CHESS STUDIES: comrnisina ONE THOUSAND GAMES, PRESENTING A UNIQUE COLLECTION or CLASSICAL AND BRILLIANT SPECIMENS OF CHESS SKILL, IN EVERY STAGE OF THE GAME: A Complete Eneprlopedia of Reference, BY GEORGE WALKER. LONDON: — LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1844,Lowvon: Printed by A. Srommewoope, ‘New-Street-Square,INTRODUCTION. ‘Ture title of this volume so fully explains the nature of its contents, that preface of any kind seems hardly needed. It appears to me, however, ad- visable to offer certain introductory details, relative to the objects I have chiefly kept in view, in forming this unique collection of games actually played by the leading chess practitioners of modern times. Admitting it correct to define a general Treatise on the theory of the game, as “Chess as it should be,”—we may fairly style these “Studiea”—“ Chess as it is, and as it has been:”—may I not reasonably indulge in the belief that they will in some degree strengthen “ Chess as it will be ?” ‘The advantage of reviewing games actually played being conceded as matter of instruction—not to say merely amusement—the present genera- tion have assuredly far greater opportunities of acquiring Chess knowledge, than the past; and, looking round, we everywhere behold the cheering result. If we can boast of no one phenomenon like Philidor, we have @ hundred Second-rates, where Phihdor and his times could barely produce half a dozen. ‘The fact that Chess is better played every year eannot be doubted. It grows with its practice. ‘To how few amateurs can a first-rate player give the odds of the piece in the present day, compared only with what he could have rendered ten years back? Will it not be allowed that much of thie progress is owing to the many excellent Chess books, which public demand has latterly called into life? And with this assurance it ia that I venture to add the present to my many other hearty, however humble, nbours in the cause. It is the custom with many authors to affect a diffidence they little feel s while others, again, herald forth their Iatest-born child as a miracle of talent —a grand desideratum—second only to the philosopher's stone, or the elixir of life. I am proud to assert that this book will be a book of value; and Ican say this with the greater propriety, so little of it, strictly speaking, being mine, At the same time I confess that the world could have gone on without it, ‘Many persons object to studying Chess from a regular treatise on the theory of the acience, because, say they, the positions assumed to arise from the different openings in their endless varieties, cannot be compelled to appear in real play. Entertaining such opinions, whether right or wrong, it follows that amateurs cannot be expected to seek either recreation or ai ‘vancement in spending long, long hours, over what they take up with the preconceived idea that their lesson is but the author's fancy. To such students, the following pages present themselves as being purely practical, a2iv INTRODUCTION. and quite independent of individual Chess-creed, authorship, or opinion, Nearly every opening, sound or unsound, old or new, heavy or brilliant, will here be found ; illustrated by the practice of the first artists. We have before us a gallery of 1000 Chese pictures, actually painted by the chief masters of the art; and thus, while the tyro makes his election as to whose style he prefers to follow, the adept is enabled to compare advantageously the beauties and blemishes of all. In thus analyzing the creations of different great players, as so many various schools of art, wo are not only enabled at once to weigh accurately their relative merits, without being dazzled by mere name, but also to place in juxtaposition the play of the several epochs of time; and it becomes matter of fair exultation, when we can thus honestly adopt the conclusion that the present age may so worthily mate with the past. Should the by- gone century taunt us with Philidor, Bernard, or Legalle, we reply with De I Bourdonnais, Des Chapelles, and Mf‘Donnell :—bearded by Boncourt, and Sarratt ; by Lolli, Del Rio, and Ponziani,—we proudly oppose to them the names of Cochrane, of St. Amant, of Staunton, of Der Lasa, of Szen, and Kieseritzkij. Moreover, with a Chess Museum before us like the present, ave can equally adjust the claims to renown presented by the great living players of all the countries of Europe, opposed on the Chess-field in arms to each other. Petroff and Janisch in the frozen north —St. Amant, Calvi, La Roche, and Kieseritzkij in their sunny France —Heydebrand Der Lasa, Szen, Lowenthal, and Bledow of Germany — Perigal, Staunton, and Daniels in London town— all pass severally in array before us, like soldiers on parade, or beauties at a court drawing-room. To all we can