Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Only the section numbers of the Code are given below as their texts will be
found in the same Code. They serve as captions of the pertinent provisions of the
Regulations.)
(1) Those who were citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of
the Constitution of the Philippines.
(2) Those born in the Philippines of foreign parents who, before the adoption
of the Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippines.
(4) Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching
Copyright 2018 CD Technologies Asia, Inc. and Accesslaw, Inc. Philippine Taxation Encyclopedia Third Release 2018 1
the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship.
(5) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. (Sec. 1, Article IV,
Constitution of the Philippines.)
The following is a table, showing the rates of income tax under Section 21, as
amended by Section 1 of R.A. No. 2343, applicable to income received from Jan. 1,
1959 and for fiscal periods ending after June 30, 1959:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Exceeding Not Bracket Rate Tax on Each Cumulative
Exceeding of Tax Bracket Amount of Tax
P- P2,000 2,000 3% P60 P60
2,000 4,000 2,000 6% 120 180
4,000 6,000 2,000 9% 180 360
6,000 8,000 2,000 16% 320 680
8,000 10,000 2,000 20% 400 1,080
10,000 20,000 10,000 24% 2,400 3,480
20,000 30,000 10,000 30% 3,000 6,480
30,000 40,000 10,000 36% 3,600 10,080
40,000 50,000 10,000 40% 4,000 14,080
50,000 60,000 10,000 42% 4,200 18,280
60,000 70,000 10,000 44% 4,400 22,680
70,000 80,000 10,000 46% 4,600 27,280
80,000 90,000 10,000 48% 4,800 32,080
90,000 100,000 10,000 50% 5,000 37,080
100,000 120,000 20,000 52% 10,400 47,480
120,000 140,000 20,000 53% 10,600 58,080
140,000 160,000 20,000 54% 10,800 68,880
160,000 200,000 40,000 55% 22,000 90,880
200,000 250,000 50,000 56% 28,000 118,880
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250,000 300,000 50,000 57% 28,500 147,380
300,000 400,000 100,000 58% 58,000 205,380
400,000 500,000 100,000 59% 59,000 264,380
500,000 - - 60% - -
Note: Taxable income is arrived at after deducting personal and additional
exemptions to which taxpayer is entitled. IcEaST
The phrase "engaged in trade or business within the Philippines" includes the
performance of personal services within the Philippines. Whether a non-resident alien
has an "office or place of business," however, implies a place for the regular
transaction of business and does not include a place where casual or incidental
transactions might be, or are, effected. Neither the beneficiary nor the grantor of a
trust, whether revocable or irrevocable, is deemed to be engaged in trade or business
in the Philippines or to have an office or place of business therein, merely because the
trustee is engaged in trade or business in the Philippines or has an office or place of
business therein. (Test of "office or place of business" was deleted by R.A. 2343.)
Under the law the following persons are entitled to P3,000 exemption: (a) a
married man; (b) a married woman; and (c) an unmarried man or woman with one or
both parents, or one or more brothers or sisters, or one or more legitimate, recognized
natural, or adopted children living with and dependent upon him or her for their chief
support, where such brothers, sisters, or children are not more than 23 years of age,
unmarried and not gainfully employed or where such children are incapable of
self-support because mentally or physically defective. (Conforms with amendments
by R.A. 2343, effv. June 20, 1959.)
The tax imposed by law on corporations is not imposed only upon such
corporations as are organized and operated for profit. Any corporation, firm or
association, no matter how created or organized, or what the purpose of its
organization may be, is subject to the tax, except as provided in Section 27, relative to
exemptions from tax on corporations. A corporation is not exempt simply and only
because it is primarily not organized and operated for profit.
The total net investment income of domestic life insurance companies means
the gross investment income received during the taxable year from rents, dividends
and interest less deductions for real estate expenses, depreciation, interest paid within
the taxable year on its indebtedness except on indebtedness incurred to purchase or
carry obligation the interest upon which is wholly exempt from taxation under
existing laws, and such investment expenses paid during the taxable year as are
ordinary and necessary in the conduct of its investment. The total net investment
income of foreign life insurance companies doing business here is that portion of their
gross world investment income which bears the same ratio to such income as their
total Philippines reserve (whether kept in the Philippines or abroad) bears to their
total world reserve less that portion of their total world investment expenses which
bears the same ratio to such expenses as their total Philippine investment income
bears to their total world investment income. The following equation simplifies this
formula:
Legend:
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PR is Total Philippine Reserve
In both cases, the deductible expenses must be connected with the investment
income subjected to tax. For the proper determination of the income tax liability of
resident foreign life insurance companies, they should submit the necessary financial
statement reflecting the nature of the investment income and corresponding expenses.
These financial statements must be duly certified by an independent certified public
accountant and authenticated by a Philippine consular official. STcHDC
Foreign life insurance companies not doing business in the Philippines are
subject to the normal income tax on their income received from sources within the
Philippines. They are subject to tax at the rate of 30% like any other foreign
corporation.
Domestic life insurance companies and foreign life insurance companies doing
business in the Philippines are not allowed to deduct from their gross income the net
additions, if any, required by law to be made within the year to reserve funds and the
sums other than dividends paid within the year on policy and annuity contracts.
(Proposed by the BIR. If adopted, this will supersede Sec. 124 of existing
regulations.)
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defined in Chapter VIII, are excepted from taxation under Section 25. The tax
imposed by Section 25 applies whether the avoidance was accomplished through the
formation or use of only one corporation or a chain of corporations. For example, if
the capital stock of the M Corporation is held by the N Corporation so that the
dividend distributions of the M Corporation would not be returned as income subject
to the tax on individuals until distributed in turn by the N Corporation to its individual
shareholders, nevertheless the tax imposed by Section 25 applies to the M
Corporation, if that corporation is formed or availed of for the purpose of preventing
the imposition of the tax upon the individual shareholders of the N Corporation. A
foreign corporation, whether resident or non-resident, is subject to the tax provided
for under Section 25 in the same manner and under the same circumstances as a
domestic corporation.
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availed of to avoid the tax upon shareholders.
The business of a corporation is not merely that which it has previously carried
on, but includes in general any line of business which it may undertake. However, a
radical change of business when a considerable surplus has been accumulated may
afford evidence of a purpose to avoid the tax. If one corporation owns the stock of
another corporation in the same or a related line of business and in effect operates the
other corporation, the business of the latter may be considered in substance although
not in legal form the business of the first corporation. Earnings or profits of the first
corporation put into the second through the purchase of stock or otherwise may,
therefore, if a subsidiary relationship is established, constitute employment of the
income in its own business. Investment by a corporation of its income in stock and
securities of another corporation is not of itself to be regarded as employment of the
income in its business. The business of one corporation may not be regarded as
including the business of another unless the other corporation is a mere
instrumentality of the first; to establish this it is ordinarily essential that the first
corporation own all or substantially all of the stock of the second.
Upon receipt of the affidavit and other papers by the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, the organization will be informed whether or not it is exempt. When an
organization has established its right to exemption, it need not thereafter make and
file a return of income as required under Section 46 of the Tax Code. However, the
organization should file on or before April 15 of each year, an annual information
return under oath, stating its gross income and expenses incurred during the preceding
year, and a certificate showing that there has not been any substantial change in its
By-Laws, Articles of Incorporation, manner of operation and activities as well as
sources and disposition of income. (As amended by Revenue Regulations No. 7-64,
approved November 25, 1964.)
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exemption from income taxation are those which (1) have no net income inuring to
the benefit of any member; (2) are educational or instructive in character; and (3)
have as their objects the betterment of the conditions of those engaged in such
pursuits, the improvement of the grade of their products, and the development of a
higher degree of efficiency in their respective occupations. Organizations such as
provincial fairs and like associations of a quasi-public character, which are designed
to encourage the development of better agricultural and horticultural products through
a system of awards, prizes, or premiums, and whose income derived from gate
receipts, entry fees, donations, etc., is used exclusively to meet the necessary
expenses of upkeep and operation, are thus exempt. On the other hand, associations
which have for their purpose, for example, the holding of periodical race meets, the
profits from which may inure to the benefit of their shareholders, are not exempt.
Similarly, corporations engaged in growing agricultural or horticultural products or
raising live stock or similar products for profits are not exempt from tax under this
paragraph. ITScHa
Income not derived from their properties, real or personal, are exempt. For
example, in the case of a religious corporation, income from the conduct of strictly
religious activities, such as fees received for administering baptismals, solemnizing
marriages, attending burials, holding masses, and other like income, is exempt. In the
case of an educational corporation, income from the holding of an educational fair or
exhibit is exempt. However, if such exempt income is invested by the corporation, the
income from such investment, as interests from the capital where the capital has been
loaned or dividends on stock where the capital has been invested in shares of stock,
will constitute taxable income. Donations and other similar contributions received by
such corporation from other persons are exempt.
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with subsection (b) of Section 29, are exempt from taxation under Title II.
It does not prevent exemption that private individuals, for whose benefit a
charity is organized, receive the income of the corporation or association. The law
refers to individuals having a personal and private interest in the activities of the
corporation, such as stockholders. If, however, a corporation issues "voting shares",
which entitle the holders upon the dissolution of the corporation to receive the
proceeds of its property, including accumulated income, the right to exemption ceases
to exist, even though the by-laws provide that the shareholders shall not receive any
dividend or other return upon their shares.
