Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet

Derivatives Chain Rule Variants

Definition and Notation The chain rule applied to some specific functions.
f x h f x d n n 1 d
If y f x then the derivative is defined to be f x lim . 1. f x n f x f x 5. cos f x f x sin f x
h 0 h dx dx
d f x f x d
2. e f x e 6. tan f x f x sec 2 f x
If y f x then all of the following are If y f x all of the following are equivalent dx dx
d f x d
equivalent notations for the derivative. notations for derivative evaluated at x a . 3. ln f x 7. sec f ( x ) f ( x ) sec f ( x ) tan f ( x )
df dy d df dy dx f x dx
f x y f x Df x f a y x a Df a d f x
dx dx dx dx x a dx x a d 8. tan 1
f x
4. sin f x f x cos f x dx 2
dx 1 f x
Interpretation of the Derivative
If y f x then, 2. f a is the instantaneous rate of Higher Order Derivatives
The Second Derivative is denoted as The nth Derivative is denoted as
1. m f a is the slope of the tangent change of f x at x a. 2
2 d f n dn f
line to y f x at x a and the 3. If f x is the position of an object at f x f x 2
and is defined as f x and is defined as
dx dx n
equation of the tangent line at x a is time x then f a is the velocity of
f x f x , i.e. the derivative of the f
n
x f
n 1
x , i.e. the derivative of
given by y f a f a x a . the object at x a.
first derivative, f x . the (n-1)st derivative, f
n 1
x .
Basic Properties and Formulas
If f x and g x are differentiable functions (the derivative exists), c and n are any real numbers, Implicit Differentiation
d Find y if e 2 x 9y
x3 y 2 sin y 11 x . Remember y y x here, so products/quotients of x and y
1. cf cf x 5. c 0
dx will use the product/quotient rule and derivatives of y will use the chain rule. The “trick” is to
2. f g f x g x d n differentiate as normal and every time you differentiate a y you tack on a y (from the chain rule).
6. x n x n 1 – Power Rule After differentiating solve for y .
dx
3. f g f g f g – Product Rule d
7. f g x f g x g x e2 x 9y
2 9y 3x2 y2 2 x3 y y cos y y 11
f f g f g dx
4. – Quotient Rule This is the Chain Rule 2x 9 y 2x 9 y 2 2 3 11 2e 2 x 9 y 3 x 2 y 2
g g2 2e 9y e 3x y 2x y y cos y y 11 y
2 x 3 y 9e 2 x 9 y cos y
2 x 3 y 9e 2 x 9y
cos y y 11 2e 2 x 9y
3x2 y 2
Common Derivatives
d d d
x 1 csc x csc x cot x ax a x ln a Increasing/Decreasing – Concave Up/Concave Down
dx dx dx Critical Points
d d d x c is a critical point of f x provided either Concave Up/Concave Down
sin x cos x cot x csc 2 x ex ex
dx dx dx 1. If f x 0 for all x in an interval I then
1. f c 0 or 2. f c doesn’t exist.
d d 1 d 1
cos x sin x sin 1 x ln x , x 0 f x is concave up on the interval I.
dx dx 1 x2 dx x
d d 1 Increasing/Decreasing 2. If f x 0 for all x in an interval I then
tan x sec2 x d 1 ln x , x 0
cos 1 x 1. If f x 0 for all x in an interval I then
dx dx 1 x2 dx x f x is concave down on the interval I.
d d 1 f x is increasing on the interval I.
sec x sec x tan x d 1 log a x , x 0
dx tan 1 x dx x ln a 2. If f x 0 for all x in an interval I then Inflection Points
dx 1 x2
x c is a inflection point of f x if the
f x is decreasing on the interval I.
concavity changes at x c.
3. If f x 0 for all x in an interval I then
f x is constant on the interval I.