thus deal out their deserved measure of praise, and impartially try the various Chess qualities of each by the same standard, without either fear or flattery ; our motto being that of Nelson, “ Palmam qui meruit ferat !” It must ever be considered as matter of regret that the practice of noting down Chess games actually played is a habit only of modern growth; and was not adopted in the early and middle ages. Where are the parties played between Leonardo, Paolo Boi, Salvio, Greco, Carrera, Rui Lopez, Gianutio, and the rest of that illustrious fraternity? Where may we look for exist- ing specimens of the undoubted skill of their immediate successors, as Scipione del Grotto, Il Casertano, and other Chess worthies whose names are recorded by Rocco.* And from them advancing to the times of our own grandsires, where are the battles fought by the Modonese, Ercole del Rio, with Tarufi, Lolli, and Ponziani ? Alas! All traces of these names have perished as to specimens of their actual play, except the names themselves —and those may never die while one spark of the living fire lingers in the breast of the enthusiast ;— but our loss is not the less to be deplored. True, in Salvio we read, in very general terms, that such and such a game hap- pened to arise between such and such two celebrated players; but upon closer examination we discover that this could only relate to particular “coups,” or stratagems; the whole of the moves played not being forth- coming. Indeed, it is but now that we begin to enjoy the fruits of any * © Dimsertazione del Ch. Signore D. B. Rocco, sul Ginoco degli Scacchi, ristampata 4a Francesco Cancellieri Romano. Roma : Bourlie, 1817, 12mo. pp. 58.” A most in- teresting pamphlet.INTRODUCTION: v thing like a systematic practice of noting down the games of acknowledged first-rates. Many of the leading artists in our own generation have never taken the trouble thus to retrace their victories ; as Deschapelles, Sarratt, Boncourt, and a myriad of other Chess stars. Philidor played a match of ten games with Stamma, winning eight out of the ten, and drawing the ninth. Where are those studies now? Reasoning upon the wholesome popular adage, when we cannot have’ what we want, we must be satisfied with what we have. One thousand games in a volume are at all events something, if only by way of instal- ment, To consolidate as far as possible the records of the past, upon which to build up the present, I have necessarily omitted a number of beautiful specimens I yet possess, woven by our present chess-chiefs; pre- forring first to give # perfect series of games, illustrative of “auld lang syne.” And this motive has caused me sometimes to prefer adopting ex- amples of comparatively inferior merit, to more modern compositions of excellence. Thus, the Fifty Automaton-Games might well have yielded place to certain stronger battles at the odds of Pawn and move, by our existing players; but then the tract in which those Fifty games originally came to life having grown scarce, and its reputation high, it became im- portant to test its merits by comparison with the models of our own day. ‘My “Chess Studies” being posited as the base of a collection, the pile may be completed by the student’s subscribing for the future to the “Chess Players’ Chronicle,”* « Bell’s Life,” t and “Le Palaméde.”} In publishing a compilatory work, its very nature obviates the necessity’ of minutely characterizing the many authors and journals I have herein laid under contribution ; and to which I thus publicly avow all obligation. From Bell’s Life I have taken the games of merit there printed during the last ten years; and my friend St. Amant’s Palaméde has been in like manner largely borrowed from, as well as the Treatise of Von Bilguer and DerLasa.§ By Bledow | and Janisch { I am also favoured; and the whole of the Inte Mr. William Greenwood Walker's octavo volume**, now long since out of print, is incorporated in my three firet chapters. I must sum up the confession of my very heavy “state of indebtedness,” by acknow- ‘+ “Chess Players’ Chronicle.” A magazine devoted exclusively to chess; published. in shilling numbers monthly. London : Hastings, Carey Street. + “Bes Life in London.” ‘The popular weekly London newspaper. 4 “Le Palaméde.” A chess magazine published in Baris monthly, in the French Jangoage. § “Handbuch des Schachspicls;” new German Treatise by Paul Rudolph von Bilguer, and T. Von Heydebrand und Der Lasa. Berlin: Veit and Co. 1843, large 8v0. p-500. One of the Dest and most comprehensive works on chess ever published; in itaelf, indeed, a library. English translations of Der Lasa and Janisch are grand Adesiderata. 