The Scanned with CamScannerpp as (SHIP FOR STEEL. eT ‘STRESS-STRAIN RELATION: ta ries 5D wie Fe SO0D grade, Fe $50D grade, These are ductil a mechanical arsed CIM ° Gal ig, .12 Ldealized stress-strain curves for mld stel bars tra pt yield pin and teat the sean bata =4 0 Se certo min ie eg ae ea Ish dnl a sto Ey 7 a Tinforcng stil. For mild see, e change fe to plete condition is a ‘est frp rgh dnt tac gos cei o—|/y sera alee ss sain cvesareshorninFig. 42a 41. The tee pope eee sestopo ares ofO8 og whe cyn be ag em Pe sp liad ei enc Fess oar ska oe Te i Be scemnbscocrphs ge ctteds Seema Ae : Seeman e re i al “| ener 17 1 Stone a ‘eer aoed ‘a0 ‘STRAN Fig. 4.13 Idealized stress-strain curve for high strength deformed bars ‘Table 4.6 Points on design strese-strala curve for HSD grade bars ag, 0 grade — =| Stress tevel | Strata ia one, | 08504 _| 09004 095.04 Yield point, and its 05759, stress-strain curve may be idealized similar to the stres-tain curve for mild steel as j Lio es shown in Fig. 4.12. Scanned with CamScannerJROCODES, SALIENT FEATURES OF E " % Demarions etaton Memhclnmeanuten EL lemme a resmaaos [eoe cae el Grae $|o et eid Jone 15:32) eisoat aliebiseaeaeereniat The nposed loads) reaow =a between 20-40 ram Medium [IS=432 (part) [350 for bsrrote le ar fe inctural members (eg. lnernal ors nomen, sess, strain) or onthe whole structure (eg 20%, & fesecrofsction 3 essence} 1s2062 [re 4g0] 80<29 = ally of short Graton bat he easy Beep Feais 2 9 Assen action unlikely to occur on given stuctre ding te des Fe300 fe. resee | High n% i fFeeoo | stength 530 forbarsefatisies | 10% : Feeoo | amen | 18:1786 600 10% X eee steel 4150 18% © 00D 5000 16% Fe 5500 3500, 43% 1 ston RS S00 fo bars of alls 1% - : evant daring a period of hoon 13 SALIENT FEATURES OF EUROCODES 12 [Persistent design ing life ofthe sructue~ irrgen na «The Lurocodes have come — ‘analysis and design should ever, depeuing upon th implemen referred to 6 the practices recently revised Indian Codes 1S:600-2007 and 4.9 and 4.10. ‘This concept ‘kp wih a very novel concept ~ the indaimental pincipkes of in each member county of volving eeeponal conditions of te artay uding fire explosion, ime or local fre involv tonal conditions ofthe Scanned with CamScannerSay a DEFINITIONS #0 Fated ced FAT Fatigue: fa ‘Serviceablity limit state tions that ean be used to check the serviceability ‘which combination should be used for which pal representative value is the characteristic value and this can be determined statically or where here is insuficieat dst, «nominal vale may be used. The ther three ‘bined by applying (0 the characteristic value the factors Yo , V1 and V2 respectively, as shown in Fig. 4.14 and recommended in Table 4.11. A semi probabilistic ‘method luted to derive the factors which vary depending onthe type of imposed load. SALIENT FEATURES OF EUROCODES o Te Fig. 4.14 Representative vales of varable actions The combination value (Yo Qs) of an action it intended to take account ofthe reduced probability ofthe simultaneous occurence of its peak vale with hat of another action. Is {sed for the verifiation of wizate Limit ates and iveversible serviceability limit tates. ‘The frequent value (1 Qe) such that it should be exceeded only fora short period of The quasipermanent value (Y2 Qi) may be exceeded for a considerable period of ‘shout 50% of the time within the refereace periods alternatively it may be Aation We |v | va Tmposed Loads fa Buildings 07 [os [os ‘Category A= dorestic areas or {os [03 ‘Category B-ofliee areas 07 [o7 10s ‘Category C-congreration a5 ‘07 [07 [os ude of ections tobe used when a init state is under the infhuence unfavourable conditions and are Scanned with CamScannerErg Gei)+ Ip? +7041 Vet +E TO Vos Seg (19) Pe rcs Lending. Oberlin” raat Pim “teins. Odertinin cewontot E (Prag Gist P+ 191 ¥os Qe * Bias ¥05 Qe) (4209) E (6 70) Gus +P +991 Qui + Dra: Yo; Qed (6.208) E = ett Uitimate Load Combinations accidental “wo diferent stations exse (2) Sectare rng application of accidental action eg impact. EEG. )+ P+ Ag -tyueaQit EVs aan inating pit EEG + P+ a2 Tra ONS Reornce Uloate Load Combinations else EG I+ P+ Ae + By Qs os (423) Toga Petes emalercn Serviceabilty Load Combinations (1) Caractere nonmally used fot ieversble ni tates, eg res checks for reinforcement at LS 1 ‘aston Symbot|Bulldings] Bridges luntvcurable ome | 135 135 n= ‘toinr | 1.0, 10 Kae Paielnisombitaes [|= 135 loiter nfavoursble 1s [pesienat [ontivourbte * 10 Jeiemie _ fUntavourate me | 10 10 Refer Euocade 10 SALIENT FEATURES OF EUROCODES a s sed or reversible Unit S318, 8, TC Wilh ag stressed concrete at SLS veormaly wed for tong-em eet aD te PPE of (2) an emer a lai ned eon sack: inations~ characteristic sy sed for checking Limitations on sess in BEG, J+ P_* es * Eves Qs “rare Foie obginies eine + Various pantial fators for strength calculations are given in Table 4.12. ‘Table 4.12 Partial factors for strength ealeulations pean Comanitee for 11 Actions on Structures, Pats 1-6, European Commits for Bas Desin oo 1: Gen de ings, European Committee for Standardization, Busses. —_ Scanned with CamScanner(0) nonmaldistbation curve © creep and srntage 2. The results of cube follows * ‘strength in MPa forthe frst 30 batches of M20 concrete are as ei 2) tion cave, Cal sed etre Hn Goi 3. Bip te owing tems ued in Buen 2: > (0 Ass “Design snag (0) Ute od conbiatons (0 Servet od conintns 5 SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 51 INTRODUCTION A reinforced coneete flexure member shouldbe abe to resist tensile, compressive and shear steses induced in it by the loads acting on the member. Concrete is fily strong in (6) singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams. Doubly reinforced and flanged beams are discussed in Chapter 6 and 7, The design ofslas, walls and foundations ae discussed in ater chapters. Fig. 5.la. In singly reinforced cantilever beams of slab reinforcing bars are placed neat {he top as shown in Fig 5.1b forthe same reason. ‘wide of beam, d= affect depth of beam upo te cent o sin reorcement, ‘De cveral dptial beam Fig. Sa Reinforcement in simply supported beam % Scanned with CamScanner8 INGLY REINTORCED SECTIONS po White desig ing ifred See and tend ofthe set tnd tea of reinforcing tare emaicto 2 of a sdiieastief forces, There ae may pute condition stores oe L Thus, cost will govern the final derign, — 52 BENDING OF BEAMS Ita reinforced concrete beam is subjected through thee distinct stages before complete sy increasing load, it wil go ‘Uncracked concrete stage — elastic stesses (Cracked concrete sage — elastic stresses (©) Ultimate strength stage CcuRVATURE, Fig, 52a Moment-curvature ri Uneracked Concrete Stage ‘At small loads, the maximum tensile ses in conc fad tension on the other, Bending stresses canbe calelaed cross-section using the formula ENDING OF BEAMS Ip * gloss moment =O forsee @ oneret, thats, inathe working sets design metho 9s yy can be obtained using a maximum tensile tess equal tg (521) (525) Scanned with CamScanner96 SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS timate Srength Stage ‘utermost compression fre i taken as strength ofthe concrete, hip between strestaran distbation in conerete is assumed to be Fig. 5. Stress block parameters (4) the tensile strength of concrete is ignored, (€) the sess in reinforcement is derived from the rep forthe type of steel used as shown in Figs. 4.12 (9 the maximum strain in tension reinforcement in the sec be less than the following: +0002 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE 0 54 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE tion provided by the internal stresses. This is elled the sured to remain plane before and after bending 2 natal ais which the ene cross-section it in compression and sain i proporsona to tome by size bars. Its farther assumed tht stresses in al the bars are equal The resultant tenule force thas ait a he centoid ofthe reinforcing bars. The depth from the extreme ‘compression fibre tothe centroid of tensile forces is called the efectve depth d. ‘The stress block parameters with reference to Fig. 5:3 ean be derived a follows: Maximum compressive ses in concrete without paral safety factor = ky oq = 06 oy (64) ‘The depth ofthe parabolic portion ofthe stress block canbe obtained from the strain (sab) Bae) Scanned with CamScanner98 SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS feattnaaicxnons 4) x = depth of neutral axis from the extreme compression fibre Force of compression should be equal fo force of tension, 036 0qbx = 0.876, A, ‘where, A, = area of tension steel For equlitrium of 2 section DH = 0, EV= 0 and DM = 0. By equat ‘Moment of resistance with respect to concrete = 0360422 Mowent of resistance wth respect steel = tensile force x lever arm 0870, A,2 ‘SS MODES OF FAILURE {Ets pad Une ecrsg bending es te maxim nnn cont tensa ivIrin VALUES OF TENSION STEEL AND MOMENT OF RESIsTayce over reinforced be 5.6 MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS Sg a 0.0035 Gxq ” (OB70y /E,)+0.002 a tae 0.0035 a * “a” (00055+0.870,7E,) : ‘The values oft, for different grades of steel are given in Table 5.1. ‘Table 5.1 Maximum depth of neutral axis Nim? | x4, apo ais [oard 300 [ose [sso Tossa] ‘5.7 LIMITING VALUES OF: TENSION STEEL AND MOMENT OF RESISTANCE depth of neutral imited. Its value for rb, wirespecttoconcrete = 036 oy bxz by Eqs. 56a, 5.70 and Mi 7 » Scanned with CamScannerment corresponding to the limite moment of forces oftenson and compression; OF fea of tension reinforcement (sy) should not exceed and compacting ‘TYPES oF PRoBLEM 101 Of Enrocode 2 part I-l requires that he minimum area of tension should not be less than the following : ‘Ay = 0.2674 but not less than 0.13% of the gross area (5.12) %y where, kam ™ mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete 59 EFFECTIVE SPAN span of member is computed as follows: ;pported beam or slab The effective span ofa simply supported member ofthe following: 155 geal and 1 centre to centre distance between supports leat span fective depth of beam or slab us beam or slab The effective span of a continuous beam or slab is ith Of support 4 < Ly, the effective span is tken as lesser of the Dm ed GB) 1 = ceateto centre distance between supports 6.3 (8) if width of support is greater than L/12 or 600 mm, whichever is less, the cffctive spans takeaas follows: for end span with onc end fixed