SECTION 36. Meaning of net income. — The tax imposed by law is upon
income. In the computation of the tax, various classes of income must be considered:
(a) Income, in the broad sense, meaning all wealth which flows into the tax-payer
other than as a mere return of capital. It includes the forms of income specifically
described as gains and profits, including gains derived from the sale or other
disposition of capital assets. Income cannot be determined merely by reckoning cash
receipts, for the statute recognizes as income determining factor other items, among
which are inventories, accounts receivable, property exhaustion, and accounts payable
for expenses incurred. (b) Gross income, meaning income (in the broad sense) less
income which is by statutory provision or otherwise exempt from the tax imposed by
law. (c) Net income, meaning gross income less statutory deductions. The statutory
deductions are, in general, though not exclusively, expenditures other than capital
expenditures, connected with production of income. (d) In the case of a taxpayer other
than a corporation as defined in Section 84 (b) of the Code, net income means gross
income less exemptions. Ordinarily the net income is to be computed in accordance
with the method of accounting regularly employed in keeping the books of the
taxpayer.
For the treatment of dividends for purposes of the tax, see Sections 250 to 256
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of these regulations. For the treatment of capital gains, see Sections 132 to 135 of
these regulations.
If the payment due on a note so accounted for are met as they become due,
there should be included as income in respect of each such payment so much thereof
as represents recovery for the discount originally deducted.
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SECTION 43. Gross income from business. — In the case of a
manufacturing, merchandising, or mining business, "gross income" means the total
sales, less the cost of goods sold, plus any income from investments and from
incidental or outside operations or sources. In determining the gross income,
subtractions should not be made for depreciation, depletion, selling expenses or
losses, or for items not ordinarily used in computing the cost of goods sold.
(a) Gross income derived from such contracts may be reported upon the basis
of percentage of completion. In such case there should accompany the return
certificate of architects, or engineers showing the percentage of completion during the
taxable year of the entire work performed under contract. There should be deducted
from such gross income all expenditures made during the taxable year on account of
the contract, account being taken of the material and supplies on hand at the
beginning and end of the taxable period for use in connection with the work under the
contract but not yet so applied. If upon completion of a contract, it is found that the
taxable net income arising thereunder has not been clearly reflected for any year or
years, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may permit or require an amended
return.
(b) Gross income may be reported in the taxable year in which the contract is
finally completed and accepted if the taxpayer elects as a consistent practice to so
treat such income, provided such method clearly reflects the net income. If this
method is adopted there should be deducted from gross income all expenditures
during the life of the contract which are properly allocated thereto, taking into
consideration any material and supplies charged to the work under the contract but
remaining on hand at the time of the completion.
Where a taxpayer has filed his return in accordance with the method of
accounting regularly employed by him in keeping his books and such method clearly
reflects the income, he will not be required to change to either of the methods above
set forth. If a taxpayer desires to change his method of accounting in accordance with
paragraphs (a) and (b) above, a statement showing the composition of all items
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appearing upon his balance sheet and used in connection with the method of
accounting formerly employed by him, should accompany his return.
In the case of a farmer reporting on the accrual basis (in which an inventory is
used to determine profits), his gross profits are ascertained by adding to the inventory
value of live stock and products on hand at the end of the year the amount received
from the sale of live stock products, and miscellaneous receipts for hire of teams,
machinery, and the like, during the year, and deducting from this sum the inventory
value of live stock and products on hand at the beginning of the year and the cost of
live stock and products purchased during the year. In such cases all live stock raised
or purchased for sale shall be included in the inventory at their proper valuation
determined in accordance with the method authorized and adopted for the purpose.
Also, live stock acquired for drafts, breeding, or dairy purposes and not for sale may
be included in the inventory, instead of being treated as capital assets subject to
depreciation, provided such practice is followed consistently by the taxpayer. In case
of the sale of any live stock included in an inventory their cost must not be taken as an
additional deduction in the return of income, as such deduction will be reflected in the
inventory.
In every case of the sale of machinery, farm equipment, or other capital assets
(which are not to be included in an inventory if one is used to determine profits) any
excess over the cost thereof less the amount of depreciation theretofore sustained and
allowed as a deduction in computing net income, shall be included as gross income.
Where farm produce is exchanged for merchandise, groceries, or the like, the market
value of the article received in exchange is to be included in gross income. Rents
received in crop shares shall be returned as of the year in which the crop shares are
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reduced to money or a money equivalent. Proceeds of insurance, such as fire and
typhoon insurance on growing crops, should be included in gross income to the
amount received in cash or its equivalent for the crop injured or destroyed. If a farmer
is engaged in producing crops which take more than a year from the time of planting
to the time of gathering and disposing, the income therefrom may be computed upon
the crop basis; but in any such cases the entire cost of producing the crop must be
taken as a deduction in the year in which the gross income from the crop is realized.
EaICAD
As herein used the term "farm" embrace the farm in the ordinarily accepted
sense, and includes stock, dairy, poultry, fruit, and truck farms, also plantations,
ranches, and all land used for farming operations. All individuals, partnerships, or
corporations that cultivate, operate, or manage farms for gain or profit either as
owners, or tenants, are designated farmers. A person cultivating or operating a farm
for recreation or pleasure, the result of which is a continual loss from year to year, is
not regarded as a farmer.
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exceeds the amounts paid by him as consideration for the contract. An annuity
charged upon devised land is taxable to a donee-annuitant, whether paid by the
devisee out of the rents of the land or from other sources. The devisee is not required
to return as gross income the amount of rent paid to the annuitant, and he is not
entitled to deduct from his gross income any sums paid to the annuitant. Amounts
received by an insured as a return of premiums paid by him under life insurance,
endowment, or annuity contracts, such as the so-called "dividends" of a mutual
insurance company, which may be credited against the current premium, are not
subject to tax. Distributions on paid-up policies which are made out of earnings of the
insurance company subject to tax are in the nature of corporate dividends and should
be included in the taxable income of the individual, without any credit for the amount
of tax paid by the corporation at source.
(a) The lessor may report as income at the time when such buildings or
improvements are completed the fair market value of such buildings or improvements
subject to the lease.
(b) The lessor may spread over the life of the lease the estimated depreciated
value of such buildings or improvements at the termination of the lease and report as
income for each year of the lease an aliquot part thereof.
If for any other reason than a bona fide purchase from the lessee by the lessor
the lease is terminated, so that the lessor comes into possession or control of the
property prior to the time originally fixed for the termination of the lease, the lessor
receives additional income for the year in which the lease is so terminated to the
extent that the value of such buildings or improvements when he became entitled to
such possession exceeds the amount already reported as income on account of the
erection of such buildings or improvements. No appreciation in value due to causes
other than the premature termination of the lease shall be included. Conversely, if the
building or improvements are destroyed prior to the expiration of the lease, the lessor
is entitled to deduct as a loss for the year when such destruction takes place the
amount previously reported as income because of the erection of such buildings or
improvements, less any salvage value subject to the lease to the extent that such loss
was not compensated for by insurance. If the buildings or improvements destroyed
were acquired prior to March 1, 1913, the deduction shall be based on the cost or the
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value subject to the lease to the extent that such loss was not compensated for by
insurance.
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SECTION 53. Examples of constructive receipt. — When interest coupons
have matured and are payable, but have not been cashed, such interest payment
though not collected when due and payable, is nevertheless available to the taxpayer
and should therefore be included in his gross income for the year during which the
coupons matured. This is true if the coupons are exchanged for other property instead
of eventually being cashed. Defaulted coupons are income for the year in which paid.
The distributive share of the profits of a partner in a general co-partnership duly
registered is regarded as received by him, although not distributed. Interest credited
on savings bank deposits, even though the bank nominally has a rule, seldom or never
enforced, that it may require so many days' notice in advance of cashing depositors'
checks, is income to the depositor when credited. An amount credited to shareholders
of a building and loan association, when such credit passes without restriction to the
shareholder, has taxable status as income for the year of the credit. When the amount
of such accumulations has not become available to the shareholder until the maturity
of a share, the amount of any share in excess of the aggregate amount paid in by the
shareholder is income for the year of maturity of the share. TaSEHC
But if a corporation deals in its own shares as it might in the shares of another
corporation, the resulting gain or loss is to be computed in the same manner as though
the corporation were dealing in the shares of another. So also if the corporation
receives its own stock as consideration upon the sale of property by it, or in
satisfaction of indebtedness to it, the gain or loss resulting is to be computed in the
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same manner as though the payment had been made in any other property. Any gain
derived from such transaction is subject to tax, and any loss sustained is allowable as
deduction where permitted by the provisions of Title II.
SECTION 57. Sale and retirement of corporate bonds. — (1) (a) If bonds
are issued by a corporation at their face value, the corporation realizes no gain or loss.
(b) If thereafter the corporation purchases and retires any of such bonds at a price in
excess of the issuing price or face value, the excess of the purchase price over the
issuing price or face value is a deductible expense for the taxable year. (c) If,
however, the corporation purchases and retires any of such bonds at a price less than
the issuing price or face value, the excess of the issuing price or face value over the
purchase price is gain or income for the taxable year.