1 See Dr. Bledow’s “ brochure,” in German; comprising games exclusively played by correspondence. Berlin: Veit and Co. 1843, pp. 102. { “ Analyse Nouvelle des Onvertures du Jeu des Echecs;” par le Major C. F. de Janisch, St Petersbourg : Graff an Co, 1842-35 2 vols, pp. 204. and 310. A highly ‘valuable book; replete with interesting novelties. ‘+ “A Selection of Games of Chess actually played in London, by the Inte Alexander ‘M-Donnel, Esq., the best English Player, with his principal Contemporaries, &¢. By ‘William Greenwood Walker.” London: Hurst, 1836, Svo. pp. 280. a3vi INTRODUCTION. ledging the free use I have made of the Chess Players’ Chronicle, from, which Ihave taken the games playod by Mesers. Staunton and Cochrane, and a host of other valuable parties. ‘My notes on the “Studies” throughout are not eo numerous as might be wished; but I have found it impossible to extend them, consistently with the limits of a moderate sized volume. Mere book-making forming no part of my creed or practice, I simply present a register of the games them- selves, and must refer the student, desirous of obtaining further details as to the various matches in which they were played, or the general relative merits and strength of the players individually, to other eources. Jn travelling through these Studies, the reader must beware of classing Players in his mind, merely according to the odds they appear to give or take; or the number of games they relatively win and lose. Philidor began * by receiving the Rook from his instructor Legalle; and the veteran Alex- andre once could allow the Queen to De la Bourdonnais. Among the many players claiming large odds of M‘Donnell, will be found the respected names of some of our present first-rates. Nor can the standing of players ‘be rated only in proportion as I have been fortunate enough to obtain written records of their skill, practically displayed. Some of the best modern chess-men never record a game they play, and thus rarely — too rarely — appear in this collection. Others, again, only “recollect” games they have won, and must not therefore be always assumed to have main- tained the superiority apparently theirs, from their names mostly herein appearing as conquerors. To the majority of chess-amateurs it is, indeed, particularly “diaguating” to note down the moves of a lost game! ‘The tyro will perhaps think that the checkmate should always have been perfected in these studies, and may not therefore unnaturally feel sur- prised, and annoyed, at so many specimens being dismissed, with the mere declaration that such a party “wins” or “ draws;” while “he is certain” the advantage is merely the gain of a Pawn, or an acquisition of “similar low value.” Ican only inform such critics, that games thus given up are 0 constituted in their relative final positions, that between even players of a high degree of force, they would be here at once abandoned; and were actually thrown up when stated, for the reasons assigned ; the finish being purely mechanical, and mutually seen through by both parties. When games are dismissed as being by their nature drawn, and therefore uscless to be carried further, the learner is advised to ascertain, precisely, WHY the contest is thus declared to present that most unprofitable conclusion —a draw, —whether the case be one of perpetual check, or what is the real reason which caused such decision to be come to. A few of our games were left unfinished by the players, but are preserved for some peculiar features of merit, and as being, therefore, almost equally valuable with their fellows. All games not ending with checkmate, present studies of especial interest to the comparatively inexperienced ; as two novices can take up the different sides, and play them out. Checkmates are understood to be forced, when the number of moves is specified ; and their solution is purposely withheld, to save space, and serve as instructive lessons. ‘The advanced player will forgive observations not intended to be “thrust” upon his experience. - ‘Passing from these introductory remarks to more particular details, I now Proceed to review the contents of my Chess Studies, chapter by chapter ;INTRODUCTION, vii briefly touching on their several more important features of interest, and on the relative qualities of a few of the great players whose wars are here recorded. ‘The First Chapter of Chess Studies includes the whole of the games played by Dela Bourdonnsis and M‘Donnell, in the exact order they oc- curred. ‘The master spirits of our age, it is fitting they should stand out foremost in the ranks; and I unhesitatingly pronounce this to be the finest series of games actually played, on record ; the merit of the collection being considerably enhanced, from the fact of its comprising all the games these rivals for chess-fame ever played together ; thus furnishing an average specimen of skill, the more conclusive, because not merely a selection of games picked out for their superior merit. The parties here given have already been printed more than once; and I dwell the less upon them, as having #0 recently gone at great length into the subject.