and te other continous of for intermediate span: my (6.136) for end span with one end fee andthe other continuous, the effective span is taken lesser of the fellowing = Lr0sa and P= L454, where, = width of discontinuous support 6.139 6.39 510 TYPES OF PROBLEM asically two types of problem crete sections are summarized inthe following: Scanned with CamScanner12 ‘SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS the vale of xd hen ft va, The alculated by the following 7h . (5.4) (at My = 0870 Ayz Ms om 34 ( 4) ay (ade) (©) for balanced section, the moment of re a of resistance is calculated by he following x im B= d-042x, My = 036 a4 bxy(4-042%,) oF My = O87 oA 042) ‘The value of xp is obtained from Table 5. limited to x andthe moment ‘of resistance is computed bated on concrete x im B= d-042 x, My = 036 0546 %q(4- 042%) S.1-DESIGN TABLES It is possible to generate design curves and design tables for singly reinforced bears bby making use of Eq. 5.14, a Gale My Let Aye pbd and Me om 7 m = 0879,p(1~po/oa) : eon 2p -osteypem=0 Fora given concrete mix and type of se “and m. Table 54 aes of pin % for mix and Fe 415 grade steel | LLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES vine 8 a a ae ys M25 | ba? Tab 512 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ‘The following examples illstate the process of analysis and design of singly reinforced beams. Fig. 54 Section for example 5. Solution ‘Width 200 mm, Overall depth» 450 mm phd = 400mm ‘There are three bars each of 20 mm diameter (}= bar diameter in mn) Eff Scanned with CamScanner10s SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS (Force of compression = 0360 64 = 036415120000 Force of tension = ten (A=3<314 mm) 0.87 2503314 = 204900NN 1080x = 204900 0, x c+ Depth of neutral axis = 190 mm * (i) Force ofcomprestion = 0.3604.bx > 036 x20%200x= 40x. Force ofteasion = 0876 4, or 1440x = 340100 of x= 23 Sq = 048d=192 mm <236 mm + isan over reinforced section Depth of neutral axis= 192 mm Example 52 Petite eve am for seion show ni. eft cove=40 md (0 = 20Ninn?, 0, = 250 Nim? (i) o—g = 25 Nimmo, = 415 Nim? e— 250 —e} > ‘Fig. 5 Section for example 2 Solution Lever armz= 4-042 x “There are three bars each of 16 mm diameter. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 10s (Fore ofconpression C = 036 0g x= 036%20%250x= 180024 Force oftension oT = O80, A, where Ay=3% 201 ram? T= 087» 250%3 «201 = 1311000 «, Wx = 131100 « n= 129mm tm = 0534053 (100-40) = 1908>729mm OK 2. Dephotnetataris = 729 meu Levert = 360-042729 =329.0 men Go Fereoeompesion C = 036 9g bx~036%254250%= 25026 ForeoftenionT = 0876, A,=087 41513201 = 217700 a x= 968mm ag = 048 4048 400-40) = 1728 men> 964 nm OK = Dephofecuat ans = 968 mm Leveram = 360-042%968=31935 mm Example 3 Decmine he moment of resisace fr the scton shown in Fg 5.6 (0 oq = 20Nhn cy ~ 415 Ni? oq = 20Niemt 6, = £00 et b= 250 44 | 310 . Fig.5.6 Section for example $3 Solution (i) Force af compression = 0.36 04,bx~ 0:36 20 x 250x™ 1800xN A, = 3x13 me? Force oftension = 0.876, A, = 087415 x3 «113 = 122400 Scanned with CamScannerSINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS. x= 68mm Ym O48I= 048x310 = 148.8mm> 68mm OK + Depth of neural axis = 68 mm Force of compression = 0.3604, 6x= 0363 20 250x= 1800xN A * 3x13 am? Force oftenion = 087 0, A, 087 x 5003113 = 1474708 x= Bmm Xm 7 OA6d=045%310 = 142.6 mm > 82 mm This is an under reinforeed section. “Depth ofneutralaxis = 82 mm Leveranm = 310~042%82=275.6mm Moment of resistance with respect to steel M = 087, 4.2087 500%3 113% 275.6 Naum M = 40.654Nm Example 54 Design a rectangular beam. smixand Fe 415 grade steel, and Solution ‘The beam will be designed so that under the applied moment bth materials reach thie ‘maximum stresses. Letus assume ratio of evel depth to breadth ofthe beam eq to 1.5, Fors balance design, FactoredBM = moment of 075 km sing () MOS Heel. i) Moment of resistance M,= 036046 %q(4-042,) ForFediSstecl, —%m ~ 1070 mm? OK ‘The bars are placed symmetrically inthe beam. It means 1-12 mm bars willbe paced inthe middle, The reinforcement shown in Fig, $.7a, 2259+ 16125 ° e Fle: 5.74 Seetlon for example $4 (I) Scanned with CamScanner108 SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS Coles ofresitnce M = 036 0qbxy(d-0425,) ferFessOstc, ag, = O44 (Refer Tales) e a Ma = 325bd? for og=25MPa (Refer Table $2) M, = 32: is, o a= 30am ‘Adopt D = 410 mm sed b= 275 sum Weftective cover = 35 mm, effective depth = 375 mm Balanced area of see p is given by ‘or Balanced steel required = 0.0083 3278 x37S'= 856 mn? Minimum ates ofstel A, = 28564 _ 08542754375, Se = OS ITS ITS 60 at ° 7 $50 Provide 3-20 mm bar, giving toa area = $42 mn? > 856 mn? OK ‘Actual area provided = —%2 «9699,» ee Bsaa7s ~ 001 091% < 4% (Maximum) ‘The reinforcement details shown in Fig, 5,7. = ms. Fig. 5:7b Section for example 54 (l) ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES, 109 Example 55 Ae ‘beam is 20 em wide and 40 em deep upto the centre of reinforcement. Find the sent required if that o resist moment of 25 EN. (i) Use M2S mix nd SALL-MA : 3OOHTY grade steel, )) Use M20 mix and Fe 415 grade sel. fective depth d= 400mm Factores BM = 1.5% 2537.5 Nm () Area of steel can be obtained by equating the bending moment to the moment of resistance with respect to tension steel, that is, My = oneal be sts) G.l4e) - % 300% Ay | 400-S rsa = oma senna (100-28) ot, A? 6666.7 Ay+2.395 x 10° = 0 on Avo tient O8Toy Ax _087%300x381 036049 — 036%25%200 Depth of neutral axis = = 5525em ‘ ‘ o.03sa ‘nig depth ofestal ise ~ (0 005540.87 Ey) 184 = 205.6 mm > $5.25 mm oK js under reinforced and depth of neutral axis is $5.25 mm. ran > 381 man) OK anbe obtained by slvsg aquatic equation in Ay 8 done in (i) ively Table Sa canbe ued, b= 200mm and = 400mm My = 375 106Nmn, o4=20MPa, and oy=-415 MPa My 31Sx10° ba? ~ 200x400 17 sles ges My Mu ba? we for .70.343% and My =1.20, p.-0.359% Scanned with CamScanner= SINGLY REINFORCED sticrions Hence, fag My. bat” 117, by interpotation B= 03. -, Examples A rectangular beam i Fog ae bea 20cm and Fes grade steht ined by equating the bending moment tothe moment of that os 60x 106 = 087 A (s0- or AP =3855A, 41.6108 = 0 or, AS Depthofnestalanis x = Limiting depth of neta tity = ‘Therefore, the depth of neural axis is 1186 mam and the section is under reinforced. Use 2-16 am and 1 12 mm bars (A, = 515 me? > 473 man) ox Example 87 Design a rectangular beam for 4 m effective span whic 15 kNim and alive load of 12 kNin. Use M25 mix end Fe Solution . us adopt a value of = For simply supported beam, let us adopt fE=10 L= 400em, d=40em b = 25¢m, d= 40emand D= for Let us adopt ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES crete = 25 kN? sm = 025x045 %25> 2.81 kN Superimposed LL ‘Topol load 29.81 KNIm ‘oad w, = load factor ota oad =1.5*29.81 = 4472 0Nim Factored oad %y 2 ant - sem Movin toed BM = yl = MTDC = Foes tlc design maximum depth af era is Hp * 046A = 046 x 400 184 mm FrctoredBM = = 013364 be 0.133 « 25 x 250d? moment of rsistince with respect fo concrete (Table 52) 895 «108 = 4 = 328 iam < 400mm sreviseit, Let d= 335 mm,D=375 mm,b= 250mm Assumed effective depth Asn lg though be same procedure we ge d= 327mm «335mm Fin section, b = 250mm, D = 375 mm fal axis~046 0335 = 154mm Fore often = fore of compression 087 8 A, = 03604: 087300 = aS = 797 mm? MinimumsnescftsionseeA, = 085 24 08s «252 Ay 7 085 2 wns Bass = 143 me? < 797 mn? Scanned with CamScannermn a FORCED SINGLY ILY REINFORCED SicTIONS (Elastic Theory bj Balanced depth ef eu Leveram j = 1 Ng Foratalanced design M = Kha? where, K = OSeaNj ‘Sch ™ permissible compressive stress in concrete £5 Ninn? for M25 mix (Refer Table A.1 Appendix A) Om permissible teil 1 mobi ro= 2 rns u = 0.289 a Thes j= 10269-09036 j K = 05x85 x0289 «05 | Bending moment at midspan M = wi2/8 = or 625x108 = Kbd=11 i « Ne 1 b= 22526mm230mm | ‘Adopt a 23 cm x $0 cm effective section Force of compression = 0.5 o,bNd Force oftension = Avoy or, Area of steel A, is given by A, = 2S90bNE 05485e23010259%500 Ox 230 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES, us £109 men = 120 7 A + Smet (iy Lint State Theory Facoredond = 15420-3010 core ening moment = 20x S378 My>93754NE ‘Adopt a Vem x $0 em effective section 0.360. >%m 04s Areaoftenionstel Ay Gt, a the savings in concrete and steel using the Now a comparison can be made regain or he laste Nery state theory with ign hows tat excess tes required in the lane two theories, The ves the most economical design, Scanned with CamScannerne SINGLY REINFORCED secTIONS ExERcists ioe at wth pation, nee What are the a te amptions forthe design of Site of colape in bec en ofa reinforced concrete action fr Hit cross-section’ i" bending ? Derive the ster block parsmetere 27 Show that he lniting depth of net aetna a tag 2. Dé emine the depth of 5 amin ee sete oa 20 men $0 20 cm wide and 35 cm deep upto the cente of factored moment of () Gets gray s 2A eetengas beam section is 30 cm wide st $0 em deep yo steel which consists of 4-16 mm burs lad th portent lever am, forces of compression and tcaion caching moma smomént of essence if cones sof M20 mand 300 grade _P™ Hie amount of reinforcement in exerci 7 seduced to 3-12 men TOR bs, ow the snus would be modified 9/Besign a rectangular section to resist a working bending moment of 150 kN, Use M25 concrete and Fe 41S grade scl and usune sulle poparton “9p Dens cg tan te bing ly pede mt PE erie neh naar ae sek = 5 RNuy, (i) 40 kNm. Use M 25 mix concrete and TOR stee] rite a friendly computer program to design 2 sing! 7 Fa. es ny ce software. inforcement required atthe bottom if thas to resist a 6 —— ee ————= DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 4s wrooucron rt ema init i omen ta A ty ee Tce aan ye campeion ron arses ven eph of tren a an ee eer ghee ee re a teu tay mea eae a Seep ene echeia ced a cof moment of resistance knowing breadth, depth, vores Sacco ieramemauegte: icdaniaemnn, Teaere eal ote et em ie esi eae ee aaa eter eas hea ala nos term me yp re ag ee SOR ny ea cn, mt negra cee ve ee in aA ok section. The amount of compression steel may be obtained by writing the rae ompress y be obtained by writing 62 STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT 88 in compression that level. As shown in Fig. 6.1, to = 00035 (-S) Xm whete, effective cover to compression Feinforcement, (61) us Scanned with CamScannerTt up. Pom A doubly reinforced