(2) (a) If bonds are issued by a corporation at a premium, the net amount of
such premium is gain or income which should be prorated or amortized over the life
of the bond. (b) If thereafter the corporation purchases and retires any of such bonds
at a price in excess of the issuing price minus any amount of premium already
returned as income, the excess of the purchase price over the issuing price minus any
amount of premium already returned as income (or over the face value plus any
amount of premiums not yet returned as income) is a deductible expenses for the
taxable year. (c) If, however, the corporation purchases and retires any of such bonds
at a price less than the issuing price minus any amount of premium already returned
as income, the excess of the issuing price minus any amount of premium already
returned as income (or of the face value plus any amount of premium not yet returned
as income) over the purchase price is gain or income for the taxable year.
(3) (a) If bonds are issued by a corporation at a discount, the net amount of
such discount is deductible and should be prorated or amortized over the life of the
bonds. (b) If thereafter the corporation purchases and retires any of such bonds at a
price in excess of the issuing price plus any amount of discount already deducted, the
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excess of the purchase price over the issuing price plus any amount of discount
already deducted (or over the face value minus any amount of discount not yet
deducted), is a deductible expense for the taxable year. (c) If, however, the
corporation purchases and retires any of such bonds at a price less than the issuing
price plus any amount of discount already deducted, the excess of the issuing price
plus any amount of discount already deducted (or of the face value minus any amount
of discount not yet deducted) over the purchase price is gain or income for the taxable
year.
SECTION 61. Exclusions from gross income. — The term "gross income"
as used in the Act does not include those items of income exempted by statute or by
fundamental law. Such tax-free income should not be included in the income tax
return unless information regarding it is specifically called for. The exclusion of such
income should not be confused with the reduction of gross income by the application
of allowable deductions.
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received under a will or testament or through legal succession, is exempt from the
income tax, although the income therefrom or income derived from its investment,
sale, or otherwise is not. An amount of principal paid under a marriage settlement is a
gift. Neither alimony nor an allowance based on a separation agreement is taxable
income.
(a) If, then, an individual, whose business requires him to travel receives a
salary as full compensation for his services, without reimbursement for traveling
expenses, or is employed on a commission basis with no expense allowance, his
traveling expenses, including the entire amount expended far meals and lodging, are
deductible from gross income.
(b) If an individual receives a salary and is also repaid his actual traveling
expenses, he shall include in gross income, the amount so repaid and may deduct such
expenses. aDcHIC
(c) If an individual receives a salary and also an allowance for meals and
lodging, as for example, a per diem allowance in lieu of subsistence, the amount of
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the allowance should be included in gross income and the cost of such meals and
lodging may be deducted therefrom.
A payment for the use of a sample room at a hotel for the display of goods is a
business expense. Only such expenses as are reasonable and necessary in the conduct
of the business and directly attributable to it may be deducted. A taxpayer claiming
the benefit of the deductions referred to herein must attach to his return a statement
showing (1) the nature of the business in which he is engaged; (2) the number of days
away from home during the taxable year on account of business; (3) the total amount
of expenses incident to meals and lodging while absent from home and business
during the taxable year; (4) the total amount of other expenses incident to travel and
claimed as a deduction.
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professional calls, dues to professional societies and subscriptions to professional
journals, the rent paid for office rooms, the expenses of the fuel, light, water,
telephone, etc.; used in such offices, and the hire of office assistants. Amounts
currently expended for books, furnitures, and professional instruments and equipment,
the useful life of which is short, may be deducted. But amounts expended for books,
furniture, and professional instruments and equipment of a permanent character are
not allowable as deductions. SEHTIc
(1) Any amount paid in the form of compensation, but not in fact as the
purchase price of services, is not deductible. (a) An ostensible salary paid by a
corporation may be a distribution of dividend on stock. This is likely to occur in the
case of a corporation having few shareholders, practically all of whom draw salaries.
If in such a case the salaries are in excess of those ordinarily paid for similar services,
and the excessive payment correspond or bear a close relationship to the
stockholdings of the officers or employees, it would seem likely that the salaries are
not paid wholly for services rendered, but that the excessive payments are a
distribution of earnings upon the stock. (b) An ostensible salary may be in part
payment for property. This may occur, for example, where a partnership sells out to a
corporation, the former partners agreeing to continue in the service of the corporation.
In such a case it may be found that the salaries of the former partners are not merely
for services, but in part constitute payment for the transfers of their business.
(3) In any event the allowance for compensation paid may not exceed what is
reasonable in all the circumstances. It is in general just to assume that reasonable and
true compensation is only such amount as would ordinarily be paid for like services
by like enterprises in like circumstances. The circumstances to be taken into
consideration are those existing at the date when the contract for services was made,
not those existing at the date when the contract is questioned.
SECTION 76. When charges are deductible. — Each year's return, so far
as practicable, both as to gross income and deductions therefrom, should be complete
in itself, and taxpayers are expected to make every reasonable effort to ascertain the
facts necessary to make a correct return. The expenses, liabilities, or deficit of one
year cannot be used to reduce the income of a subsequent year. A taxpayer has the
right to deduct all authorized allowances and it follows that if he does not within any
year deduct certain of his expenses, losses, interests, taxes, or other charges, he can
not deduct them from the income of the next or any succeeding year. If it is
recognized, however, that particularly in a going business of any magnitude there are
certain overlapping items both of income and deduction, and so long as these
overlapping items do not materially distort the income, they may be included in the
year in which the taxpayer, pursuant to a consistent policy, takes them into his
accounts. Judgments or other binding judicial adjudication, on account of damages for
patent infringement, personal injuries, or other cause, are deductible from gross
income when the claim is so adjudicated or paid, unless taken under other methods of
accounting which clearly reflect the correct deduction, less any amount of such
damages as may have been compensated for by insurance or otherwise: If subsequent
to its occurrence, however, a taxpayer first ascertains the amount of a loss sustained
during a prior taxable year which has not been deducted from gross income, he may
render an amended return for such preceding taxable year including such amount of
loss in the deduction from gross income and may in proper cases file a claim for
refund of the excess tax paid by reason of the failure to deduct such loss in the
original return. A loss from theft or embezzlement occurring in one year and
discovered in another is ordinarily deductible for the year in which sustained.
SECTION 78. Interest. — Interest paid or accrued within the taxable year
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on indebtedness may be deducted from gross income, except that interest on
indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase bonds and other securities, the interest
upon which is exempt from tax, is not deductible. Interest paid by the taxpayer on a
mortgage upon real estate of which he is the legal or equitable owner, even though the
taxpayer is not directly liable upon the bond or not secured by such mortgage, may be
deducted as interest on his indebtedness.
Import duties paid to the proper customs officers, and business, occupation,
license, privilege, excise and stamp taxes and any other taxes of every name or nature
paid directly to the Government of the Philippines or to any political subdivision
thereof, are deductible. The word "taxes" means taxes proper and no deductions
should be allowed for amounts representing interest, surcharge, or penalties incident
to delinquency. Postage is not a tax. Automobile registration fees are considered
taxes. Taxes are deductible as such only by the person upon whom they are imposed.
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Thus the merchants' sales tax imposed by law upon sales is not deductible by the
individual purchaser even though the tax may be billed to him as a separate item. DHECac
SECTION 83. Estate, inheritance, and gift taxes: taxes assessed against
local benefits. — Estate, inheritance, and gift taxes are not deductible.
So-called taxes, more properly assessments, paid for local benefits, such as
street, sidewalk, and other like improvements, imposed because of and measured by
some benefit inuring directly to the property against which the assessment is levied,
do not constitute an allowable deduction from gross income. A tax is considered
assessed against local benefits when the property subject to the tax is limited to the
property benefited. Special assessments are not deductible, even though an incidental
benefit may inure to the public welfare. The taxes deductible are those levied for the
general public welfare, by the proper taxing authorities at a like rate against all
property in the territory over which such authorities have jurisdiction. When
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assessments are made for the purpose of maintenance or repair of local benefits, the
taxpayer may deduct assessments paid as an expense incurred in business, if the
payment of such assessments is necessary to the conduct of his business. When the
assessments are made for the purpose of constructing local benefits, the payments by
the taxpayer are in the nature of capital expenditures and are not deductible. Where
assessments are made for the purpose of both construction and maintenance or
repairs, the burden is on the taxpayer to show the allocation of the amounts assessed
to the different purposes. If the allocation can not be made, none of the amounts so
paid is deductible.
In the case of an alien resident of the Philippines who signifies in his return his
desire to claim a credit for such taxes the basis of the credit is as follows: (a) The
amount of any such taxes paid or accrued during the taxable year to any foreign
country if the foreign country of which such alien resident is a citizen or subject, in
imposing such taxes, allows a similar credit to citizens of the Philippines residing in
such country; and (b) his proportionate share of any such taxes of a partnership of
which he is a partner or an estate or trust of which he is a beneficiary paid or accrued
during the taxable year to any foreign country if his distributive share of the net
income of such partnership or trust is reported for taxation under Title II of the Code,
and if the foreign country of which such alien resident is a citizen or subject, in
imposing such taxes, allows a similar credit to citizens of the Philippines residing in
such country.
If a taxpayer signifies in his return his desire to claim credit for taxes, such
action will be considered to apply to income, war-profits, and excess-profits taxes
paid to all foreign countries (including the United States and possessions thereof), and
no portion of any such taxes shall be allowed as a deduction from gross income.