* ‘They will ever present a “chef Peuvre” of the art, uniting every known quality com- posing the highest atyle of Chess-play. In our Second Chapter, I give thirty-nine games played by De la Bour- donnais with various players, when at the top of his strength being all of hia which I find on record. Succeeding to the throne of his predecessor ‘and master, Des Chapelles, De la Bourdonnais’s proud title will ever live as King of Chess; the Napoleon of his time. Would that he had been longer epared to reign over us! De la Bourdonnais died in 1840, at the age of forty-three. Chapter III. presents ninety-four games, all conducted by M‘Donnell, the greatest Chese-player England has ever yet produced; snatched away from us by death, at the early age of thirty-seven ; before he had attained that fall “ pride of pitch” to which his genius aspired to soar, and to which he would assuredly have mounted. In the games before us, M‘Donnell mostly gives odds, euch odds being nearly of every description; and on comparing this particular branch of his play with that of his competitor De la Bourdonnsis, we pronounce with exultation, that our countryman was here the stronger of the two; though slightly inferior in general Chess tactics and acquirements, MDonnell displayed the qualities of patience, endurance, research, and perseverance, in a larger degree ; and, therefore, gave odds better than the more ardent and fiery De la Bourdonnais. It has frequently been pressed upon me to write a Chess Treatise, exclusively devoted to the development of the strongest methods of giving and receiv- ing odds. We have here, in this very chapter, the most complete system of playing at odds possible to be devised. On the subject of defence, what can ‘be wanting to the bulwarks of the strong players whose names we here find enrolled on the lists, as manning the castle walls; and as regards attack, where might we hope to project so perfect and splendid a code of desperate assault—so energetic a plan of siege and mine —as that which is here carried out by Alexander M‘Donnell ? Passing on to Chapter IV., I have been enabled to offer no less than sixty- ‘To Philidor, we owe the first idea of registering games with a view to pub- * See my paper entitled “The Battles of M‘Donnell and De la Bourdonnais,” in “Chess Players’ Chronicle” for December, 1843.viii INTRODUCTION. ication —the first regular Treatise with copious notes for learners —and the first dub appreciation of the value of the Pawns. His analysis of the mate of Rook and Bishop against Rook, is a masterpiece of skill, and difficult calculation ; and unless the scientific discoveries of M. Zytogorsky upon the same subject* be invalidated, it follows that Philidor was correct in his discovery and assertion, that the superior force, in this statement of powers, ean almost invariably win the game. Chapter V. comprises games played exclusively by Philidor’s contempo- raries ; and it becomes highly interesting to compare these specimens with those of our present first-rates, as to solving the problem of whether we have lost or gained in Chess science. We know that Count Bruhl and Dr. Bowdler * were the first amateurs in England ; and that Verdoni succeeded Philidor; holding the professor’s chair, until it was subsequently occupied by his pupil, the scientific Sarratt. We also know that Philidor and Verdoni gave odds to every English player. I cannot, for my own part, believe we have re- trograded ; but altogether the contrary ; thanks to Philidor himself, for the brilliant example he set the world in every way, as Chess-master and Chese-scribe. ‘The Sixth Chapter of “ Chess Studies” is composed of the fifty games played by Mouret ; when conducting that neat piece of trickery, the Au- tomaton Chess-player, in London. These games throw, undoubtedly, great, light on the one particular opening their performer invariably adopted ; but, in truth, Mouret ranked only himself as a second-rate player. Like a ckil- ful charlatan, to make his clever piece of deception go down more glibly with the public, he persisted here in giving Pawn and moves but it must not be supposed that because he appears to win at these odds, of players like ‘Mr. Brand, Mr. M*r***r, or Mr. Cochrane, he was in reality their superior in any one respect. As I have before said, it is difficult to recollect games we have lost; and we must not conclude that our. “ soi-disant” Automaton poseessed a stronger memory in this respect than other people. Our Seventh Chapter consists of games which have been played by cor- respondence ; of which I have here got together nearly