The world has transported and used liquefied gas for more than 40 years, and the United

States
has the largest number of LNG units in the world, and through analyzing the available
information on LNG about safety and security, it was found that LNG has an excellent safety
record, and this record results from several factors:

1- The gas industry has technology and operation that ensure safety and security operations
and includes technology and operation as a whole.

Something from engineering design to operational procedures to the technical proficiency of

people.

2- The physical and chemical properties of liquefied gas enable knowing the risks that it may
cause and thus.

These risks can be avoided. 3- There is a wide range of documents and references that apply to
the liquefied gas industry and greatly guarantee safety. This paper explains how to achieve
safety and security in the liquefied gas industry, based on "a careful review of the technical and
operational data in the United States, and it was concluded that it is possible to safely and
properly transport, store and use liquefied gas as long as the instructions in the safety-related
references and protocols are applied." Natural gas to liquid state becomes able to be shipped
across oceans and for great distances from producing countries and to places of demand.
Natural gas is used in homes for cooking or heating and in public institutions, in agriculture and
in industry to generate electric power and natural gas is important not only as a clean source of
energy, but also as a feedstock in The petroleum and chemical industry for the production of
plastics, fibers, fertilizers and many other products, and by looking at information related to the
physical properties of liquefied gas, safety records in many LPG units and cargo ships, the impact
of LPG operations on the environment and information available to organizations and agencies
concerned with environmental protection safety affairs in Gas industry a For LALUSAL, it was
concluded that gas can continue to be used in a safe manner, and Figure -1 shows that there is
continuous improvement in safety, environment and security in the liquefied gas industry.

Safety consideration in LNG processing operations: -

Based on the definition of safety in the gas industry, we must ask when this gas is dangerous.
The gas industry has the same routine risks and safety considerations as any other industry.
Hazard reduction systems must be installed in order to reduce the possibility of these risks and
to ensure the protection of the neighborhood and the natural environment, and as is the case in
any industry, the operators in the manufacture of this gas must be aware of all the equivalent
local and international laws, references and codes, in addition to routine risks and safety
considerations. The manufacture of this liquefied gas requires special safety considerations, and
in the event of any accidental gas leak, the safety zone surrounding the unit must provide
protection for the neighborhood from personal harm and fire. The only and only one incident
that affected the neighborhood was in Cleveland, Ohio in 1944, and through studying this
incident, it was concluded that safety references were established that are still in use today.
Figure 2 - shows the levels of protection required in the LNG industry
 Main containment
Secondary containment
Security systems
Separation distance
The following safety requirements: primary containment - secondary containment - safety
systems - separation distance

It is the one that must be applied to the sequence of gas industry operations starting "from
producing gas, then converting it into a liquid, shipping it and ending" with storage and
conversion into a second gas. The following is a detailed explanation of the four safety
requirements:

A - Main containment: It is the first and most important safety requirement in the LNG industry.
This requirement is achieved by using suitable manufacturing materials in the manufacture of
storage tanks and other equipment and the appropriate engineering design for the entire chain
of operations of the gas industry. to

B - Secondary containment: This is the second safety requirement which ensures that if any
leaks or spills occur, these spills can be contained and isolated. For onshore units, the campus
surrounding tanks is able to absorb the entire product in the event of a spillage and the
secondary containment systems are designed to contain an amount in excess of the entire
volume in the tank.

C - Safety systems: This is the third level of protection, the aim of which is to reduce the amount
of gas leakage and limit the effects of leakage. For this level of protection the gas processing
units use their mission devices Determine the leakage of any gas or liquid or the occurrence of a
fire, as these circuits control the remote shutdown Automatic systems to stop leaks and spills in
case of malfunctions.

D- Separation distance: The references require that there be a safe distance between the gas
units and other industrial units or the vicinity, as is the case for cargo ships, that there must be
safety areas around them. Determining the safe distances depends on data such as gas diffusion
and other considerations found in these references

Gas properties and inherent risks:-

Gas properties:-

Natural gas consists of methane, ethane, propane and light hydrocarbon materials

Others, in addition to small amounts of nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds and
water. The liquefaction process of gas requires a primary treatment of natural gas and the
removal of pollutants such as water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfur and other sulfur
compounds thereof, so that no solids are formed when the gas is cooled. For storage and
shipping, the liquefied gas takes (1/600) of the required volume for the gas for normal
temperature and air pressure, and since the liquid gas is formed as a result of the cooling
process, it is not stored under pressure.

Liquefied gas is pure, non-corrosive or very cold "at normal atmospheric pressure, it has no
odor. Therefore odorless substances are added to it before it is distributed to consumers. This
smell helps in identifying any gas leaks."

When the liquefied gas turns into a vapor state in closed and unventilated areas, it causes
suffocation because it replaces oxygen, and its density is about (3.9 pounds per gallon)
compared to the density of water, which is about (8.3 pounds per gallon) and so if the liquefied
gas is spilled on the water. It floats on the surface of the water and evaporates quickly because
it is lighter than water. If these released vapors are not handled properly and safely, they
become inflammable and even potentially explosive in certain cases.

The vapors from liquefied gas form a flammable mixture that can ignite and burn. Figure 3 -
Figure 3 shows the inflammatory field of methane, which is the main component of the liquefied
gas vapor, and this field is between 5-15% by volume. No combustion occurs because the
oxygen required for combustion is little, this case is present, for example, in an airtight and
sealed tank, as the vapor concentration is around 100% methane, as is the case when the vapor
concentration is less than the minimum level of inflammation, then combustion will not occur
because the amount of methane present is very little An example of this is the occurrence of
leaching of small quantities of liquefied gas in a well-ventilated area where the vapor of the LNG
will mix rapidly with the air and spread, forming a concentration of less than 5%.

Note: The field of inflammation is the range between the minimum concentration and the
maximum concentration of a substance vapor in the air (measured as a percentage of its
volume)

1. Very rich "substance vapor

Burning will not happen
2. The area of susceptibility to
inflammation
3. Very poor with substance
vapor (combustion will not
occur)
100%

15% upper inflammability limit

5% lower inflammability limit

%0