beam can be assumed to be made up of two beams A of and Bas shown in Fig. 6.2. In beam A, which i a singly einforced beam, the tension steel At, is Sp? Ifthe atored moment M exces Mi 4 dovblyrenoned DESIGN TABLES, Oa he(b@) Sacto << 6» WhetesAye aes of compreston reinforcement Fig. 62 Stress in an idealized doubly relaforced beam Step3 . The additional area of tension steel Aig is obtained by conidering be 8 Ne Sere * O87 6, Any (64 *, og Ag = 875A 6) Sip 4 Theta ne A enby: small corared with before of compression in compression el ti al © ontibution and use Eqs. 63b and 6. instead of Eqs. 6 3a and 64a. {IMUM AND MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT see i wi a ly ied a ofthe gross cross-sectional 65 DESIGN TABLES tis pula w generat desig tars and es ables fr daly red eas by asking We of Ey 62, €3, 64, and 6 fer agen cree mi, ype of tel and cover © onpreion see “Tale 62 ges sion (p td compresio el (pos (apexes) foie values of Mfr M20 mis, MUS mi, Fe AS rte se anid = 010 Scanned with CamScannerdoubly reintorced bene AIS MPa and id= 0 10) ‘The following examples Mustrae the analysis and dei for ign procedures for doubly Example 6.1 Find the moment of resistance of a beam 25 cm by $0 em deep if iti 2.12 mm bass in compression zone and 3.20 mm bars in tent ffective cover of 40 mm as shown in Fig. 63. Assume ()) M20 mix. ‘tee, () M25 mix and Fe 500 pe tec. bot 00035 | fz eee wf | 7 SECTION bleed ig. 6.2 Section for example 61 ng ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES : of neutral axis is unknown. Hi an ic Fhe Te font ~ o agrotus=04s 40 (raghetoonteen = Fe * mee vue st tel Tar we ote sesn competion sel eroding tatu Sint eer of conprenion Hel al = oums(22=£) comnts competion lean be eine by interpolation sing Table 6, coms ooze) ‘.00360~a00776 ForeofTension T= 0.876,Ay= 087 x415 «3314 = ONION = 453718im Leetecine cover = 94.D= 0mm @ = G0-€0-S0mm and rq=0A8d=260mm tat 4300 540m 241.5 Na ‘Area of tention steel correspond O87 a, Ay = 0360, %q, a :36%20%300%260 “ O87xaI5 ‘The remsining bending moment has to be resisted by a couple consisting of ‘compression stel and the corresponding tension steel : WdI=01, oO = 383 Nim? (€ $6) M~Mig (sie See An)(4=8 = 1556 mn? Scanned with CamScannerDOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS Total tension steel Ay = Ay + Ag 1556+ 1134 =2690 mnt and Ae * 1160 mn? ‘Provide 5-28 mam bars in tension (A, = 3078 mm? > 2690 men) and 4-20 mm bare in ‘compression (Ay = 1256 man!) as shown in Fig. 64 530 5284 70 Fig 64 Sect ample 62 Cheek ‘Maximum tension steel = 0.08 6 D =0.04 x 300 x 600~ 7200 mn? > 3078 mi? oK Example 63 Find the moment of resistance of a beam section 25 em by 50 cm decp if itis reinforced with 2-20 mm bars in compression and tension, each at an effective cover of ‘50 mm. Use M20 mix and Fe 415 grade steel. ‘Solution First Trial Let depth of neutral axis x =%q * O48 d= O41 Strain at the evel of compression steel = 0.0035 Force of compression in concrete C, ~ 0.36 6% [ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES = 0.36% 20 x 250216 = 388800.N steely * (Ose Fee) Av xe of cgreion a recat “a (350-0446 « 20) 628 = 214198 N c= on300N ove stenion T= O87 0yAy OST AIS 628 = 2610" «Fore of compresion ; sutra axis sould be reduced iss on under enforced section. Dep of| sed tab fre of eompreion ‘becomes equal to the force of tension Second Tra Letdephofneuratanis = 675 0am smint telnet ofconpresion set = 00035 (75-52) 9001 “= 2.00091 958.7 = 181.9 Nima? 4. Suessincompressionstes] = 5 20250 x 67.5 = 121500N ~ 0.446 x 20) 628 = 108600 N Force ofeompressioa » Cy Hence, depth of neutral axis = 67S mm. (For more accuracy the depth of neutral axis canbe futher reduced)” = OK. Moment ofresisance My = C\(4~0.42x)+ C, (4-4) 121500 x (450 - 0.42 x 67.5) + 108600 x 400 = 94.67 «108 mm = 9467 km Ifitwas a siogly re on, ts init contin? # singly reinforced section, its Uniting moment of resistance with respect © Mim ™ 0.138 ob d= 0.138 x20 x250 x 4502 Nam *10¢Nem = 97am > 9467 am nt beant It would be hetter if the top reinforcement is 1 mean this is not an stoplaed tthe boner Scanned with CamScanner124 DOUBLY REINFORCED sticTioNs EXERCISES Assume suitable data with justification necessary, inforeed with 2-14 men ne, each at an effective force of tension, eracking spo Ur tas occas cee A.A ste BC tam ite ite to ee 205 ger TOR See tn cert 0 de tit eae te sid men ee fev ae pe sae ee AA rectangles RC. section i 30cm «$0 co oe andi refed with 3.20 mm bars in compression. Uf conerete fs M 25 and ste! is TMT S00, Gane ne fit has om, Sn steed 41ea of tension sel needed to make the beara filly effective. What then would be the ‘moment of resistance ? Assume 40 mm effective cover, 6 A rectangular RC. section 35 em x 60 em deep is reinforced with 4-25 mm Fe 7500 grade steel bars in compression at an effective cover of 40 mm. Determine fhe area of same grade of tension reinforcement needed to make the beam fully effective. What then would be its moment of 2 Assume M25 concrete 8. Write a user fiendly computer program () to generate design chars for doubly reinforced sections, ie dsgn 4 debly tified secon and pt te cosseton and (0 alerctnen eu wing AUTOCAD ocenuton eae FLANGED BEAMS ‘two beams is designed either 1s one-way tratio and the boundary conditions along Scanned with CamScanner72 EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGE eatcte width intead of sca width of + faged beam eed ting he bene Of Rsistnce as given in clause 231 of ee pede ‘The actual flanged Ten Sel te dsaoce between he lol ere the lb TOL with td to alow fre fe i fangs is MoM above the than at some dsanee wy feorc a crea of constant conpresve stress over the ee eine aay the force ‘fesspersion emis sate Atpica ures dat tutonhaT oases oe Fig. 72 Stress distribution over lange width Clause 23.1.2 ofthe Code recommends that effective with offlnge of beams may be taken as follows: (2) ForT-beams, lesser of (a) 0) (728) (72) (73) (230) ‘TYPES OF PROBLEM ™ isolated L-beam, lesser of (a Foriolated Ose, - 0% * Gia as 1 points of zero moment ina beam te cetnoos bes ay be ken 2 0. teste ete san fal the clear distance between two adjacent beams as shown ia Fig 7.3, ve width values aze lable to be revised a8 more tex dt teow, ‘These effet availible. corner Sor spay ————, Fig.73 Effective Mange width 7.3 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT Cause 265.1 of the Code requires that minimum tension reinforcement stall ste Jess than that given bythe folowing : of = ar) Trane ar Compression steel shoult not exceed O44 4, DL forrest i tin reinforcement of the slab is panel Set, beatles hearse a tat provided as shown in Fig 1.4 See Crete min reintorceren at wid pune he ss 14 TYPES OF PROBLEM. setts anc hit tr ei aa Cue Newtal ais es inthe flange In such, ira ces, concrete below the ‘beam is IS good as neutral axis ig assumed to ha cracked. Thay, all he comeeat ved og ton having breadth and efive dd Tos "inforced in Chapy Sani avahd hee ee ‘singly reinforced as well as dood) Scanned with CamScanner128 ee So) = SECTON AT XX. Fig. 74 Transverse reinforcement in flange of T-bean (Case? T: section is balance, singly reinforced and neial ais ein the web ‘A T-beam can be idealized as shown in Fig, 75, I Rao sp ye" li @ 1 {$020 itis assumed that depth of rectangle potion ofthe stress block is stron ott Seton Force of compression = force of compression in ect force of compression nr = 0.36 0:4 by Xn +0446 04 Force of compression = 0.36 6:4 by Xp + 0446 04 (by ~ by) ¥¢ Force oftension = 0.87¢,., Moment of resistance = 0.36 O44 by Xi (4 ~ 0.42 tg) + 0.446 04 (by ~ b,) ¥((4-05 ¥) a7, where, yp * (0.15 tq #0.65 D,) # Dy 78) ‘TYPES OF PROBLEM, ny cae sintered ne aes eb 09 2 £003 (22) ket a i cn ron be nae ng son Fh Fore of O36 a,b +0446 of ~b,) Dy 75 Force of = O87 0,4, 0.9%) Moment of existance with respect io steel = 0387 0, Az a3) Moment of resistance with respect to concrete 036 046, x(4-0422) +046 0, (by- b,)DH4—05D) (794) de te Pit I sia f2= J Fig. 7.6 Stress dltribution when Dy <043 (i 125 04s nee at depth cng prin te re ck equ ya shown in Fig, 7.8, ple esl ej Say Ss + a % 7. f Te | —— —H_4ds . “all Fig. 1.65 Stress distribution when D> 0.43 x Force ofcomprension = 0.36 d:yby x + 0446 044 (b/-b,)¥¢ (7.103) Fore oftxsion = 0.876, 4, a (0.108) “Moment oftesisance with respectto tel = 087 0, Az (108) Moment of resistance wilh respect concrete er, PME SAbe HU O4B) +446 30-4) 9 (405 y) (7.104) Ye= O1SX4+065D,9 Dy [Note «Eqs. 7.9¢ and 7.10 the lever arm 2 should be determined by frst computing the centre of grav forces of compression inthe two idealized portions of the beam as show in Figs 7.60 aud 7.6. Scanned with CamScanner130 FLANGED BEAMS Case 4 Tee ton & over reinforced and maximum depth ofnevra ais x oe Pe OW Ls o20,werg. 26 i) eB SOS O20, weEgs 77 7S ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Phe following problems ilustra ‘lastrate the analysis and design of fanged beams. sah ysis and design of Manged bes Lead per meter nin ofbeaa Estectve wish of fange by xia value of fang with “i. Eifective widh of ange JLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES asf 1 of beam equl to 40 em and effective cover eat 36 cm eam = with of web x depth of web x conte dni sain elo on empet ce isxines tonemaue Factored maxi : that ‘assure that neutral ais ies in the lang + us O87GyAL _ O8T25AL _goy37h % G36oe4 be 036202200 Y < NAlies inthe Mange ‘ Use 5-28 mma (A= 3079 ma? > 2938 me) Minimsm area of tason steel, Ay = 0.85 = RR = 085 x 232-367 me? «3079 ee? OK Maximuqaracfienionstec!A, 0.04%,D ~ = 0.0% 300 400 = 4800 san? > 3079 mm? . OK Exalole 712 CClelate the moment of resistance ofa T-beam as shown in Fig 78 assuming M20 rixand Fe AIS gre sel. Solin |. Lets assume hat it isan under reinforced section and dhe neural axis His win be flange (Case 1. Oaboahe = 0876,4, 08741543500 a36a0a50 ~ 74m > Pr ‘Asthe value ofx is mere than 120 mm, the neural axis ics in the web. Try Case 3 (9. Be 5 Eo yp 7 0273020 2 Ye = O1Sx+065D, Force oftension = Force of ° a —————————— Scanned with CamScanner132 FLANGED nEAMS 87 A = 0360, 0.87 «415 x3500 = 00 OM *20%255 9 1463205 50-28 015 «06512 rn x = 379mm Mexioum depo reual ani, Abt 1446 04 (b=) * 048 d=0.48 450% 216 mm < 309mm bo 1 —— 120) Ape 3500 mr 359°900 mm 1 Fa FRoy Fig. 7.8 Section for example 7.2 Since depth of neutral axis is ‘more ‘inforced section (Case 4 ‘tea the waxinsn ese dept ian over Sea of grit ofthe feof compresion fom pf, NG.