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 Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet

Extrema Related Rates

Absolute Extrema Relative (local) Extrema Sketch picture and identify known/unknown quantities. Write down equation relating quantities
1. x c is an absolute maximum of f x 1. x c is a relative (or local) maximum of and differentiate with respect to t using implicit differentiation (i.e. add on a derivative every time
f x if f c f x for all x near c. you differentiate a function of t). Plug in known quantities and solve for the unknown quantity.
if f c f x for all x in the domain.
2. x c is a relative (or local) minimum of Ex. A 15 foot ladder is resting against a wall. Ex. Two people are 50 ft apart when one
2. x c is an absolute minimum of f x The bottom is initially 10 ft away and is being starts walking north. The angle changes at
f x if f c f x for all x near c.
if f c f x for all x in the domain. pushed towards the wall at 14 ft/sec. How fast 0.01 rad/min. At what rate is the distance
is the top moving after 12 sec? between them changing when 0.5 rad?
1st Derivative Test
Fermat’s Theorem If x c is a critical point of f x then x c is
If f x has a relative (or local) extrema at
1. a rel. max. of f x if f x 0 to the left
x c , then x c is a critical point of f x .
of x c and f x 0 to the right of x c.
We have 0.01 rad/min. and want to find
Extreme Value Theorem 2. a rel. min. of f x if f x 0 to the left x is negative because x is decreasing. Using
x . We can use various trig fcns but easiest is,
If f x is continuous on the closed interval Pythagorean Theorem and differentiating,
of x c and f x 0 to the right of x c. x x
x 2 y 2 15 2 2x x 2 y y 0 sec sec tan
a, b then there exist numbers c and d so that, 3. not a relative extrema of f x if f x is 50 50
After 12 sec we have x 10 12 1
4
7 and We know 0.5 so plug in and solve.
1. a c, d b , 2. f c is the abs. max. in the same sign on both sides of x c.
so y 15 2
7 2
176 . Plug in and solve x
sec 0.5 tan 0.5 0.01
a, b , 3. f d is the abs. min. in a, b . 50
2nd Derivative Test for y .
If x c is a critical point of f x such that 7 x 0.3112 ft/sec
Finding Absolute Extrema 7 1
4
176 y 0 y ft/sec Remember to have calculator in radians!
To find the absolute extrema of the continuous f c 0 then x c 4 176
function f x on the interval a , b use the 1. is a relative maximum of f x if f c 0.
Optimization
following process. 2. is a relative minimum of f x if f c 0. Sketch picture if needed, write down equation to be optimized and constraint. Solve constraint for
1. Find all critical points of f x in a, b . 3. may be a relative maximum, relative one of the two variables and plug into first equation. Find critical points of equation in range of
2. Evaluate f x at all points found in Step 1. minimum, or neither if f c 0 . variables and verify that they are min/max as needed.
Ex. We’re enclosing a rectangular field with Ex. Determine point(s) on y x 2 1 that are
3. Evaluate f a and f b .
Finding Relative Extrema and/or 500 ft of fence material and one side of the closest to (0,2).
4. Identify the abs. max. (largest function field is a building. Determine dimensions that
value) and the abs. min.(smallest function Classify Critical Points
will maximize the enclosed area.
value) from the evaluations in Steps 2 & 3. 1. Find all critical points of f x .
2. Use the 1st derivative test or the 2nd
derivative test on each critical point. 2 2
Minimize f d2 x 0 y 2 and the
Mean Value Theorem Maximize A xy subject to constraint of constraint is y x 2
1 . Solve constraint for
If f x is continuous on the closed interval a, b and differentiable on the open interval a, b x 2 y 500 . Solve constraint for x and plug
x 2 and plug into the function.
into area. 2
f b f a x2 y 1 f x2 y 2
then there is a number a c b such that f c . A y 500 2 y
b a x 500 2 y 2
500 y 2 y 2 y 1 y 2 y2 3y 3
Newton’s Method Differentiate and find critical point(s). Differentiate and find critical point(s).
f xn A 500 4 y y 125 f 2y 3 y 32
If xn is the nth guess for the root/solution of f x 0 then (n+1)st guess is xn 1 xn By 2nd deriv. test this is a rel. max. and so is nd
By the 2 derivative test this is a rel. min. and
f xn
the answer we’re after. Finally, find x. so all we need to do is find x value(s).
provided f xn exists. x 500 2 125 250 x 2 32 1 12 x 1
2

The dimensions are then 250 x 125. The 2 points are then 1
, 32 and 1
, 32
2 2

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