In the case of a credit sought for a tax accrued but not paid, the Commissioner
of Internal Revenue may in addition require as a condition precedent to the allowance
of credit a bond from the taxpayer. It shall be in such sum as the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue may prescribe, and shall be conditioned for the payment by the
taxpayer of any amount of tax found due upon any redetermination of the tax made
necessary by such credit proving incorrect, with such further conditions as the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue may require. This bond shall be executed by the
taxpayer, or the agent or representative of the taxpayer, as principal, and by sureties
satisfactory to and approved by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. aEcADH
SECTION 89. When credit for taxes may be taken. — The credit for taxes
provided by Section (30)(c)(3) to (9) may ordinarily be taken either in the return for
the year in which the taxes accrued or in which the taxes were paid, dependent upon
whether the accounts of the taxpayer are kept and his returns filed upon the accrual
basis or upon the cash receipts and disbursements basis. Section 30(c)(6) allows the
taxpayer, at his option and irrespective of the method of accounting employed in
keeping his books, to take such credit for taxes as may be allowable in the return for
the year in which the taxes accrued. An election thus made must be followed in
returns for all subsequent years, and no portion of any such taxes will be allowed as a
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deduction from gross income.
(a) The amount of the credit in respect to the tax paid or accrued to any
country shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is
taken, which the taxpayer's net income from sources within such country taxable
under Title II bears to his entire net income for the same taxable year; and
(b) The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the
tax against which such credit is taken, which the taxpayer's net income from sources
without the Philippines taxable under Title II bears to his entire net income for the
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same taxable year.
(c) Of property not connected with the trade or business if arising from fires,
storm, shipwreck, or other casualty, or from robbery, theft or embezzlement. No loss
shall, however, be allowed as a deduction if at the time of filing of the return, such
loss has been claimed as deduction for estate or inheritance tax purposes in the estate
or inheritance tax return.
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SECTION 97. Voluntary removal of buildings. — Loss due to the
voluntary removal or demolition of old buildings, the scrapping of old machinery,
equipment, etc., incident to renewals and replacements will be deductible from gross
income. When a taxpayer buys real estate upon which is located a building, which he
proceeds to raze with a view to erecting thereon another building, it will be
considered that the taxpayer has sustained no deductible expense on account of the
cost of such removal, the value of the real estate, exclusive of old improvements,
being presumably equal to the purchase price of the land and building plus the cost of
removing the useless building.
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SECTION 100. Losses of farmers. — Losses incurred in the operation of
farms as business enterprises are deductible from gross income. If farm products are
held for favorable markets, no deduction on account of shrinkage in weight or
physical value or by deterioration in storage shall be allowed, except as such
shrinkage may be reflected in an inventory if used to determine profits. The total loss
by storm, flood, or fire of a prospective crop is not a deductible loss in computing net
income. A farmer engaged in raising and selling stock, cattle, sheep, horses, etc., is
not entitled to claim as a loss the value of animals that perish from among those
animals that were raised on the farm, except as such loss is reflected in an inventory if
used. If livestock has been purchased after March 1, 1913, for any purpose, and
afterwards dies from disease, exposure, or injury, or is killed by order of the
authorities, the actual purchase price of such stock, less any depreciation allowable as
a deduction in computing net income, with respect to such perished, livestock, and
also any insurance or indemnity recovered, may be deducted as a loss. The actual cost
of other property (with proper adjustment for depreciation), which is destroyed by
order of the authorities, may in like manner be claimed as a loss; but if reimbursement
is made in whole or in part on account of stock killed or property destroyed, the
amount received shall be reported as income for the year in which reimbursement is
made. The cost of any feed, pasturage, or care which has been deducted as an expense
of operation shall not be included as part of the cost of the stock for the purpose of
ascertaining the amount of a deductible loss. If gross income is ascertained by
inventories, no deduction can be made for livestock or products lost during the year,
whether purchased for resale, produced on the farm, as such losses will be reflected in
the inventory by reducing the amount of livestock or products on hand at the close of
the year. If an individual owns and operates a farm, in addition to being engaged in
another trade, business or calling, and sustains a loss from such operation of the farm,
then the amount of loss sustained may be deducted from gross income received from
all sources, provided the farm is not operated for recreation or pleasure.
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indicate that a debt is worthless, and the debt is charged off on the books of the
taxpayer within the year, the same may be allowed as a deduction in computing net
income. There should accompany the return a statement showing the propriety of any
deduction claimed for bad debts. Before a taxpayer may charge off and deduct a debt,
he must ascertain and be able to demonstrate, with a reasonable degree of certainty,
the uncollectibility of the debt. Any amount subsequently received on account of a
bad debt previously charged off and allowed as a deduction for income tax purposes,
must he included in gross income for the taxable year in which received. In
determining whether a debt is worthless the Commissioner of Internal Revenue will
consider all pertinent evidence, including the value of the collateral, if any, securing
the debt and the financial condition of the debtor.
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Where under foreclosure of a mortgage, the mortgagee buys the mortgaged
property and credits the indebtedness with the purchase price, the difference between
the purchase price and the indebtedness will not be allowable as a deduction for a bad
debt, for the property which was security for the debt stands in the place of the debt.
The determination of loss in such case is deferred until the disposal of the property.
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allowable depletion is P27.50 because it does not exceed 50% of either the net income
or net profit.
(a) Gross income. — Gross income means the "gross income from the
property". The gross income in the case of gas and oil wells is the amount for which
the taxpayer sells the oil and gas in the immediate vicinity of the well. If the oil and
gas are not sold on the property but are manufactured or converted into a refined
product prior to sale, the gross income from the property shall be assumed to be
equivalent to the representative market or field price (as of the date of sale) of the oil
and gas before conversion or transportation.
"Gross income from the property" means, in the case of mines, the gross
income from mining. The gross income from mining consists of the proceeds from the
sales of ores or minerals extracted from the mining property. Where ores are sent
abroad where the ordinary treatment processes are applied or where they are refined
and where they are sold, the actual cost of ocean freight as well as insurance, should
be deducted from the actual selling price for gross income purposes. Also where
minerals or mineral products are sold or consigned abroad by the lessee or owner of
the mine under C.I.F. terms, the actual cost of ocean freight and insurance should be
deducted.
(b) Mining. — The term "mining" includes not merely the extraction of the
ores or minerals from the ground but also the ordinary treatment process normally
applied by mine owners or operators in order to obtain the commercially marketable
mineral product or products, and so much of the transportation of ores or minerals
(whether or not by common carrier) from the point of extraction from the ground to
the plants or mills in which the ordinary treatment processes are applied thereto as is
not in excess of 50 miles unless the Commissioner of Internal Revenue finds that the
physical and other requirements are such that the ore or mineral must be transported a
greater distance to such plants or mills.
(c) Extraction of the ores or minerals from the ground. — The term
"extraction of the ores or minerals from the ground" includes the extraction by mine
owners or operators of ores or minerals from the waste or residue of prior mining.
Thus income derived from the working over of tailings, piles or culm banks is
included in determining "gross income from the property". The length of time
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between the prior mining and extraction of ores or minerals from the waste or residue
of such mining is immaterial. Whether the waste or residue results from the
application of ordinary treatment processes or from the process of removal from the
ground, income derived therefrom is within the term "gross income from the
property". To be included in "gross income from the property", income derived from
the extraction of ores or minerals from the waste or residue of prior mining must
come from such extraction by the mine owner or operator himself.
(2) In the case of sulfur recovered by the Frasch process — pumping to vats,
cooling, breaking, and loading for shipment;
(3) In the case of iron ore, bauxite, ball and sagger clay, rock asphalt, and
minerals which are customarily sold in the form of a crude mineral product —
sorting, concentrating; and sintering to bring to shipping grade and form, and loading
for shipment;
(4) In the case of lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver, or fluorspar ores, potash,
and ores which are not customarily sold in the form of the crude mineral
product-crushing, grinding, and beneficiation by concentration (gravity, flotation,
amalgamation, electrostatic, or magnetic) cyanidation, leaching, crystallization,
precipitation (but not including as an ordinary treatment process electrolytic
deposition, roasting, thermal or electric smelting, or refining), or by substantially
equivalent processes, or extraction of the product or products from the ore, including
the furnacing of quicksilver ores; and
(5) The pulverization of talc, the burning of magnesite, and the sintering and
modulizing of phosphate rock.
(e) Net income or net profit. — "Net income" or "net profit" means the
taxpayer's taxable income from the property. Net income or net profit (computed
without allowance for depletion) means the "gross income from the property" less the
allowable deductions attributable to the mineral property upon which the depletion is
claimed and the allowable deductions attributable to the treatment processes insofar
as they relate to the product of such property, including overhead and operating
expenses, development costs properly charged to expense, depreciation, taxes, losses
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sustained, etc. Deductions not directly attributable to particular properties or
processes shall be fairly allocated. ASaTHc
(f) Property. — For the purpose of computing the depletion allowance in the
case of mines and wells, the term "property" means each separate interest owned by
the taxpayer in each mineral deposit in each separate tract or parcel of land.