(No Good) OK S001104x0.5x1104) {(036%20%250% 216) (0446«20s00s103) er a = 7099 lever arm = ‘40 1am Moment ofresistince = force ofeémpression xz = (988800 + 492400) «3794 1334 x 106Nmm =334 4X With s load factor of 1.5, te moment of tessance at working lose ie SWS = 2227 Nm cua the moment of resistance of «doubly reinforced T- beam as shown ia Fig. 19 having a simply supported span of Sm. Assume M 2S mix and Fe 4 grade nee ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 133 Fig. 7.9 Section for example 73 Solution Eftive with fie = section ae ee eee ae '+(J 1b) 44D i500 es by = 95tmm 0 = Bo rozrs02 2 om 5020 = 048d=048x450=216mm 62" eleg SP = ey of B-on 2 2 = 353 Ninn? and og.= 0446 04 Letorssome data seine fge. Foweoftenson = Fore sfeompresion —° ~~ % O87 GA, = 0 oa birr oe AGo.A,) . Lol oman) {87441547700 (35551000-0446425x1000) 036x254932 cf x x = 7546 mm =16 mm ox means NA. Hsin ange . Strain in concrete ifthe N-A is at x= 76 men can be easily found out se = ors 2) sonra 9.00120 5 = 200120 2557 = 240 Conesponting see = OOOH 258.7 = 240Wemt Moment of siance * 036 04 bx (4-042) + (05, Aye= 05g AI) 1 x 28 x 932 x 76 (450 - 0.42 x76) + (240 ~ 0.446 x25) x 1000 x (450 ~ 50) = 388.10 Nim ‘Thus the momen resistance of T-Beam is 398 kNm. Scanned with CamScanner134 FLANGED BEANS Cale ©f300 binant tee rsd ina Team develops ement Isnt The denis ofthe eamsecion st eaia "C415 grade steel, 509 "02 and x= 048d = 0.48 500=240 mm. % 20 x 200 $008 + 0.446 « 20 x 550 x 100(500-50) 358 «106 Nem « fctored BM Hence compression steel is required. 11 est mrp of bed of su ‘axis greater than the depth of the flange is correct. teenth ‘Arca of tension stel coresponding to a moment equal io 358 x 10° Nuamis given by 358 x = O87 0, Ay(4~0423q) of Ay =2484 ma? The remaining moment tobe resisted = 450-358 =92 Nm ‘This moment is to be resisted by compression steel Ay and additional tension stee! ‘Ag: Meffectve cover to compression see is $0 mm, 09383 Ninn? ‘Additional moment = Gy Aye(d~ 4) or 92x108 = 353A. (500-50) oF A579 mn? Corresponding tens given by O87 a/Aq = eh of Ay 566mm? Total tension steel A, = Ay Ag = 2488-4 566=3050 mint ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Ls , area as 3079 mam? at an effective, ing ing ttl a8 603 aac on gi om bars in tes = 1 mmmbars i comes _MiSbed 82200850 20 wt 0 resonseel An a = 004 by B= 0.04 «200 (500 +70) Maximum tension steel = 4560 mm? > 3079 men? OK ion steel= 0.04 b D~ 4560 msn? > 603 man? OK Maximum compression EXERCISES dssume sulable data with justification, necessary ide dane which i 1 chek. The we dea hat 4130 em wie Mage which is 10 ex Wi r A te Dees efesive who be Mae (6) isbeumis singly sppoidBavng 7 effective span, ) hs beu conti having 7m effective span 4a, A T-beam floor consists of 15 em thick R.C. lab monolithic with 25 em. wide beams, The beams are spaced at 3 m cen tre and their effective span is 7 m_ Determine effective width of the flange of an end beam and an interned beam if ams are simply supported, (©) the beams are continuous. A eam fe ons of 12 em hick RC. sb monolibi wi 30 Ba Te tens ne speed 33 tee ey opined ad ov te fae naa Set. Ue M200 nd SAIL MA Sse ive span of & m. The flange of the beam 5 em x 40 Scanned with CamScanner136 FLANGED BEAMS JT flange of a T.beam ig 7 Whe reitied ae B28 om x ‘Provided by the compression sth, Det*T™IRE the additional moment of resistance Dre te eam a x the beam fully elective, Wher : The web below of compresion and tension sels needed fatred beading moment of 610 EN 10. Write user ftiendl section and draw rein ly computer program to desig a simply sppaed Team ocemen dels ng AUTOCADomrineetan 8 a SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH in beams where there fa change ia beading moment along the 1 othe rate of change of bending moment. An exact analysis of shear ina ‘Biatsiced corercte beams i quite compler. Sever experimental ses bave been Conducted to endertand the various moder of flue which ould ccar doe to possible ombination of shear an bending nome acting ata given section, These mde are as flows: jagonal tension failure which occurs under large shear force and Jess bending 0 rte a hown in Fy Bla, Sach cme se orally 43° oie Up" wy cety Fig 81a Diagonal tension failure Fig. Be Diagonal compression flare 137 Scanned with CamScannerSHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENTIL 82 SHEAR sTRESS . ‘supported beam is shown in Fig. 83a, Consider the fee ‘eda shown in Fig. 836, Cy tibd& = G a 62) Sin italy, @a gs. 8.1, 8.2 and 6.3 give, (ea) | Fig. 83 Horizontal shear in a beam ‘This valu of shear stress is valid for any value of y from 0 to Nd. The shear stress ‘maximum at the nevtral axis, that is y= . 6) hear stess, the factor j is considered a clause 40.1 of the Code requires nial nb the factored shear force by the effective area, 69 is modified as fellows: i eo where, M, = factored bending moment athe section B = angle between tp and bottom, edges of the beam Scanned with CamScannerlute bending. moment inctestes with the plies when the absolute bending moment Fig. 84 Pure shear and prinipa ens streses Ho} isa principal ses, # shouldbe zero, 2 ates an a “ sinla = » cos2a = - Tee Tea The expression or picipl es becomes ot = os [ove fitoot es Similarly, there willbe another principal stress which wil be compressive in nature, and at ight angles 10.67. Ifo, = 0, thatis, at neutral axis or near the supports, o'= and a= 4s¢ Wf + = O,thatis,nearmidspan, 0) = 0, and a= 0" ‘The principal tena sess near the supports acts in the diagonal direction and is equal to the shear stress. It is called diagonal tension. Ifthe principal tensile stress exceeds Permissible tensile stress in concrete it will crack. Types of ercks in continuous beam ste shown in Fig. 8.5. SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Te 8S Wraid cisus iene toe 14 SHEAR RENPORCENENT ‘CONCRETE eB RENFORCDUENT (©) TRUSS ACTION IVA REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM Fig. 846 Truss analogy Scanned with CamScanner1a SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENTIL Table! 3:00 and sbovel Ate: The term is the en engl edie feet lest en etic eps beyend the scien bay ese wt the al rea testers mayb el prided the alg cen tettepeotertons ‘Thus, when shear reinforcement is necessary, the shear strength of the beam is calculated on the following basis: ‘Total shear strength ~ shear resistance angle of 45° is believed 1 be the mest ‘The vertical shear stirrups may consis of two or more legs as may be the as shown in Fig. 8.7, The stirrups should encircle tension ‘nelined bars should extend in th by bond, ‘SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 1 J ul 2-LEGGED 4-LEGGED Fig.8.7 2-legged and 4legged stirrups ca an ay iin oon of ts ling fic ee tpt of feed ee 9 ci ee hee cy Te mt ein cnt feeder ea ee iia Ea Wn ein te cen oe let es ei int og let eee ton such asin Fig.8.83 exist, inclined cracking may occur at or even inside te era es cee te email marae © Fit. 8.8 Critical sections for shear Scanned with CamScanneras SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTE (Case 1 No shear reinforcement ‘The Code requires that hear reiforcement ned ot be provide i the flowing cae: (@) where shear force V, is Yess than 0.5 tines the shea capacity ofthe section and () inmembers of minor structural importance such sli (Case 2 Minimum shear reinforcement ‘Minimum shear reinforcement shouldbe provided ifthe nom ‘han or equal fo shear strength of the concrete, The pacing x of shea ©, ~ characersie strength of the stimup reinforcement which should not ken grater than 415 Nimm?, * Case3 Shear reisforcement Adequate shest reiforcement should be provided if the nominal shear ess 1 sirup. The spacing of shear sirup i eaclated inthe felling etn. Cased Redesign of section ‘The nominal shear sess due to factored loads should not exceed the maximum permissible shear tessa the concrete Maximum shea ses depends on the quality of cocci and is ive in Table .. In cate the nominal hear aes enceds this vals the section should be redesigned. 185 SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Vertical stirrups Ithas been shown earlier that angle of cracks vary along the span of ‘main bars and horizontal componeat ICA, is the area of one stimup and 0, is the characteristic strength, the shear ‘resistance provided by vertical sti ‘SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT atetodserdese " ‘rental mins se Ver¥ee sohbet AG OTe, a ere 2 vas ang a$ os deny a tas "a comeing che ao Code mig a red oe of kn en cmb cd by ene tne aT ict equim of eal fees arena 1-1 Fi B10. 1 nein Shear resistance ofinsined bart Vj= Ay Ty sina {the spacing of inctined bars is less than (d+ d cot a), it fs assumed thatthe strength can be ineteated in inverse propotion tothe spacing, that i, ‘Thus, the total resistance, a Scanned with CamScanner‘SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH ined bar ora group of iaclined sistance can be obtained by ‘The Code request maxim pacing overseas ps shold ot exceed 0.75 dor 300 mm. — ™ 86 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES “The folowing examples state he design of eee fe tht ate of ope in shea. Example 81 ‘A RC bam bas an effective depth of $0 mm and «bred of 350 mm_1tconitins 4-25 mabars. If) oq =20Nina and Ggy~ 250 Nine’, ad (i) cek=25 Nita? ard py 1415 Ninn cael te shear reinforcer eee fra faced shea fre oF 350 JN. Solution ‘Maximum shear stress tin (0.64 Ninn? <2 Nim? < 2.8 Nines, therefore provide shear reinforcement. (i) Using Fe 280 grade steel quires that x 300mm The Code eae E o7sat-075 «500-375 my ment =30mn? the Code are satisfied by 8 m2 legged MS. tn @ 4, t minimum spacing of stirrups be limited to 100 ig apaction of the concrete. 