sixty. From the extreme degree of care taken on both sides, in the openings, and dread of risk, these games are, for the most part, heavy, not to say uninteresting. Exceptions of course exist, No. 368. is one of the most brilliant gems of Chess extant. The plan of attack was Mr. Cochrane’s on the part of London ; and he quitted England for India, with the assurance of a won game. His partners thought to “ play fine” by sacrificing a Rook ; and to ‘Mr. Cochrane’s horror, he subsequently learned they had justly lost the battle. The fifth party of the same match (No. 866.) is remarkably well- played by Edinburgh : who were mainly indebted for the winning of the laurel, to their champion Mr. D***1d**n, one of the most skilful Chess lovers in Europe. The play of the Clubs of Nottingham, Leeds, and Liverpool, in their various matches, is of very high character; and cannot be re- * Im the “ Chess Players’ Chronicle,” M. Zytogorsky has given a method of solving the well-known situation of this description of chess power, pronounced drawn by Lolli, as a game to be won by the superior force. M. Zytogorsky's method does not amount, however, to fall and absolute proof; though it certainly appears to hold the seeds of ‘rath. ‘The subject is deserving of more copious analysis.INTRODUCTION. ix viewed without great praise being awarded to the different playing com- mittees. Many interesting games by correspondence between. individuals occur in this section. Chapter VIIL. in some degree illustrates the state and condition of Chess- practical, between 1815 and 1830. The very few specimens preserved of the talent of Des Chapelles, the Chess phenomenon of the early part of the nineteenth century, are unworthy of him and we can only sigh for the thousands of games he won of the first Chess warriors of the age 5 all of which are irredeemably loet, because not taken down when played. The same re~ mark applies to Sarratt; but one degree below Des Chapelles, if ao much as that, Why were these two great players never matched in the lists ? A few beautiful games occur in this Chapter, in which Mr. Lewis gives the Pawn to Mr. M‘Donnell, at that time his pupil. Certainly, at the time of ‘M-Donnell’s death, he could himself have given the Pawn to every British player without exception. Twenty games also here occur, collected and printed by Mr. C**#n**e, as fought out by the strongest players in the London Club. ‘These are embodied by me as presenting, I presume, a-fair sample of the quality of our first players of that period; and include many ingenious strokes of skill. ‘The present appears to be a fitting opportunity to explain the cause of so many games appearing in my Chess Stndies, without the players’ names affixed thereto. Much as I regret this, I have not been able to supply the acknowledged “hiatus.” Many Amateurs dislike their names appearing in print, as Chess-players of public fame, particularly in newspapers; and this applies to such games as have already been given in “Bell's Life.” Names thus once dropt, are lost for ever. Others of our Studies, I take as they stand in various Chess repertories; there given without their authors’ names, but their authenticity fully warranted, by the character of the work in which they rank. Some of these anonymous games were, I am confi- dent, played by myself; but from the original MSS. not having been pre~ served, I cannot fix upon such specimens with sufficient certainty to be justified in claiming them; though in rehearsing them, I find their fea- ‘tures 0 familiar to me, as to make it matter of moral certainty that I must have borne # part in the battle. Some of our finest players are thus, I fear, lost in the crowd; as Harry Wel**n, of the Isle of Wight, Messrs, : cham, Captain Ree*ttn, of HM. —2d, Messrs. Well***s and W*th**s of Bristol, ‘Mesg**d**n and S*****1*y of Liverpool, &e. To these, and to all, I can only say that if such amateurs as have played any of the anonymous games herein presented, will favour me by identifying their works, the proper names shall be affixed in the second edition. A few games, under half 2 dozen, I believe, oceur twice over ; and several have slipt in wrongly dated. ‘The book being stereotyped, these errors are discovered too late for recti- fication; save in the table of “ errata,” which will be appended to my next impression; including due notice of all such typographical faults, as my friends will do me the favour to point out. Arriving now at last, at what I term exclusively our own time, or my own time as a Chess-player, and which I date from the establishment of the ‘Westminster Chess Club in Bedford Street, in 1833, by Mr. Huttmann ;— f Chapter IX. furnishes seventy-seven games at various descriptions of odds,x INTRODUCTION. contributed by the best players of the day, at home and