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In connection with claims for deductions, there shall be stated on returns of
income the name and address of each organization to which a gift was made and the
approximate date and the amount of the gift in each case. Where the gift is other than
money, the basis for calculation of the amount thereof shall be the fair market value
of the property at the time of the gift. Contributions or gifts paid or made to
corporations or associations specified in the law will only be allowed as deduction
when the taxpayer attaches to his return the receipt duly signed by the responsible
officer of the corporations or associations to which the contributions or gifts has been
paid or made. If desired, said receipt will be returned to the taxpayer after they have
served their purpose.
(a) If the plan contemplates the payment to the trust, in advance of the time
when pensions are granted, of amounts to provide for future pensions payments, then
(1) reasonable amounts paid to the trust during the taxable year representing the
pension liability applicable to such year, determined in accordance with the plan, shall
be allowed as a deduction for such year as an ordinary and necessary business
expense, and in addition (2) one-tenth of a reasonable amount transferred or paid to
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the trust during the taxable year to cover in whole or in part the pension liability
applicable to the years prior to the taxable year, or so transferred or paid to place the
trust on a sound financial basis, shall be allowed as a deduction for the taxable year
and for each of the nine succeeding taxable years.
(b) If the plan does not contemplate the payment to the trust, in advance of
the time when pensions are granted, of amounts to provide for future pension
payments, then (1) reasonable amounts paid to the trust during the taxable year
representing the present value of the expected future payments in respect of pensions
granted to employees retired during the taxable year shall be allowed as deduction for
such year as an ordinary and necessary business expense, and in addition (2) one tenth
of a reasonable amount transferred or paid to the trust during the taxable year to cover
in whole or in part the present value of the expected future payments in respect of
pensions granted to employees retired prior to the taxable year, or so transferred or
paid to place the trust on a sound financial basis, shall be allowed as a deduction for
the taxable year and for each of the nine succeeding taxable years.
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minor children, any allowances which he gives them, whether said to be in
consideration of services or otherwise, are not allowable deductions in his return of
income. Alimony, and an allowance paid under a separation agreement are not
deductible from gross income.
(e) Between the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust, if the
same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; or
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insurance company shall not include in gross income such portion of any actual
premiums received from any individual policyholder as is paid back or credited to or
treated as an abatement of premium of such policyholder within the taxable year. (a)
"Paid back" means paid in cash. (b) "Credited to" means held to the credit of,
including dividends applied to pay renewal premiums, to purchase additional paid-up
insurance or annuities, or to shorten the endowment or premium-paying period. It
does not include dividends provisionally ascertained and apportioned upon deferred
dividends policies. Dividends provisionally ascertained, apportioned, or credited on
deferred dividends policies can not be excluded or deducted from gross income for
the reason that the assured has no vested or enforceable right in them and can not at
the time of the ascertainment, apportionment, or credit, not until the maturity of the
policy, avail himself of such dividends; and in the event of the death of the assured
prior to the expiration of the deferred dividend period, the amount so ascertained,
apportioned, or credited lapses. (c) "Treated as an abatement of premium" means of
the premium for the taxable year. Where the dividend paid back is in excess of the
premium received from the policyholder within the taxable year there may be
excluded from gross income only the amount of such premium received, and where
no premium is received from the policyholder within the taxable year the company is
not entitled to exclude from its premiums received from other policyholders an
amount in respect to such dividend payment. (See changes in Sec. 24(b), Tax Code.)
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SECTION 129. Net addition to reserve funds. — All policy premiums on
which net addition to reserve is computed, must be included in gross income.
Insurance companies may deduct from gross income the net addition required by law
to be made within the taxable year to reserve funds. When the reserve at the end of
the year is less than at the beginning of the year there is a "released reserve", and the
amount so released must be included in gross income. In the case of assessment
insurance companies, whether domestic or foreign, the actual deposit of sums with the
officers of the Government of the Philippines, pursuant to law, as addition to guaranty
or reserve funds shall be treated as being payments required by law to reserve funds.
In the case of life insurance companies, the net addition to the "reinsurance reserve"
and the "reserve for supplementary contracts", and in the case of fire, marine,
accident, liability, and other insurance companies, the net addition to the "unearned
premium reserves", and only such other reserves as are specifically required by the
statute will be allowed as deductions.
(b) Where more than one loss is claimed to have been sustained within the
taxable year from the sale or other disposition of stock or securities, the provisions of
this section shall be applied to the losses in the order in which the stock or securities
the disposition of which resulted in the respective losses were disposed of (beginning
with the earliest disposition). If the order of disposition of stock or securities disposed
of at a loss on the same day cannot be determined, the stock or securities will be
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considered to have been disposed of in the order in which they were originally
acquired (beginning with earliest acquisition).
(c) Where the amount of stock or securities acquired within the sixty-one day
period is less than the amount of stock or securities sold or otherwise disposed of,
then the particular shares of stock or securities the loss from the sale or other
disposition of which is not deductible shall be those with which the stock or securities
acquired are matched in accordance with the following rule:
The stock or securities acquired will be matched in accordance with the order
of their acquisition (beginning with the earliest acquisition) with an equal number of
the shares of stock or securities sold or otherwise disposed of.
(d) Where the amount of stock or securities acquired within the sixty-
one-day period is not less than the amount of stock or securities sold or otherwise
disposed of, then the particular shares of stock or securities the acquisition of which
resulted in the nondeductibility of the loss shall be those with which the stock or
securities disposed of are matched in accordance with the following rule:
(f) The word "acquired" as used in this section means acquired by purchase
or by an exchange upon which the entire amount of gain or loss was recognized by
law, and comprehends cases where the taxpayer has entered into a contract or option
within the sixty-one-day period to acquire by purchase or by such an exchange.
EXAMPLE (2): A, whose taxable year is the calendar year, on September 21,
1939, purchased 100 shares of the common stock of the M Company for P5,000. On
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December 21, 1939, he purchased 50 shares of substantially identical stock for
P2,750, and on December 26, 1939, he purchased 25 additional shares of such stock
for P1,125. On January 2, 1940, he sold for P4,000 the 100 shares purchased on
September 21, 1939. There is an indicated loss of P1,000 on the sale of the 100
shares. Since within the sixty-one-day period A purchased 75 shares of substantially
identical stock, the loss on the sale of 75 of the shares (P3,750 less P3,000, or P750)
is not allowable as a deduction because of the provisions of Section 33. The loss on
the sale of the remaining 25 shares (P1,250 less P1,000, or P250) is deductible subject
to the limitations provided in Sections 31(b) and 34. The basis of the 50 shares
purchased December 21, 1939, the acquisition of which resulted in the
non-deductibility of the loss (P500) sustained on 50 of the 100 shares sold on January
2, 1940, is P2,500 (the cost of 50 of the shares sold on January 2, 1940), plus P750
[the difference between the purchase price of the 50 shares acquired on December 21,
1939, (P2,750) and the selling price of 50 of the shares sold on January 2, 1940
(P2,000)], or P3,250. Similarly the basis of the 25 shares purchased on December 26,
1939, the acquisition of which resulted in the nondeductibility of the loss (P250)
sustained on 25 of the shares sold on January 2, 1940, is P1,250 plus P125, or P1,375.
(See Section 143 of these regulations.)
EXAMPLE (3): A, whose taxable year is the calendar year, on September 15,
1938, purchased 100 shares of the stock of the M Company for P5,000. He sold these
shares on February 1, 1940, for P4,000. On each of the four days from February 15,
1940, to February 18, 1940, he purchased 50 shares of substantially identical stock for
P2,000. There is an indicated loss of P1,000 from the sale of the 100 shares on
February 1, 1940, but since within the sixty-one-day period A purchased not less than
100 shares of substantially identical stock, the loss is not deductible. The particular
shares of stock the purchase of which resulted in the nondeductibility of the loss are
the first 100 shares purchased within such period, that is, the 50 shares purchased on
February 15, 1940, and the 50 shares purchased on February 16, 1940. AScTaD
SECTION 132. Definition of "capital assets." — The law provides that the
term "capital assets" shall be held to mean property held by the taxpayer (whether or
not connected with his trade or business), but does not include stock in trade of the
taxpayer or other property of a kind which would properly be included in the
inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year, or property held
by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or
business, or property, used in the trade or business, of a character which is subject to
the allowance for depreciation provided in subsection (f) of Section 30 of the Code.
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The term "capital asset" includes all classes of property not specifically excluded by
Section 30(a).
The exclusion from the term "capital assets" of property used in the trade or
business of a taxpayer of a character which is subject to the allowance for
depreciation provided in Section 30(f) of the Code is limited to property used by the
taxpayer in the trade or business at the time of the sale or exchange. It has no
application to gains or losses arising from the sale of real property used in the trade or
business to the extent that such gain or loss is allocable to the land, as distinguished
from depreciable improvements upon the land. To such gain or loss allocable to the
land, the limitations of Section 34(b) and (c) apply (such limitation may be
inapplicable to a dealer in real estate, but, if so, it is because he holds the land
primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business, not
because land is subject to a depreciation allowance). Gains or losses from the sale or
exchange of property used in the trade or business of the taxpayer of a character
which is subject to the allowance for depreciation provided in Section 30(f) of the
Code, will not be subject to the percentage provisions of Section 34(b) and losses
from such transactions will not be subject to the limitation of losses provided in
Section 30(c). (Real property used in taxpayer's trade or business is no longer capital
asset per Am. R.A. 82.)