738000100 0.87%250%500, cs Areaofoneleg = 21 10 mm? Use 12 mmm-2 legged vertical etirups @ 100 mm cc. (Asy = 226 man) Cheek . + 5 0.4%350%100 | < Minium shear reinforcement A,2 “°° = 65 man? < 226m? OK 219 on? f shear reinforcement is givens: 4s, hy = Nod 23800000 OB7a,d O87<415%500 8/2 = 66 mm? ‘Use 10mm-2 legged vertical stimups @ 100 mle. (Area ofone lag = 785m) = 13Ltma> A, Area of one leg. = Scanned with CamScanner48 SHEAR AND DEVELO! ‘oon )PMENT LENGTH (Shear ner spport Percent area oftwo contnning 25 mm bars = LOA, | 100m 14x 25? x: 7 = AO tom red aay SyAisine = 087 415 x25 2x 25% xin 5" = 250600 = Mu. 250600 Noma? SO" a7 30x00 “43 Theoretical the two inne bars an cry tear test Nin, expzrincats hive shown tt irned tan ue au vey eficie & eng Fv Cait Seo a i vercal shear stimups. Adopt mim vertisl stimops, Aye= 1003 22 Spacing ofverical smog sgvenane = 257%0A effective isd (1 + cota). Therefore, 2-25 mm bary can be bent up ata distance x, fom the face of suppor, is 4 * d(l cota) or x= 2d fora=4se 7 = 1000 mm . (i) Shear at 1.0 m from face ofthe support Yo Nominal shearsuess x, = $e Design shear est ty = Spacing of8 mm-2egeedstimays x = (li) Shear ot 1 m from fce of the support Vy = VISE and 5° LONE? Since 4 bars ae contig slong the same face upto a dctance of atleast one effective depth d, Perestareaof 4-25 mmbars = 112% amt t,> 067 Nem? Deiignibearstess ty = 10-067" 033Niext Spacing of mm 2legeed steroys x =3iem? 300m (G9) Minimum shear : From the cexte of spas, nominal shear sress becomes equal to sbear strength ofthe concrete corresponding to 4-25 meatars ina disasce x givea by x = 2 .3000= 1000 mm 2 Lets adopt a spacing of 125 mm trom the fae of sport upto 1.5 m beyond which it {nincreased 10250 mm. Fig. 8.12 shows th arangement of shear stiups. ‘Note: Some designers prefer to place shear stirrups Bepaning from the centre ine of ‘he support onwards: some from the foce of the support onwards: and some from 2 from the face ofthe support onwards Scanned with CamScannerSHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH = = : a a eases] a. aaa shes =I 225) eee [I SECTION AA. SECTION 88 SECTION c< Fig. 812 Details of shear relaforcement Example 83 “The beams shown i Fig. 8.13 are subjected to fitored shear fre of 200 XN. IF a. 20 Nines ad 0,~ 415 Ninn, calle the cer enforcement _ 200 ——~ th pastel tl NZ Pn mat ¥ aes Retin ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Solstion Ton a ofwed by ~ 250mm Ettective depth 4 = 500-40=460mm 100A, | 100x3xn/4u 22? Pereentoftersionsteel B= ga many, 1 Shear rng ofenerete 1, ~ 062 Nin? = Mo 2081000 Nami arses = Gltp = DAI 34x Devensten suet fy = 174-062~142 Wim? opt m=? eed shea smog ving. Ay ~ 1005 =? 0870, Aw Spacing xof vertical shear stirops x = ——E 1005 = Bor > 100mm é * ¢ 0754(=075<460-H5em) gg Minium shear einforcemest is irenby O4bx _ 044250130 4 > Osta, "ons < « (@)L- beam a Withofweb == 300mm Effectivedepth == 1204 Percent of tension stelp = ee 4 Stearstengthofconeete t= 068? Nominal shearstess x, = Ve = 2001000. 4 26 pe? Bed 300x380 Designshesratess typ = 174 ‘Adop 8mm 2 legged shear stirs giving Tad = 13mm Scanned with CamScanner132 ‘SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH. (©) Doubly reinforced benm Width of section — = 250m Effective depth = 400-40 = 360 mum Perentoftesionsteel p= Soret ote is Design shear-stress ty = ‘Adopt 10 ram ~ Desens se beet rl ns xe (@) Redesign he shear straps for L-beam sing mil steel Widhotweb = 300m Effective depth = 360 PH133% and 1 =0.68 Ninn ‘Adopt 10 mm ~2 legged MS sear 18 Ayy™ 157 man? ‘Spacing of vertical shear stirrups: x ‘Adopt x = 100: < 075 Minimum shear seinforcement i given by Ay> ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 153 infoncerent in a xpered cantilever at working loads. Asvume M20 mix and suitable steel fr shear timups. ges OE i p | 4 be Fig. £14 Cantilever beam Width of section A-A = 250 mmm, Depth of section = 334 men Effective depth at A~A = 334-40=294 am ‘Area of tension steel = 2 (a4 x 182 + wi4 x 229) = 1268 mn? Percent of tension seel p= 2 Shea scengh ofcouaete % = O74 Nien? Maximum shear testy 28N'ex? Nomiastexrsess x, = S=2(a/d)and inesaines muita omaaecgert Inthe given case depth of beam it also incressing withthe increase in BM. Therefore, adopt negative sgn i the formula for omnia shear stress. Fort loud fictr equal to 15, Faetored seat force Vy = 15100 1504 andfictowd BM My = 1.5% 150=2251N (W) Design with no curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement Designshearstess ty t-te = 134-0274 0,60 Nim? Scanned with CamScanner220010 2 LEGGED ‘SECTION AA Fig, 8.181 Dells of shear relaforcement to. tare i) Redesign shear stirrups if2-18 mm longitudinal bars are curtailed at 1000 mm from the face of support ‘The Code requires that aay one ofthe tree conditions given in clause 2623.2 must ‘be satisfied atthe point of ext of tw minimize he ses concentntion. These condo, are discussed in Chaper 9. Here the use of fist wo condor is lasted which more comoaly wed. Condition 1 ISH < ty) where, = shear capacity of web sinforcemeat ‘Ares of tension ste! continuing beyond the cutoff pint = 100 «760 228760 nt ‘Shear svength of concrete [Nominal shear sess 0.62 Nimun? 134 in? oS = 139 Nin? Use 10mm 2g ee hea ips gy 21785 1570 me ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES O8Toy Aw ic -ooee Spacing of shea sreps * Tab Adopt x = 160mm< 0.5 > 100mm asox ; inna stese tears he > Gazer 04250160 * einai bares MCA, he shear eifrcemeat shown in Fig. 8.156 20 ane Pees stieseeD A fo oka anne SECTION KA Fig. 815) Detals of hear eaorsment Conon Excess stimmp area at = O40 where, ey 4 ce y= SesofowotTbas, totalarea Ae Excess stimups are provided overa distance ‘Atea of 2 legged -6 mm stimups = ‘ >a Therefor 2 legged ‘ sana i ~ 6 mm mild stee! stirups, 4 n08. @ 9072 st ‘ea St Lowa the fe enim sn 8s hoped Scanned with CamScanner186 SHEAR AND DEVELoptenry LENGTH ‘SHEAR STRENGTH 8.7 ENHANCED (6) Beam with cect suppon Fig. 8.16 Load near suppocts Sinplified Approach . Seas cami gency uniform tad or vA te pcp dio fin fiom the feof supper, the shear tors my bead ea i 4 om the fee of spp “The te "hnfrcemen is pivded acces de distance 0:54 i since thermay eres est Ro shuld ia se © OF suPporr Tf Yd ee A SN bs Fig. 820b Detall of shear reinforcement 20 Example 85 oro bt 25 cm by 40 ex cae 3.16 mm agin tas beyead he pia of inflection inthe sagging moment region a3 show, Bt the point of inflection is 150 KN, o,, = 20 Nina? ond ‘beam is safe in bond ? | 80 Suro ‘SECTION OF Pow OF i | nrlzcrion Fig. 8.21 Section of continuous beam Solution ing 25 me clear covert he lonitsialbas Aces mcr cri ie Effecivedepth d= 400-28- 2 «367mm ‘TIVE EXAMPLES ILLUSTRA’ A pepbotneutal axis 7 - & sneat of resistance My = ye oe 8502 = eb Development length by = Ge Bondstess ty = 16X12Niao? for20 mic and Sd na 087x415 > ragelength Ly= greater of d or 126 7 greater of367 mm, oF 12« 16" 192mm = 3. ys Me, #367 of 65176 ‘Thos, 16mm bars are safe in bond atthe point of inflection. \\REFERENCES Jerrat’ 2008) Standard Building Code Requirements for Renfree! Cae ‘American Conerete Institute, Detoit Eurocode 2~ (2004) Design ‘Builtngs, Buopean Commie for Standardisation, Broele EXERCISES ‘Assume stable data with usifeation, Ynecessary. V/A BC Beam bas an effective depth 300 ram and breadth of 15) = : & a a bee eee : & tate fie cog Fe 415 grade bai oncrete beam if a re tie epth of 400 mm and breadth of 30 m= © oe Hs in tension, Determine the shew = ‘needed fora factored shea 250 KN it (i) mix is 20 and (i) 8 of Concrete Sructares ~ Part] General Rulseuhzt | | | | | Scanned with CamScanner| a. 7 Tie fates Tab 08cm $3 om og Daca ti A= 16 ta mil wee en Sasa Mt te sstace of he em $Me forge obs Team 6 em Onis ea gan eer of Wien. Deermsee iit rane 20 G ZA AWC beam is 280 en» Aen $ td sree Eek tae Determine the pacing of & meno ped eer ae tec eerpe SHEAR ASD DLVELoRMEET LEaH force CE1SOWN. Assume M20 ir sod pall ' te iD i a a als wet of58¢m ein Sieeactstee da ars ate turaled at 2 section where shear ign the shear reinforcement if the concrete is development length. Assu {factor on loads equal to 2. 9 SSE DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT 94 INTRODUCTION ‘constuction of eich member can be propely acueved, tat winforcamect may bebe 8S designed aod he seactre will nc become shaby in appearance dar to excesive ecg 92 REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DETAILING ‘A good detiling mst fulfil the following rouirements: (1) Reinforcement detailing should be spl for fabrication and placing. suficent space for concrete to be properly poured and is achieved by limiting the minimum spacing between bars and, congestion of reinforcemest. (4) The detsing should be such hat inermal forces are safely tanefened fom one member to another, and Gom reinforcement 9 concrete, Joints and discontiities ‘chieved by pacing the reiaforce ment nthe dietion of tensile force as fra possible. tention should be given to the detailing of knee joints or comer joints ing and closing lads Scanned with CamScannerCEMENT - a i ‘SPACING OF REINFOR( * DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT () The sevctisat dreas bending sched M8 should be complete crystal cea and uambiguo, Bat A ' lndiated on a td eEeSaY irr We sc copa re eleatY ‘ on the drawings \ Recommended graning sea, f Serves Baiting / ite — 151000 or 1: 500 Sie layous a rangement 1100 or 1:50 Fig. 9.1 Clear cover to reinforcement I reinforcing bar in a colem, the nominal cree ew Mall ta ts 1100 oF 1:50 ° kite mn mre Sn dares oh gt Beams and colina elevation 1:20 repro aso prevent buctig of fe mai ginal tan tear Feinforcement deal (0) Foc fotings mininasm cover shall be 50 za Simple wall aed sab dessit 1:50 se of colerns of minimam dimeasions of 20 mn or mde ng Bear and column sections ieae'iew forcing bats do rot exceed 12 mma caver of 25 axa may beet Beam and color elevations 1:20 Clase 441 of Euccode 2 pat I gives the following expresic a deere ie ange scale desis sori cover to enforcement Is defined as amiss Ce, eu st me For extra clarity Nisei ee 11d indesign for deviation, Aegey: crn * ria + Béder 3 93 NOMINAL COVER TO REINFORCEMENT Deering pone geiy aan a he val of ben re erate A reinforcing bar must be surrounded by concrete forthe following tessons: (1) Minimum concrete cover, Cries shall be provided in order to eneure: () to develop the desired strength of 2 bar by ensuring proper bond between ‘© the safe transmission of bond forces concrete and wee thacoghont its pert, 208 «the protection ofthe steel against corrosion Marabiity (2) to provide protection asizet comotion ad fie. fan adequate fire resistance : Nominal cover is the design tickers of corte cons wal see reiicemects (2) The grees value for cin sats the requirement forbs bond snd eine inclaing sear sterpa cr coher es. dines wedi design a niet on eae fe drawings. a enti ions £15: 456 scone ested fr ain eee *iey~tencesincsigin tl inkorcerora bars. Tat, shat saps ard colin les wee me scope