abroad. St. Amant, the acknowledged first French warrior, after Des Chapelles, and so powerful in resource, under circumstances of the most crushing difficulty —Kieseritzkij, the renowned Livonian, resident in Paris, and with Calvi, ranking honour- ably side by side with St. Amant—Petroff, the lion of Russia —and many other artists of note are here illustrated, in games they have con- ducted. No player can ever hope to attain excellence, but by receiving such odds as may make it agreeable to his superiors to encounter him. I have now but to comment briefly on the contents of our closing, and I fancy, not least important part of the work, Chapter X. ‘The Tenth Chapter is divided necessarily into sections, according to the various openings, for the convenience and improvement of players of every grade; presenting in itself a complete Encyclopedia of reference, ilus- trative of the game in all its stages. In weighing the merits of conflicting moves as regards openings, we can here compare the usage of the classics, with the most brilliant novelties of the St. George’s and Paris Clubs; deciding according to the bent of our own genius, by whose counsel and example we deem it safest to abide. All the chief players of the present time, at home and abroad, contribute largely to this part of Chess Studies; and I may not dismiss names so honourable, without a few individual re- marks, as to their conflicting and various styles of play. In stating that I consider Mr. Staunton to be at present the first English player, I sufficiently mark my opinion of the high qualities of Brilliancy of imagination —thirst for invention — judgment of position — ‘eminent view of the board —untiring patience—all are largely his. In Mr. Staunton we are proud to recognize a champion worthy to succeed M‘Donnell. — Can praise go further ? Of Mr. Cochrane it may be said, with greater trath than Johnson writes of Shakspeare, that “he lost the world for a quibble, and was content to lose it.” ‘Mr. Cochrane could have been the Philidor of the age; but would not. His ardent temperament, as a Chess-player, runs away with his judgment; dis- daining to track a beaten path, even if certain victory present itself in the vista of the route. Mr.Cochrane’s banner bears for its device, “ Attack, attack.” —Attack at all risk—attack at every cost. Mr. Cochrane is the most bril- liant player I have ever had the honour to look over or confront; not even excepting De la Bourdonnais ; and pity it is that his very brilliancy so often mars success. Mr.C’s game may be compared to the dashing charges made by the Mamelukes at the Battle of the Pyramids; when they impaled themselves, horse and man, upon the bayonets of France. Mr. Cochrane has again left England for India; the Thames for the Ganges. Should these remarks meet his sight, he is intreated to believe that the secession of no one player from our metropolitan Chess circle could afford heavier cause for general regrét, than that of Joun Cocrranz. Finer specimens of play nowhere exist, than may be found among the long series of games played between Messrs. Cochrane and Staunton; and like those of M‘Donnell and De la Bourdonnais, they, too, offer the advantage of not being merely a selection, but comprising all that were taken down. For these, and s great number of other games of Mr. Staunton’s, Chess players are much indebted to the recording pen of Mr. H*rr***n; many of them being necessarily omitted in this collection.INTRODUCTION. xi So many of our parties are played by the Honorary Secretary of the London Chess Club, Mr. George P***g¢l, that it is impossible to pass his name over, without offering my just tribute of admiration to the many fine qualities his Chese-strategy developes. To be recognized, indeed, by the public voice, as a first-rate player, a man must really play well. Many barristers of powerful intellect never attain the judicial bench ; but we never yet saw a fool made a judge. Tho somewhat severe — not to say cold —style of M. Popert’s game is more than counterbalanced by the talent he evinces for that vital principle of Chess — couNTER-aTtack. His judgment of position, too, is second to that of no man; and he plays endings of games with great mechanical ac- curacy. M. Popert, unfortunately for us, bas recently left London for Hamburgh. Speaking of ends of games, I must here observe, that of all players since Philidor, without exception, I believe Szen, of Hungary, con- ducts Pawn-endings with the most deadly skill, as regards hia adversary. Among these Cees Studies, will be found to occur a few games played by Captain Evans, marked by the superior properties to be expected from the inventor of the celebrated Evans Gambit; and afew, too few, of Mr. Daniels, whose game so much resembles Mr. Cochrane's. Mr. Daniels is