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Net loss carried over to 1947 (P5,000)
———
Net income subject to tax P2,250
In 1947, his taxable income is computed as follows:
Income from business and interest P2,200
Capital gains and losses:
Capital gains P5,000
———
One-half P2,500
———
Less-Capital loss carried over (#) 2,250
Net capital gain 250
———
Net income subject to tax P2,450
======
# The net capital loss of P5,000 sustained in 1946 and carried over in 1947 is
reduced to P2,250 for the reason that the net income from business and other sources
(not including capital gain), for the year 1946 is only P2,250.
SECTION 135. Gains and losses from short sales. — For income tax
purposes, a short sale is not deemed to be consummated until the delivery of property
to cover the short sale. If the short sale is made through a broker and the broker
borrows property to make delivery, the short sale is not deemed to be consummated
until the obligation of the seller created by the short sale is finally discharged by
delivery of property to the brokers to replace the property borrowed by such broker.
SECTION 136. Basis for determining gain or loss from sale of property. —
For the purpose of ascertaining the gain or loss from the sale or exchange of property,
the basis is the cost of such property, or in the case of property which should be
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included in the inventory, its latest inventory value. But in the case of property
acquired before March 1, 1913, when its fair market value as of that date is in excess
of its cost, the gain to be included in gross income is the excess of the amount realized
therefor over such fair market value. (See illustration I, Section 137 of these
regulations). Also in the case of property acquired before March 1, 1913, when its fair
market value as of that date is lower than its cost the deductible loss is the excess of
such fair market value over the amount realized therefor. (See Illustration II, Id.). No
gain or loss is recognized in the case of property sold or exchanged (a) at more than
cost but less than its fair market value as of March 1, 1913 (See Illustration III, Id.),
or (b) at less than cost but at more than its fair market value as of March 1, 1913. (See
Illustration IV, Id., Id., Id.) In any case proper adjustment must be made in computing
gain or loss from the exchange or sale of property for any depreciation or depletion
sustained and allowable as deduction in computing net income; the amount of
depreciation previously charged off by the taxpayer shall be deemed to be true
depreciation sustained unless shown by clear and convincing evidence to be incorrect.
What the fair market value of property was as of March 1, 1913, is a question of fact
to be established by evidence which will reasonably and adequately make it appear.
The nature and extent of the sales and the circumstances under which they were made
should be considered. Prices received at forced sales or for small lots of property may
be and often are no real indication of the value of the amount of property in question.
For instance, sales from time to time of a small number of shares of stock is little
indication of the value of a large or controlling interest in the corporation. If the
taxpayer can not determine the cost of securities purchased prior to March 1, 1913,
because of the loss, destruction, or failure to keep records, the value of the securities
at the date of approximate date of acquisition may be used in determining the cost
basis for purposes of computing the gain or loss from the sale of the securities. When
the date or approximate date of acquisition is unknown, no general rule can be stated
for determining the cost value of such securities. Each case must be considered
separately upon its own facts.
SECTION 137. Illustrations of the computation of gain or loss from the sale
or exchange of property acquired prior to March 1, 1913. — To avoid complexity no
adjustment has been made in these examples for depreciation or depletion.
In the case of property acquired before March 1, 1913, when its fair market
value as of that date is in excess of its cost, the taxable gain is the excess of the
amount realized therefor over such fair market value.
ILLUSTRATION I
Fair Market
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Cost Value Sale Price Taxable gain
Mar. 1, 1913
P20,000 P30,000 P40,000 P10,000
Excess of amount realized over fair
market value as of March 1, 1913.
Gain attributed to the period prior
to March 1, 1913 not taxable.
In the case of property acquired before March 1, 1913, when its fair market
value as of that date is lower than its cost, the deductible loss is the excess of such fair
market value over the amount realized therefor.
ILLUSTRATION II
Fair Market
Cost Value Sale Price Taxable gain
Mar. 1, 1913
P20,000 P10,000 P6,000 P4,000
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Fair Market
Cost Value Sale Price Taxable gain
Mar. 1, 1913
P20,000 P6,000 P10,000 No taxable gain or deductible loss.
Reason: A loss on whole transaction,
which loss is attributable to period
prior to March 1, 1913.
Where the cost is equal to or greater than the fair market value as of March 1,
1913, and the selling price exceeds the cost, the gain to be included in gross income is
the excess of the selling price over the cost.
ILLUSTRATION V
Fair Market
Cost Value Sale Price Taxable gain
Mar. 1, 1913
P20,000 P10,000 P40,000 P20,000
Reason: Gain on whole transaction,
all of which is attributable to period
subsequent to March 1, 1913.
Where the fair market value as of March 1, 1913, is equal to or greater than the
cost and the selling price is less than the cost, the deductible loss is the amount by
which the cost exceeds the selling price.
ILLUSTRATION VI
Fair Market
Cost Value Sale Price Taxable gain
Mar. 1, 1913
P20,000 P30,000 P10,000 P10,000
Reason: Loss on whole transaction, all
of which is attributable to period
subsequent to March 1, 1913. Only
actual loss sustained deductible.
SECTION 138. Sale of property acquired by gift. — In computing the gain
or loss from the sale or other disposition of property acquired by gift, the basis shall
be the selling price and the fair market value of the property at the time the gift was
made, or its fair market value as of March 1, 1913, if acquired prior thereto,
determined in accordance with the next two preceding sections. In the case of gifts
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made on or after July 1, 1939, the value taken as a basis for gift tax purposes shall be
considered as the fair market value in computing gain or loss from the sale or other
disposition of the property.
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SECTION 141. Determination of gain or loss from the exchange of
property. — The amount of income derived or loss sustained from an exchange of
property is the difference between the market value at the time of the exchange of the
property received in exchange and the original cost, or other basis, of the property
exchange. If the property exchanged was acquired prior to March 1, 1913, see
Sections 136 and 137 of these regulations.
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from the sale is recognized under Section 33 of the Code. The basis of the new share
is P110; that is, the basis of the old share (P100) increased by P10, excess of the price
at which the new share was acquired (P90) over the price at which the old share was
sold (P80).
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consolidation.
3. Recognition of gain in part but not loss, where exchanges are not solely
in kind.
(b) By the transferee. — The basis of the property transferred in the hands of
the transferee shall be the same as it would be in the hands of the transferor, increased
by the amount of the gain recognized to the transferor on the transfer.
As previously shown cash "boot" operates in the first instance to reduce basis.
Then to this result must be added the gain recognized. The remainder is to be
allocated between the several types of stock and securities permitted to be received
without the recognition of gain or loss. To illustrate: The taxpayer in a nontaxable
exchange trades A stock which cost P100 for one share of common stock and one
share of preferred stock of B corporation, together worth P100 (P100 each), and P50
cash. The basis for the share of B common stock will therefore be P50 (1/2 of P100)
and the B preferred stock will likewise take a P50 basis.
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6. Definitions:
(a) The term "securities" means bonds and debentures but not "notes" of
whatever class or duration.
The bases of valuation most commonly used by business concerns and which
meet the requirements of the Income Tax Law are (a) cost price or (b) cost or market
price, whichever is the lower. Any goods in an inventory which are unsalable at
normal prices or unusable in the normal way because of damage, imperfections, shop
wear, changes of style, odd or broken lots, or other similar causes, including second
hand goods taken in exchange, should be valued at "bona fide" selling prices whether
basis (a) or (b) is used, or if such goods consist of raw materials or partly finished
goods held for use or consumption, they should be valued upon a reasonable basis,
taking into consideration the usability and the condition of the goods, but in no case
shall such value be less than the scrap value. "Bona fide" selling price means actual
offerings of goods during a period ending not later than thirty days after inventory
date. The burden of proof will rest upon the taxpayer to show that such exceptional
goods as are valued upon such selling bases come within the classifications indicated
above, and he shall maintain such records of the disposition of the goods as will
enable a verification of the inventory to be made. aHTDAc
The following methods, among others, that are sometimes used in taking or
valuing inventories, are not in accord with these regulations and therefore their use for
income tax purposes is prohibited, viz.:
(1) Deducting from the inventory a reserve for price changes, or an estimated
depreciation in the value thereof.
(2) Taking work in process, or other parts of the inventory, at a nominal price
or at less than its proper value.
(4) Using a constant price or nominal value for a so called normal quantity of
materials or goods in stock.
(5) Including stock in transit, either shipped to or from the taxpayer, the title
to which is not vested in the taxpayer.
SECTION 146. Inventories at cost price. — Cost means: (1) In the case of
merchandise on hand at the beginning of the taxable year, the inventory price of such
goods.
(2) In the case of merchandise purchased since the beginning of the taxable
year, the invoice price less trade or other discounts, except strictly cash discounts,
approximating a fair interest rate, which may be deducted or not at the option of the
taxpayer, provided a consistent course is followed. To this net invoice price should be
added transportation or other necessary charges incurred in acquiring possession of
the goods.
(3) In the case of merchandise produced by the taxpayer since the beginning
of the taxable year, (a) the cost of raw materials and supplies entering into or
consumed in connection with the products; (b) expenditures for direct labor; (c)
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indirect expenses incident to and necessary for the production of the particular article,
including therein a reasonable proportion of management expenses, but not including
any cost of selling or return on capital whether by way of interest or profit.