coneon rind Erinn + Metary~ tbat leading to cracking of conrete ox even Gaile of eractal elements. The ome ever tere srerw based on darability sepirements 2s theron in Table 9.1 nd Fig. 9 rind ‘minimum cover due to bond requirement ‘Table 9.1 Nominal cover nin minimum cover due to environmental conditions Exponare | Covet en bea additive safety element Tia 2 Atean reduction of minimim cover for use of sinless sett wet | ‘ASeeatt ~ reduction of misimsm cover for use of ical petcion r- ‘4 SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT Eanere 75 The diameter of a round bar is ity ote " 418 its nominal diameter. In case of noe te following far points rast be kept in view: Sqitied bat he diameter is then ts te one of a cack pres BS wh la bg inven 1. at Lab mi ‘car ol inn ice eer td acy os 1) Io ebaced to 20 man instead of 25 mem. diameter ofa bar, 3 group of (0 One, be ertzal Ct Fay be ence dnd cn ae tc sb nt Scanned with CamScannerREINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS. 6 between paralel main reinforcement bare should not be more | IF needle vitraors ate use, the | be reduced to tworthinds the Provided thet sufficient space (0) The vertical distance as shown should not be less than the pres the diameter ofthe lager bar i il) two- thirds the nominal maximum ce ed wl 95 REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS Fhe coarse aggregate 4 enn, STANCE js (8) Spacing of shear reinforcement From ihe mss analogy itcan be sen that a spacing less ‘an he effective dopth woud be required sf cach fare plane is to be crossed by at Fig. 9.2 Morlzontal and vertieal distance between bars least one stiup. Therefore, for vercal shear simsps, maxima spacing measured ‘Maximum distance between bars in tension slong the ais ofthe member is esictst 100.75. For inclined sheat bars imam fporng messed along the ax ofthe member should not exceed the effective depth any ease te maxim spacing of her tras is ime 300 em. In the authors opinion the minimum spacing of shear stimups shuld be limited to ‘ompaction af concrete show that a beam has sufficient () Minimum tension reinforcement The minimum area of tension reinforcement short not be les than that given by Eq, $.11 imum reinforcement The maximum reiaforcement in tension or compression 1d rot exceed 0.04 b D, where, D= overall depth of section. nforcement If depth of the web in 2 beam exceeds 750 mem. sie face facet The total area of such faces. The spacing of such reinforcement should not 100 mm or web thickness whichever is less. ment is provided in sl nce to shear forces. Scanned with CamScanner‘he rforemen euiemens for cols svenin Chap 16. 9.6 REINFORCEMENT SPLICING Wes wo rine vst gh st So, ts 1 be joined to wake longer one, its necessary to cenitinwminene hy wea nailer succes ie enh Scere Tet mae Set Sa caren of te total bars should not be joined at exe section, . =, —— wren i — x \Cwnowera Fig. 93 Reiaforcemest spliciog Lap splices The flowing poe res should be fooned fro sping (a) top plice should wt be aed for bar rer th 36 mem. Lage ice baa Fe wcisesvputer, However, wing inne practical, ning may be veces spits hale ped aad ped ats (b) lap length inchoding anchorage vabe cf books : PF sara tension Lg or 304 whichever ear LE eectension 2 Lyon 304 whichever i pete, Fie enc ot lp sheath not beet a 200 ren 18 bere, Ly * developers ert $= bardianeter ‘y are comidered as staggered if the centre to centre distance of the reer an V3 tines Ba pre ANCHORING REINFORCING BARS IN FLEXURE (a) ep lengh in congreion is equ oe development gh in epee beret dan 208. (oe peng ie cee one ba of ameter of aller bar wien ba ef tho dtees dante tobe lied. and inemect ics of dled bars mat be mde by i (9 iene a etal sles win 3 de at eee ‘Wedel and echnical pees The sengh ot need ples is ten 8% ef he cee ree Ra fr son spr se 10% fox cmpresion spe. Hower, Te a escnth may be ape tein iat tay esrseon of be a eof be te rvocenen fs weed. For mechani roe 1 cf eds eg ints ay be Moped 19.1 ANCHORING REINFORCING BARS IN FLEXURE I sufcient development length is not avalable to provide anchorape by meané of a siogl seaigh reisforeing bar, anchorage should be provided by means of hocks or bends tod, hos, rain integrity ofthe system Anchorage length needed for high seength bas 1s longer han fr mild tee round bars. Theefoe, it may become necessary to provide books ia high meng deformed bar as well to chain sulfciect anchorage. Dimensions of a book are pavered by the minimum rads peered n bending the tar. All ooks and bends sould confor to IS 2502 - 1963. Minirarn dimension of hooks are shown in Fig E19. A book may be tented as an equivalet leagth of exaigh bar for the purpone of deterring sachorage length. The anchorage vale ofa berd should be taken a 4 tes the iareter ofthe bat for each 45° bend ssbject toa maxiram of 16 times the diameter of tar ‘Thx, scchorage vale of U-hook willbe 16 tines the diameter ofthe bar, The anchorage length of a straight bar in compression is equal to the developest "Chasse 84.3 of Emocode 2 Part Il gives the following expression to determine he esign wchergs let he bana 0005 0405 oygt Zhen 0 ate 0 3, 03,04 22d 05 ate non-dimensional coefficients a) = elfectof the form ofthe bars awuming adequate cover cn = effect of concteterininasm cover Scanned with CamScannerPressure transverse to the plane of ‘The product ( meg ae) for anchorage in teason for anchorages in co The basic required anchor ‘ming constant bond where Arie oa ‘hs dehgn ses ofthe bar tthe positon fom where the anchorages mesued 9.8 ANCHORING SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Fig. 94 Dimensions f hooks in shea (CURTAILMENT OF TENSION REISFORCEMENT IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS — 173 OOD Fig. 9 Anchorage of shear stirrups IRTAHLMENT OF TENSION REINFORCEMENT IN FLEXURAL, ERS. A teinforcement bari euailed for one or more ofthe following reasons: Bending moment varies along the span of a member. tis a general ny the normber of bars, that i, curtail bar, at suitable sections where the rules inthe Code are bated extenially on ACI 318 Code. The rules iment of longitudinal reinforcement in Cause 9-2.) of Eurocode 2 Part 1-1 are isla. ipported beams Corailnent of tension teinforcement in a simply supported yn in Fig 9.6 i explained by mans of an example. Let us assume that ofthe vided for the maximum moment, itis desired to cut tuo bars as soon 35 Fig. 9.6 Curtalment of relaforcement ina simply supported beam Scanned with CamScanner(9 0 provide sty aga he pose tonal ending arengemene same face of the member into the support ta length equl to Ly from the fae ‘of support. Thus, point H may be located. Step 6 Other Restrictions at Point # suppor must beable to develop their fll strength ‘moment capacity is moe tan the bending moment at the Code requires that, +L (6.180) 06) where, M, * moment of resistance ofthe tection V = shear force atthe centre of support ‘hq 7 design bond stress 9, = actual tensile stress generally equal 0087 6, 9 = bardiameter ofthe fet thatthe bars near simple support are -TAILMENT OF TENSION REINFORCEMENT DN FLEXURAL MEMBERS yy, cur 1 Points Bond E conte rama ‘lowered ws leader ay owing: ‘1 Conition ‘Shear capacity at the end of a continuing bars must be used t times the applied shear. The area of on 1 Contin re in excess of tha required fr shear and torsion i provided oer ae 25d fom ech eu off point. The exces slerp area As pent, 2 O4ba/ oy 4 ter, x= By omy acsof the longitudinal barscutofT = _sttof helongindimt barat oft = s ” otter of tension basa thesee don Ce MI Condition For 36mm and smaller bars, the following may be satisfied atthe cu off post: ( 133 5y5( e+), and continuing bars should be at least twice that requ ing momer to predominant ified rules for curtailment moment oF negative mon Clause 26.2.3 of the negative reinforcement ‘moments are separated {i different requirements for cu ‘7¢ explained by means of two examples. Scanned with CamScannerDETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT (~801-OFF soKoF wane ty tone Rte (ay, type BI) can be ectve depth of. ‘Step 3. The remaining two bars atleast Lg/3. The Code requires that the support. Step4 Cutoff points in tension zone such a8 point C mus satisfy any o ‘Conditions that were explained earlier in step 7 for points Band E eng ML oo fe the o, «68 so [] CURTILAGE OF TENSION RESTOMCEMENT 14 FLEXURAL. MEMBERS ro where, My = moment of etic fh econ tte pina inneson |W. = shea force a the pint af inflection Li, = sera embedornt eng beyond he pat of (ceding the larger of 4912 inflection bot not Fig 93, ‘Curtailment of postive reaforcement in continuous Bear, CCurtaliment of negative reinforcement Lets assume that ofthe five bars provided 1) must extend beyond the point of inflection for 2 (2) This eiaforce ‘or cleat span/16, whichever is lager 5 and anne aot ese (0) Te contin 1.) ace ot be checked for neative enforcement ao we euaat open & sit to Gat epined forthe postive renreemet “Nheaaively Silda shown in Fig, 9.10 may be applied © consiuous Bears of pan ch re dvge fpedrinsty wafrnly end ons Fis 40% neal pars ray be cra a 0.15 or Ly Goth face ofan ner suppor, whch vert ote xa docs ot give spl nls fo cutalmen of bari coins bears as ‘Pee given inthe specced Botish Code BS 8110. Scanned with CamScanner8 DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT ow | Seareoun Ot) rucera -———-_— Fig, 9,10 Simplified eurtatiment rues The prefered ies ofdeving sete sewn n Tle 3. Draving imei " communicate design The deuils 1» BAR BENDING SCHEDULE ‘Table 93 Size of drawing sheets Urinal ie Fig 9.11b Title bleck in mm, 9.41 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE very important part of detailing and should inchide the ars ofeach type in each member, bending dimensions ofeach bat, Scanned with CamScannerDETAILING oF e A piel form of bar i, mee m eformed bac. Thay, MAY be wed wo ing bare rns mixing water which is only party wsed up ing ver migrates to expored varfaces aed i of Heel, This Npes of corcsion manifests elf at white fakes on the concrete surface, Another ype of comosion is caused bya gaveou or liquid erosive envconmet mich 8 acc gases and solaton of sulphides and elorides. The product of steel cortonion occupies a volume several tines pater than the volume ofthe reinforcing see. exerts ‘onsidenble radial presse on the adjoining conree Iyer 3 a consequence, cracking enue aloog he