indeed a player of quite the highest class; possessing a quicker sight of the board, when there is work to be done, than perhaps any of his contem- poraries. ‘The games of Mr. Slous are worthy of deliberate and repeated examination, being eminently distinguished for eolidity and vigour. Had ‘Mr. Slous continued to practise Chess, it is highly probable he would have held the ground now occupied by Mr. Staunton, It is with much pleasure we hail the impetus given to the march of Chess on the European continent, where so many scientific players have latterly sprung into fame. Nothing in the annals of Chess can be finer than some of the games herein incorporated, played by Von Heydebrand Der Lasa, who seems, indeed, well qualified to cope with our foremost men of might; and whom I have heard rated, by an experienced judge, as second to no player throughout Europe. Dr. Bledow, of Berlin, also plays @ fine game, as did the youthful Von Bilguer, recently taken from his friends by death. Pet- roff, of Russia, is asserted by his countryman, Janisch, to be the equal of Philidor. I doubt the fact, but feel assured he is, nevertheless, a very scientific player ; Janisch being himself so allowedly able. Szen and Lowenthal of Hungary, D’Orville of Belgium, Laroche and Lecrivain of Paris, Rousseau and Schulten of America, Anderssen of Berlin, Witholm of Vienna, and Schumacher of Altons, must not be passed over in silence, whenever Caissa numbers her most skilful and diligent votaries. It remains to close thia somewhat prolix introduction, by a few details as to my arrangements of notation, &e. ‘The Chess phraseology throughout this work, will be found to be that in ordinary use in England; however much compressed, in order to gain room. The various plans of notation adopted by Alexandre, Janisch, Der Lass, and other foreign writers, present the euperficial advantage of forming @ language common throughout Europes but this is more than counterbalanced by their defects, and I continue, therefore, unhesitatingly to give the preference to our own system. The initials representing the Piece or Pawn, and the square to which it is recorded to have been played, are applied to each move here, as best suits the in-xii INTRODUCTION. dividual purpose. The constant recurrence of the word “to” after the name of the piece about to move, or even a-character to represent that monosyllable, has appeared to me to be superfinous; and therefore to be ‘omitted with advantage. Were the book intended merely for beginners, I ‘assume that greater amplification would be necessary ; but such is not the case; and assuredly, be the difficulties attendant on my mode of notation what they may, they will cease to exist, after the student's having patiently worked through only half a dozen games. All allusions to colour, as “White” and “Black,” are omitted, as needless in a work of this de- scription; eo that both colours may be called into action, to open the + ball” by turns, ‘To relieve the monotonous character of Chess notation, and to stimulate the reader's attention, I frequently, in some respects, vary the style. ‘Thus, when one piece takes another, or gives check, I st times simply use the word “take,” or “ chock,” expressed by their representative signs (x), (+); leaving it to the reader to exert his thinking faculties in carrying out the direction, —with the belief that this very necessity, thus created for constant personal examination, will be found highly conducive to improvement. ‘The notes appended by me to various moves, consist merely of the move T think better, placed in Italics, immediately below that which was really played; my reasons for such criticiams being necessarily omitted. The student will closely canvass the merits of all such notes, and examine for himself 8 to their consequences, I advise him to interleave the volume, ‘on binding, with good store of blank paper; and to write down his own ‘comments freely and fully, for subsequent re-examination at a future period. Of course I consider that all players for whom I have mado up these Chess Studies, aro acquainted with the ordinary Chess terms, as Bishop “ pine” Knight, and similar conventional phrases. The abbreviations, which form eo essential a part of my system of Chess notation, may be shortly summed up thus :—(w. win), (I. lose), (Ar. draw), (x takes), (+ check), (m. mate), (in. interposes), (att. attacks), (supp. sup- ports), (en p. em passant), (q, queens ; applied to a Pawn's reaching the eighth square), (perp. perpetual), (p. and m. pawn and move), (p. and 2 m. pawn and two moves), (m. in 8 &c. mate in three moves &c.), (doub. doubled), &e. Whether a check be a double check, or @ check by discovery, the ‘same sign is applicable as to a simple chock. . 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