(4) In any industry in which the usual rules for computation of cost of
production are inapplicable, costs may be approximated upon such basis as may be
reasonable and in conformity with established trade practice in the particular industry.
Among such cases are: (a) Farmers and raisers of livestock; (b) miners and
manufacturers who by a single process or uniform series of processes derive a product
of two or more kinds, size or grade, the unit cost of which is substantially alike; and
(c) retail merchants who use what is known as the "retail method" in ascertaining
approximate cost.
(a) At cost;
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(b) At, cost or market, whichever is lower; or
may make his return upon the basis upon which his accounts are kept; provided
that a description of the method employed shall be included in or attached to the
return, that all the securities must be inventoried by the same method, and that such
method must be adhered to in subsequent years, unless another method be authorized
by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. A dealer in securities in whose books of
accounts separate computations of the gain or loss from the sale of the various lots of
securities sold are made on the basis of the cost of each lot shall be regarded, for the
purposes of this section, as regularly inventorying his securities at cost. For the
purposes of this rule a dealer in securities is a merchant of securities, whether an
individual, partnership; or corporation, with an established place of business,
regularly engaged in the purchase of securities and their resale to customers; that is,
one who as a merchant buys securities and sells them to customers with a view to the
gains and profits that may be derived therefrom. If such business is simply a branch of
the activities carried on by such person, the securities inventoried as here provided
may include only those held for purposes of resale and not for investment. Taxpayers
who buy and sell or hold securities for investment or speculation, irrespective of
whether such buying or selling constitutes the carrying on of a trade or business, and
officers of corporations and members of partnerships who in their individual
capacities buy and sell securities, are not dealers in securities within the meaning of
this rule.
(2) Because of the difficulty of ascertaining actual cost of livestock and other
farm products, farmers who render their returns upon an inventory basis may at their
option value their inventories for the current taxable year according to the "farm-price
method" which provides for the valuation of inventories at market price less cost of
marketing. If the use of the "farm-price method" of valuing inventories for any
taxable year involves a change in method of pricing inventories from that employed
in prior years, the opening inventory for the taxable year in which the change is made
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should be brought in at the same value as the closing inventory for the preceding
taxable year. If such valuation of the opening inventory for the taxable year in which
the change is made results in an abnormally large income for that year, there may be
submitted with the return for such taxable year an adjustment statement for the
preceding year based on the "farm-price method" of valuing inventories; upon the
amount of which adjustments the tax, if any be due, shall be assessed and paid at the
rate of tax in effect for such preceding year.
(3) Where returns have been made in which the taxable net income has been
computed upon incomplete inventories, the abnormality should be corrected by
submitting with the return for the current taxable year a statement for the preceding
year in which such adjustments shall be made as are necessary to bring the closing
inventory for the preceding year into agreement with opening complete inventory for
the current taxable year.
SECTION 152. Income from sources within the Philippines. — The law
divides the income of taxpayers into three classes:
(1) Income which is derived in full from sources within the Philippines;
(2) Income which is derived in full from sources without the Philippines; and
(3) Income which is derived partly from sources within and partly from
sources without the Philippines.
Non-resident alien individuals and foreign corporations are taxable only upon
income from sources within the Philippines. Citizens and residents of the Philippines
and domestic corporations are taxable upon income derived from sources both within
and without the Philippines.
The taxable income from sources within the Philippines includes that derived
in full from sources within the Philippines and that portion of the income which is
derived partly from sources within and partly from sources without the Philippines
which is allocated or apportioned to sources within the Philippines.
(b) From a foreign corporation unless less than 50 per cent of its gross
income for the three-year period ending with the close of its taxable year preceding
the declaration of such dividends, or for such part of such period as it has been in
existence, was derived from sources within the Philippines; but only in an amount
which bears the same ratio to such dividends as the gross income of the corporation
for such period derived from sources within the Philippines bears to its gross income
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from all sources.
SECTION 156. Rentals and royalties. — Gross income from sources within
the Philippines includes rentals or royalties from property located within the
Philippines or from any interest in such property, including rentals or royalties for the
use of or the privilege of using in the Philippines, patents, copyrights, secret processes
and formulas, goodwill, trademarks, trade brands, franchises, and other like property.
The income arising from the rental of property whether tangible or intangible located
within the Philippines, or from the use of property, whether tangible or intangible,
located within the Philippines, is from sources within the Philippines.
SECTION 157. Sale of real property. — Gross income from sources within
the Philippines includes gain, computed under the provisions of Section 35, derived
from the sale or other disposition of real property located in the Philippines. For the
treatment of capital gains and losses, see Sections 132 to 135 of these regulations.
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(1) Interest other than that specified in Section 37(a)(1), as being derived
from sources within the Philippines;
(2) Dividends other than those derived from sources within the Philippines as
provided in Section 37(a)(2);
(4) Rentals or royalties derived from property without the Philippines or from
any interest in such property, including rentals or royalties for the use of or for the
privilege of using without the Philippines, patents, copyrights, secret processes and
formulas, goodwill, trade-marks, trade brands, franchises, and other like property; and
(5) Gain derived from the sale of real property located without the
Philippines.
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Gain from sale of real property located within the Philippines 11,000
————
Total P36,000
that is, one-fifth of the total gross income was from sources within the Philippines.
The remainder of the gross income was from sources without the Philippines,
determined under Section 37(c).
The expenses of the taxpayer for the year amounted to P78,000. Of these
expenses the amount of P8,000 is properly allocated to income from sources within
the Philippines and the amount of P40,000 is properly allocated to income from
sources without the Philippines.
SECTION 161. Other income from sources within the Philippines. — Items
of gross income other than those specified in Section 37(a) and (c) shall be allocated
or apportioned to sources within or without the Philippines, as provided in Section
(37)(e).
The income derived from the ownership or operation of any farm, mine, oil or
gas well, other natural deposit, or timber, located within the Philippines, and from the
sale by the producer of the products thereof within or without the Philippines, shall
ordinarily be included in gross income from sources within the Philippines. If,
however, it is shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that
due to the peculiar conditions of productions and sale in a specific case or for other
reasons all of such gross income should not be allocated to sources within the
Philippines and to sources without the Philippines shall be made as provided in
Section 162 of these regulations.
Where items of gross income are separately allocated to sources within the
Philippines, there shall be deducted therefrom, in computing net income, the
expenses, losses, and other deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto and a
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ratable part of other expenses, losses, or other deductions which cannot definitely be
allocated to some item or class of gross income.
SECTION 162. Income from the sale of personal property derived from
sources partly within and partly without the Philippines. — Items of gross income not
allocated by Sections 152 to 159 or 161 of these regulations to sources from within or
without the Philippines shall (unless unmistakably from a source within or a source
without the Philippines) be treated as derived from sources partly within and partly
without the Philippines. EcICSA
The portion of such income derived from sources partly within the Philippines
and partly within a foreign country which is attributable to sources within the
Philippines shall be determined according to the following rules and cases:
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country or produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer within a foreign country and
sold within the Philippines, the expenses, losses, or other deductions properly
apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of any expenses, losses, or other
deductions which can not definitely be allocated to some item or class of gross
income. Of the amount of net income so determined, one-half shall be apportioned in
accordance with the value of the taxpayer's property within the Philippines and within
the foreign country, the portion attributable to sources within the Philippines being
determined by multiplying such one half by a fraction the numerator of which
consists of the value of the taxpayer's property within the Philippines, and the
denominator of which consists of the value of the taxpayer's property both within the
Philippines and within the foreign country. The remaining one-half of such net
income shall be apportioned in accordance with the gross sales of the taxpayer within
the Philippines and within the foreign country, the portion attributable to sources
within the Philippines being determined by multiplying such one-half by a fraction
the numerator of which consists of the taxpayer's gross sales for the taxable year or
period within the Philippines, and the denominator of which consists of the taxpayer's
gross sales for the taxable year, or period both within the Philippines and within the
foreign country. The "gross sales of the taxpayer within the Philippines" means the
gross sales made during the taxable year which were principally secured, negotiated,
or effected by employees, agents, offices, or branches of the taxpayer's business
resident or located in the Philippines. The term "gross sales" as used in this paragraph
refers only to the sales of personal property produced (in whole or in part) by the
taxpayer within the Philippines and sold within a foreign country or produced (in
whole or in part) by the taxpayer within a foreign country and sold within the
Philippines, and the term "property" includes only the property held or used to
produce income which is derived from such sales. Such property should be taken at
its actual value, which in the case of property valued or appraised for purposes of
inventory, depreciation, depletion, or other purposes of taxation shall be the highest
amount at which so valued or appraised, and which in other cases shall be deemed to
be its book value in the absence of affirmative evidence showing such value to be
greater or less than the actual value. The average value during the taxable year or
period shall be employed. The average value of property as above prescribed at the
beginning and end of the taxable year or period ordinarily may be used, unless by
reason of material changes during the taxable year or period such average does not
fairly represent the average for such year or period, in which event the average shall
be determined upon a monthly or daily basis. Bills and accounts receivable shall
(unless satisfactory reason for a different treatment is shown) be assigned or allocated
to the Philippines when the debtor resides in the Philippines.