reiforeing bars and concrete spall How Corrosion take place? This is analogous tothe working of xy cel There are for components ofa corotion cell: © Aste © Cathode © Meal © Blctolye a Toa wight inane je [we TS _— Be a Scanned with CamScannerPlaced in chloridefiee concrete. Cadmium costings wil stsfictoly protect ste even te Prec of mote and ora clone concent I is stongly recommended tht eny material for wie ia making conercte that is suspected ofcontining chloride be analyed and rejete if chlorides present exced the Permissible values. These chlorides may originate fom concrete admits, sea water, ‘beach sand orsalt-conainingsperepuie, 9.13 FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE FORM ty a4 FORMWORE jon of formwork should tke de considetig i ad its pps shoud be safe coneete ¢ from the ‘Soft formwork to Beams (props tobe refined) Props under asks. () wpio 43 man Taps Gover 45 span days Props under beams and aches (@ vpio 6mspen Mays (i)_over 6mspan 21453 (2) strength of concrete (ype of surfice teatment and : (6) presence of reentrant angles which may require the formwoi em carly to avoid thermal eracking. ‘The minimum time for stripping the formwork for concrete made with ony pst cerent and surfice temperature of concrete doesnot fl below 15° isbn nT Forolber cernent and temperate condition, the stripping tine maybe mole eo3 REFERENCES ing Code Requirements for Reinforced Com 6, American Concrete Ist, Det enforced Concrete Detailing, 208 el, Oxf! U8) ) Ew code 2. Design of Concrete Stractres, Pat: Gees ean Comite for Siendanizatin, Base kon Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, Bat" Scanned with CamScannerSERVICEABILITY Limit Stare 10.1 INTRODUCTION ‘Long-term deflection occurs over a period of time muinly de to srnkage and eeep It is about two to tee limes larger than te shor-term deflection. The main fctrs aMfectng the long-term deflection ae a follows: (@) bumiity and temperature conditions atthe time of curing of concrete, () age of concrete atthe time ofloding nd (6) all the oser factor intuencingsuikage and creep auch at: Ope and ste of Meeeane, wate-cement rata, presence of compression reifreement sir of 184 (0) quality ofconerete, “ aributon adits ae of application, and pro tnd deflection can be contrlled by: (a) resting the maxima spacing of enforcing bar as isused in setion 94, (b) resting the spaneffective depth ati of a member. 102 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION (©) theameuntofompresin sel and @ tenpeofterm For beams and slabs, itis assumed that verical deflection limit given earlier ia suited povided thatthe spin to efecive depth ratio ia not greater than the value ‘obtained as follows : s the Scanned with CamScannerSERVICEABILITY tinttt STATE L nes S207. wo.) ‘values of span to eff ch ‘for cantilever = ye nabs design service stress in the tension reinforcement may be estimated fom the following equation: (1033) where, 1D = width ofa rectangular beam, or effective Mange width of Danged beam Atea. = area of tension reinforcement required at midspan to ress bending moment (a support fr eantilver) stored ‘Altematively, the service stress in see! bars may be computed from comp strains. for some selected values of servi 2. = a facor for langed beams which depends onthe ratio of web wid tothe ‘ange wid a shown in Fig. 102, alue ofthe basic spanleffective depth ratio is modified «cantilever beams exceeding 10 m in span the exact CONTROL OF DEFLECTION sao Inforcemeat on. eo 02 ce ce as 10 RATIOOF WES WoTKTORLANGEWOMM "ig 102 Modification factor 2 for Nanged beams Scanned with CamScanner18 I SERVICEABILITY Lint stare The detection i iatenced 5 bythe anoint of exon in {ee Neste nen ce ¢ in the effective depth of the beam. aoa ‘inset depo he comestn aoe en ae is. ‘in greater curvature and cre ‘ stress, ‘Thus it can be scen from Tabl aie ee toon ene an ale wid CONTROL OF DEFLECTION 189 the modulus of lately of concrete ‘ ed method is erates curate a section and then delction. Theft i With reinforcement percentage deflection is taken a8 the sur of thot term deletion and long term deflection, that is i elective depth d. Since there isnot as me rere ' the beams reduced. The value of factor Clause Example 10.1 A simply supported T-beam of 6 m span has an effective Mange width of thickness of flange as 15 em, breadth of wed: ea ae caries a factored bending moment of 300 IN and steel is of 415 grade. Check the beam for dt (vay Sort tr defection by “The short em defection may be ease by he convenonstmetods for elastic fal ard results are given in Table 10.2. In these formal f— Solution . 2s apyan ion isp wrtmcmao Nisa singly eiaforced M, 300x10° ia used in the formulas is the effective moment of inertia leey — a _ = 196 which is ealeulated as fotlows: va?” 123003507 ee te om Steel required = 0.64% 12-Mae(i-2)¥= xy be taken as given by Eq, 10:33. u r x 1=240MPa ke Sher Sle (105) sported beam than 10m momen of neta ofthe racked section 0 omen of ner afte poss sctonnelesting he reinforcement 1 i rocking moment = fos ed section ole 8 = 1 for singly reinfore . a M-= maximum moment under service loads : aca idl xs of he gone section the extreme oe 127x108" 203 fib Allowable Lid = 20% 1 « 1.27) z= lever 13 (by elastic theory) L = oem, 4=35em ox be = best = bead he conpresion fc or ee Aenatisd = 2 = 372203 aie (rotates = 07 fog Nim? 07 Jey Ne (10.6) ‘The beam is OK with respect to deflection. Scanned with CamScanner(One point load at fee end ‘Uniformly distributed load of w iteasity ‘One point load atid span Fined ended beam | Uniformly dist Jondofw tensity Propped cantilever | Uniformly distributed beam load of wns ina For continuous beans, weighted ov values ofan tnd Mor fllons: valve of Ter is used by modiffing the (CONTROL OF DEFLECTION Deflection due to shrinkage b, = 0063 for continuous members Vy 7 shrinkage curvature - ue 6 = ultimate shrinkage stain of concrete ‘The defection due to creep A, may be computed as Bem Bi = ey i (10.80) (10.8) (108@ Scanned with CamScannerTotal deflection of cantilever beamis given by am Bata, (Elastic deflection - MAM A ° Saar B= B= 4500 fou = 20100 N/mm? i ie , ae wala) ee ep? 6503 Ip = Be n350 SE a8 10% mt be yy 738 mB Gq, = 0.7 foe = 0.7 420 = 3.13 Nima? Sal M3810? ms theory about the neural axis which i uy, at ditancex om #77107 Nm 350% (2) = mxe3 x WA x25 (4-2) 2x10? 100 17532 = 10% 1472,(600-s) = 186mm = n/3 = 600-62" 538 mm modularratiom = =t =9.95 10 , ly? Be mad-s? 186? iat = 350 82 «os 172.600 3.27 « 10% nant (CONTROL OF DEFLECTION 193 meant 3409 Iq hie i ess than last deflection 6, = MEE a, = —iBattt et aera en010023.70%10 (i) Shrinkage deflection 07x07 - for -P <9 &, 2=o ee Pd = 06<1 a 0.6 0,0003 veo ee ARO arate By 0542.77 10-7 40008 #221 mem (Gi) Creep dete Bet Bands ‘Letus assume tat age ofthe conerete at Toading 28 ays, 4 Creep coeficent B= 1.6 Ee. 20100, Be + Pe R- mo went rmodslarraiom = EYEye=26 Let reallly 175x226 1472(600-%) on x = 29 mmz- 100m Tg = 646108 mt lq * 615% 108 ment > hy ‘where M's de to permanent loads {0.5x150x10% 4000? 106.75 x10" Me 1-525 mm Scanned with CamScannera ae ) Tota detection A Ata tan; Total permissible deectio > actual deflection ox ‘The beam is safe in defection, 103 CONTROL OF CRACKING “ 2s (tits 4 very complex phenomenon. Design comidetons forerck consol ae ‘svoidance and contol lic outside the seope of codal provisions (@) A liming cack wit waking it account roped fincin and san of he Structure andthe costs of iitingeacig ated io cee itt considerations are incorporated inte design rough ie ofthe folowing two (2) expressions for crack width and spacing, and () allowable crack wits under different service conditions with due considerations to corrosion and durability of concrete. Several investigators have proposed expressions for the maximum crack width, However, these are still debatable. The Indian Code has included » formal the surface crack width at a point in Appendix F, It is bused on thee mai fs of reinforcing bars perpendicular to erack, CONTROL OF CRACKING 9s (10.108) area of tension steel = minimum cover to tension steel = overall depth of the member ; distance from the compression face tothe point at which the crack width {is being calculated by = breadth of section at the centroid ofthe teasion stel a Coin D x = depth of neutral axis = strain atthe level considered ignoring the stiffening effec of concrete in \ thetension zone, Thies calculted using the waneformed section = Ma (10.106) ? (OSE, Ye 1 = diaoce meas fm he neta axis othe point at which the stain ie sought ‘The factor 0.5 accounts for creep effect in concrete. A negative value for ¢, indicates thatthe section is uncracked. The formula is backed by extensive test recults and can be used provided the sain in the tension reinforcement doesnot exceed 0.8 6 /Ey, , design axial load > 0.2 04 Ay where, Ay! area of gross section of concrete A jected to loads lester than 0.2 ose of crack control, Hence sp Bovered by the same clause as y be treated as a flexural in steel bars in tension in Calculate Scanned with CamScanner. Gos nonetatennotetan = 22 aang SH +1625 x 491 (600-2607 otc oK At service loads, fatal safety factors on dead load and live loads ae 1.0 each. ence, bending momenta service loads Fig. 103 Long term strain due to service loading Let us ealeulate the depth ofthe neural ax z Modular ratio m = = Eee 2 400 = 162454491 (600-9) or x2 + 198,86 x~ 119300 or, x = 20mm Scanned with CamScanner198 : SERVICEADILITY LIMIT STATE. 4 CONTROL OF SLENDERNESS Supported or 8 continuous bear, the Incl spor shoal ot nce flow @ Lacon, : v2 ( tycrso be 2) For cantilever beam the clear distance frm the fee end ofthe the support Ly should not exceed the following : @ Ly<25b, 2 (i) 1y<100 2 ‘where,b, = breadth ofthe compression fae midway between the neal supports Ly = clear distance bereen lateral supports “This criteria helps provide fst estimate of dimensions of beam. 105 CONTROL OF VIBRATION CONTROL OF VIBRATION ingle depee-of-feedom system, (20.13) Fig. 104 Single degree freedom system ‘Let us assume that SDOF sytem is subjected to a harmonically varying load 749) of amplitude p, and circular Gequency 0, I this ease the differential equation of motion becomes 7 where, critical damping value + Ime ose Scanned with CamScannerSERVICEABILITY UMIrstate B = Inti ofthe applied tod fe ‘ 'TeNey to the natural fie vibration, frequency response atthe freq of steady state the stati displacement which would ‘bnamic magnification factor, thas, hau] ° (i047) % ™ static displacement = pyc I can be sec fom Eg 10.17 that the dynamic mapifaion ctr D varie with te Secuey ro Mae Cameng ao & Plot ofthe clos ae show a ie 10. Thus knowing the static displacement itis possible to determi te mona ofdymamie displacements , men For multidesree-offieedom systems, the dynamic magneton factor my be determined at that fequency 0; office vibration which snes tthe fequrey ofthe disturbing force. The static displacement shouldbe cleltedcorespoding tie come mode of vibration Fig. 10.5 Variation of dynamle magnification factor ‘CONTROL OF VIBRATION 201 designer has to use his judgement. Richart (1962) has pales cs we meee ee ctetnes tenets nas ee sere cere evden cco °9°°fo0_ 00 S00 1000 F000 $000 10000 FREQUENCY, CYCLES PER MINUTE ig. 10.6 Lins for vibration in machine foundations REFERENCES BS : 8110 (1985) Code of Practice for the Souetual Use of Concrete, Pat I British Standards lettin, London. Chopra, AK.Q008) Dynamic of Sacre, 3nd ed. Pearon Education (Singapore), New Dai. ‘Clough, RW. and Penzien 1, (1993) Dynamics of Sutures, nd ed, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York ) Eurocode 2- Design of Concrete Sructures, Pert I: General rules and Ewopeaa Commitee fr Sundurdaton, Brasil état FE, 1 (1962) Found Vibrations Trans ASCE, Vo. 127, Pt, p 863-898, oe eee Scanned with CamScanneri 4 SERVICEABILITY LIMT STATE, la cantilever beam of nt smof span 3.8 mie 30-em x $0, at Oe aay ier ited verve adh ‘of which MTS ee ooe 12 Permancet loads. Check the beam for deflection 3. Asinply ‘epporied beam having 6 m span is $00 mm x 700 mm in cross - section, 4 It caries a 40iNim at vee Cala ae ai 2 a spernpoed lve oad of (9) under bar onthe tension fice, (i) ata bonom comer ef the beam, (Gi) at poist on a side face 200 mea below the neta axis, end (Gv) st 2 point on the texsion face mid way beraeen two bats. ‘Assume M25 concrete and Fe $00 grade sel. ‘Write a compater progr to calculate the mid span defection for (9) srectangalar beam (8) 2 flanged beam fora piven section size aad ai cam subj fora piven wet bending moment fra simply sepported beam subjected 11 __ DESIGN EXAMPLES 11.4 INTRODUCTION ceo coo its cco 0 sar stops Shel be bed 22 oe eA proms enum pode of come MD fo all eiaetscence nora. sy bervied MES a Be 11a SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM Dosen a remgulrbamsnply sped vera clas sano 6m if soperingosed vest foibimast nen vidas Socmeach Use MAS mix end FeAlSD sel Solan ces = 6+025+025=65m L Misimm dephofternd = ey Erfectve depth d= Letue adopt overall depth D = Dead load of beam = 5 Density of concrete = ‘Superimposed load = Fora load factor = 1.5, Factoredload w,=15x345 = S2kNin 2 Frcoredmasimam BM = Tal = S268 pms kim 203 Scanned with CamScanner28-9 - 89000 285 TSe1000 calculated as shown in Fi ofthe beam canbe obi cante ta pots, whee ste se stes Wife on road oo fo ie x= Maybe asrrsioe2ssy ephe - OEP 65m x» 300mm < 0754(=420mm) Hence, use 8 mm-72 legged shear stirups @ 300 mm ce Deflection requirement Since the depth of beam assumed is quite servicesbility criteria, it will be found to be 10.2. The reinforcement details are shown in than roughly required from the tected in acordane with ection seocie 200K 2-164 2LeGGeD 84-16000 LEGGED 4-166 10 azn9 ay@isocie 2LEGGED NOMINAL 286. ls00 NOMINAL Teas 360 "360" 1280 Fa Fig. 11.14 Reinforcement in beam with overhangs 11,11 INTRODUCTION TO STAIRCASES “The purpose of a staircase is to provide pedesian acces incases may be quite (i) ype of bck stnctr (i) aval of pac. eae tes asocated wih » si. The tem rise refers to the Mt gang represent te horizon dienson INTRODUCTION TO STAIRCASES as ive floors there should be an equal rise for every parallel step (2) The sum of going and 700 me. (a) ‘The ie ofa sep shuld not be more han about 200 mm ad te ig nt Iss than 240 mm, (65) The ope or pitch of sircase shouldnt be more han about 38°, (6) Width ofa satease wil depend on he wage. Th with resi im roe settee wold be diferent from hat for we ina public spice such 2 ne Mall ora shopping mall. CLEARANCES 2 4 2 ame | ne Apc Fig. 1115 Minimum clearance over stair steps sion of the fight and is at eiter end may be a an of stairs sfaircate consists of a sloping slain the direct ‘oh end. Steps ace built over this sab. The support sets by beam of walls, the centre-to-cente (a) where soporte at top and bottom i Aisance of beams, ige of landing sab which span transversely tthe he going ofthe stars pls a each end either bal the costes whichever is smaller a8 shown in Fig. 11.16; Scanned with CamScanner°S = going measured orzontty Loading on stairs the este of sats with open wells where two landing slab cross eachother a igh angler cod sre area 10 any two such spane may be taken fective span for stars supported at each end ndings spanning parallel with the risers lights of a saiscase or flight and a ch is supported at sen 25 one-half in each direction as shown Tosw i Loaowe rc Fig. 11.17 Loading on stairs with open wets LoADnG INTRO! IDUCTION TO STAIRCASES | » de into walls fot 3 lengh of op 2 pe diction of the Tigh 2139 et, readth of the section teat ea on plan. The dead load of sg There should be no diferent 8, ite get owed noma to fight ovr he isnce med nega is men verily ver the shor an mesa ge mits ofthe slope. J ons taken 8 the minimum hicks perpendia keg, own in Fig, 11.18 section A-A). — ‘a WOT OF Weng eee — Bot noT ee ‘ithe L, fcr esmn Lorons on 5 LANDING 2 buen f EQUALLY 2 Berween 2 Two rugs i z } 3 : ‘SECONDARY STEEL PLAN 3 Fins aNovenScuy 8) woamuu none ACROSS STAR i ‘WU10 NEAR MID'SPAN sTOTALLOW starouut we OSA INTO WAL oe ‘BUILT INTO tommy 40 wns 60_Loxneo won Enrereeeeel mroseotow ON STAIR TREADS | BREAL SECTION Be Scanned with CamScanner238 DESIGN Ext 11.22 STAIRCASE, Mrs Desig 9 ir ir ah a tin swperinpoiedoadesn stad Solution. ie wn Fig. 11.19, Take Dead load offight ‘Step section = Inclined slab = Finish = (028 +0.15) «0.030 = 00130? Total area = 0.098 m? : Density of concrete = ‘25kNim? owe sectin Im in width and 280 mon inp eg = 0098125 = 2451im 3000 Duper onplan =, 245200 = 8151? STAIRCASE Li perm? onplan = Skin? Total load = 13.75 Nim? Factored load = 15 «13.75 = 20.6kNIo? ing 1.5 m width of slab loud = 1.5 «20.6 ~ 31 KI A Self weightofslab = 0.2%25 = SNIn? th = 003 x25 = 0.75 KNin? ‘Taking 15 m wiih of slab, toad = 25 kN ik Fig, 11.202 Seetion through w: ‘equal to 75 mam inside te wall only dead load will be considered. Total factored oad = 1.5 «5.75% 15 = 13KNm inflight oading onthe fight is shown in Fig. 11.20. Reaction at support B, 075 2 Pr 100 ma the total factored load wil be same as on Tanding A. that is, 1 of 150 mm from the wall, thre willbe no live oad in accordance distance equal to 150 mm from the wall anda distance nar fstrstt otaas(ose22) asnizxoars samy osx (« 4-225) neas- as Ry = 1298-625 = 673 N Scanned with CamScanner, 0.78)" 0 or, x 232m % Maximum BM occurs stx = 232 mftomA, % Maxima BM = 673 oosrfa-M2]- ap 2 2 = 2m ive depth of 0138 20:21500 ieeePe fective depth as 16S mm and over depth as 190 mm. Area of tation see is > 41mm BM = 0870, A,(4-042%,) 06950,4,4 (hq 048 4) (Use 16-12 mm bars equally spaced in 1.5 m width (A, = 1810 mn?) Check for shear Me. 97321000 - ies = A Nominal shear ses 5, = Zt = SESS 100A, _ 1001810 ron sie @ LOA, Percent tension steel = SOL 5 TOSI Shear stength of 420 concrete for 0.75 ste, t= OS6NInn? 9, 6 = 028 Nine? 075% oa feniivestidillemmiomiaiy = 12056» 067K! > o Check for developmen teeth Devote ety = 474» Sto om Shown nig 1120 devel xt of 0m hub the point ssw in Fig 1 wea Fiat eeton op a well os botom ba ‘Shear seni for sb ee co) aie Mone THAN L4___o aim 16-12 mambare M, = 82x [ee = 410K Moment of resistance of | v= ase lt 1,70 a Mist, on $5 21mm tas Atel on + provided i 12mm < 21 mm 12 Sop 19100 = 2.28 enim Provide 10 mm bars @ 300 mm e/c as shown in Fig. 11.218. Dosen oflending to A Eflecive span = 15+ 015+1540.165 3.315 m Width = 1.5 m — Frctored oud perm? = 16.125 kNin? Total load = 16.125 x 1.5 x 3.315 = 80kN fom one flight i ! 2x 2.685 +25 x 12 x0, + Resetion from? flights = 825 +13 «0.225 x (0.225/2)) + 4.695 = SON 2x50 = 100KN Maxi = Mb L315 mma = ak (80 100) 3385 = 75m Moir SF = 82 ogo Effective depth = 165 mm eat — on - Scanned with CamScanner22 DESIGN EXAMPLES , EXERCISES 23 Area of tee! i ven BNEREY BM = onto, 4, (4 S24 11. Design a eanilever beam witha lear span of 3m which eases superimposed ead {Suni le depth vais from 30 em atthe fied end to 15 em atthe fre o iment of bars witha neat sketch, 15% 108 = 987 wats A165 A15AL 3, The roof of a room 6.5 m wide and 24 m long consists of beams placed at 2m NUS soso) of A MSO eno ceie anda sab ove th beams and monoihic with hem Desi Complete root if the superimpored tevice load. is 6 KN/n out of which 60% is The shb can be restcb emen a ao yma wh he mom 35 ie 8 jof 3 KNim?. 1.5m wide opening ina 20 cm tick rick wall height of be opeing 3 6 Design inte for n 25m wide opening in 225 cm hick bik wali eight of Pe se te oping is Ie ti equ 0 cay a soperimpoted fad of 2oiNinn 20 eng 7. Aint is requiedover wo openings in 25 em thick rick wal, exch 1.5m wide ww t600 WoT tod avg only 240 cm wie pillar Berweén them The cle height ofthe wall Shove the openings 125 Design Be it i it fo be continos over both pene 5. Design a doubly reinforced beam over cleat span of 8m i i is reuied to [rs 0 ~ iy disciited lad of 25 EN in ation wo thee pont ends of Faas 4-300 iced at one-fourth points. The section of the beam is restricted 9 f1800—=}-— 9 @ 280 = 2520 —_- 11359 —-= 504 “The thickness of walls 30 em. Show the curtailment of tension. 8 xa cleat span foe pedestrian traffic, The overatl width 3180-4! 1 the live load is $ KNin®, Design the slab and the 1 ‘THROUGH LANDING A Fig. 11.21b Relnforcement in landing A. EXERCISES Note : Unless specified otherwise, use M25 concrete, Fe 415 grade steel and partial and that on the portico slab is 2.5 KN'm?, design Safety factor ov loads equal to 1. Prepare de.ited drawings or each esign 7 ‘problein using AUTOCAD or Microstationsofoware. 1. Design a rectangular"beam simply supported over a clear span of 6 m requined to support « uniformly distributed load of 25 kN/m in point loads of 15 KN each placed at one-third points. The thicknes 20cm. At what distance from centre at least two bars can be cura Scanned with CamScanner