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CASE 3. Applications for permission to base the return upon the taxpayer's
books of account will be considered by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in the
case of any taxpayer who, in good faith and unaffected by considerations of tax
liability, regularly employs in his books of account a detailed allocation of receipts
and expenditures which reflects more clearly than the processes or formulas herein
prescribed, the income derived from sources within the Philippines.
Given
(a) Gross receipts from outgoing freights and passengers
from P.I. ports P20,000
(b) Gross receipts from outgoing freights and passengers
from all ports other than those of P. I 200,000
(c) Interests and other nonshipping income received by P.I.
office 5,000
(d) Interests, dividends, and other nonshipping income received
by all offices other than those in P.I. 50,000
(e) Total expenses and deductions of the company as a whole,
including those incurred by P.I. office 150,000
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Computation of P.I. Net Income
(f) P.I. Gross Income:
Freights and passengers P20,000
Interest and other income 5,000
———
Total 25,000
(g) P.I. expenses:
P.I. gross income
—————————— x World's expenses, or
World's gross income
20,000 plus 5,000
—————————————————— x 150,000, or
200,000 plus 20,000 plus 50,000 plus 5,000
25,000
————— x 150,000 = 13,636
275,000
(h) P.I. net income:
P.I. gross income less P.I. expenses, or
P25,000 less P13,636 = P11,364
SECTION 164. Telegraph and cable service. — A foreign corporation
carrying on the business of transmission of telegraph or cable messages between
points in the Philippines and points outside the Philippines derives income partly from
sources within and partly from sources without the Philippines.
(1) GROSS INCOME. — The gross income from sources within the
Philippines derived from such services shall be determined by adding (a) its gross
revenues derived from messages originating in the Philippines and (b) amounts
collected abroad on collect messages originating in the Philippines and deducting
from such sum amounts paid or accrued for transmission of messages beyond the
company's own circuit. Amounts received by the company in the Philippines with
respect to collect messages originating without the Philippines shall be excluded from
gross income.
(2) NET INCOME. — In computing net income from sources within the
Philippines there shall be allowed as deductions from gross income determined in
accordance with paragraph (1): (a) all expenses incurred in the Philippines (not
including any general overhead expenses), incident to the carrying on of the business
in the Philippines; (b) all direct expenses incurred abroad in the transmission of
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messages originating in the Philippines (not including any general overhead expenses
or maintenance, repairs, and depreciation of cable and not including any amount
already deducted in computing gross income); (c) depreciation of property (other than
cables) located in the Philippines and used in the trade or business therein; and (d) a
proportionate part of the general overhead expenses [not including any items incurred
abroad corresponding to those enumerated in (a), (b), and (c)], and of maintenance,
repairs, and depreciation of cables of the entire cable system of the enterprise based
on the ratio which the number of words originating in the Philippines bears to the
total words transmitted by the enterprise.
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taken at the beginning and end of the year and used in computing the net income of
the year in accordance with Sections 144 to 151 of these regulations;
(3) In any case in which the cost of capital assets is being recovered through
deductions for wear and tear, depletion, or obsolescence, any expenditure (other than
ordinary repairs) made to restore the property or prolong its useful life should be
added to the property account or charged against the appropriate reserve and not to
current expenses.
SECTION 171. "Paid or incurred" and "paid or accrued". — (a) The terms
"paid or incurred" and "paid or accrued" will be construed according to the method of
accounting upon the basis of which the net income is computed by the taxpayer. The
deductions and credits must be taken for the taxable year in which "paid or accrued"
or "paid or incurred", unless in order clearly to reflect the income such deductions or
credits should be taken as of a different period. If a taxpayer desires to claim a
deduction or a credit as of a period other than the period in which it was "paid or
accrued" or "paid or incurred", he shall attach to his return a statement setting forth
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his request for consideration of the case by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
together with a complete statement of the facts upon which he relies. However, in his
income tax return he shall take the deduction or credit only for the taxable period in
which it was actually "paid or incurred", or "paid or accrued", as the case may be.
Upon the audit of the return, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue will decide
whether the case is within the exception provided by the law, and the taxpayer will be
advised as to the period for which the deduction or credit is properly allowable.
(b) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this section in general are not
applicable with respect to the taxable period during which the taxpayer dies. In such
case there shall also be allowed as deductions and credits for such taxable period
amounts accrued up to the date of his death if not otherwise allowable with respect to
such period or a prior period, regardless of the fact that the decedent was required to
keep his books and make his returns on the basis of cash receipts and disbursements.
(See also Section 76 of these regulations.)
SECTION 173. Returns for periods of less than twelve months. — No return
can be made for a period of more than twelve months. A separate return for a
fractional part of a year is therefore required whenever there is a change, with the
approval of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, in the basis of computing net
income from one taxable year to another taxable year. The periods to be covered by
such separate returns in the several cases are stated in Section 42(a). The requirements
with respect to the filing of a separate return and the payment of tax for a part of a
year are the same as for the filing of a return and the payment of tax for a full taxable
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year closing at the same time. DAETcC
(a) By an agreement that title is to remain in the vendor until the purchaser
has completely performed his part of the transaction;
(c) By a present transfer of title to the purchaser, who at the same time
executes a reconveyance in the form of a chattel mortgage to the vendor; or
The general purpose and effect being the same in all of these cases, the same
rule is uniformly applicable. The general rule prescribed is that a person who
regularly sells or otherwise disposes of personal property on the installment plan,
whether or not title remains in the vendor until the property is fully paid for, may
return as income therefrom in any taxable year that proportion of the installment
payments actually received in that year which the total or gross profit (that is, sales
less cost of goods sold) realized or to be realized when the property is paid for, bears
to the total contract price. Thus the income of a dealer in personal property on the
installment plan may be ascertained by taking as income that proportion of the total
payments received in the taxable year from installment sales (such payments being
allocated to the year against the sales of which they apply) which the total or gross
profit realized or to be realized on the total installment sales made during each year
bears to the total contract price of all such sales made during that respective year. No
payments received in the taxable year shall be excluded in computing the amount of
income to be returned on the ground that they were received under a sale the total
profit from which was returned as income during a taxable year or years prior to the
change by the taxpayer to the installment basis of returning income. Deductible items
are not to be allocated to the years in which the profits from the sales of a particular
year are to be returned as income, but must be deducted for the taxable year in which
the items are "paid or incurred" or "paid or accrued", as provided by Section 40 and
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84(q) of the Code. A dealer who desires to compute his income on the installment
basis shall maintain books of account in such a manner as to enable an accurate
computation to be made on such basis in accordance with the provisions of this
section.
The income from a casual sale or other casual disposition of personal property
(other than property of a kind which should properly be included in inventory) may be
reported on the installment basis only if (1) the sale price exceeds P1,000 and (2) the
initial payments do not exceed 25 per cent of the selling price.
If for any reason the purchaser defaults in any of his payments, and the vendor
returning income on the installment basis repossesses the property sold whether title
thereto had been retained by the vendor or transferred to the purchaser, gain or loss
for the year in which the repossession occurs is to be computed upon any installment
obligations of the purchaser which are satisfied or discharged upon the repossession
or are applied by the vendor to the purchase or bid price of the property. Such gain or
loss is to be measured by the difference between the fair market value of the property
repossessed and the basis in the hands of the vendor of the obligations of the
purchaser which are so satisfied, discharged, or applied, with proper adjustment for
any other amounts realized or costs incurred in connection with the repossession. The
basis in the hands of the vendor of the obligations of the purchaser satisfied,
discharged, or applied upon the repossession of the property shall be the excess of the
face value of such obligations over an amount equal to the income which would be
returnable were the obligations paid in full. No deduction for a bad debt shall in any
case be taken on account of any portion of the obligations of the purchaser which are
treated by the vendor as not having been satisfied, discharged, or applied upon the
repossession, unless it is clearly shown that after the property was repossessed the
purchaser remained liable for such portion; and in no event shall the amount of the
deduction exceed the basis in the hands of the vendor of the portion of the obligations
with respect to which the purchaser remained liable after the repossession. If the
property repossessed is bid in by the vendor at a lawful public auction or judicial sale,
the fair market value of the property shall be presumed to be the purchase or bid price
thereof in the absence of clear and convincing proof to the contrary. The property
repossessed shall be carried on the books of the vendor at its fair market value at the
time of the repossession.
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SECTION 175. Sale of real property involving deferred payments. — Under
Section 43 deferred-payment sales of real property include (a) agreements to purchase
and sale which contemplate that a conveyance is not to be made at the outset, but only
after all or a substantial portion of the selling price has been paid, and (b) sales in
which there is an immediate transfer of title, the vendor being protected by a
mortgage or other lien as to deferred payments. Such sales either under (a) or (b), fall
into two classes when considered with respect to the terms of sale, as follows:
(1) Sales of property on the installment plan, that is, sales in which the
payments received in cash or property other than evidences of indebtedness of the
purchaser during the taxable year in which the sale is made do not exceed 25 per cent
of the selling price.
(2) Deferred-payment sales not on the installment plan, that is sales in which
the payments received in cash or property other than evidences of indebtedness of the
purchaser during the taxable year in which the sale is made exceed 25 per cent of the
selling price.
In the sale of mortgaged property the amount of the mortgage, whether the
property is merely taken subject to the mortgage or whether the mortgage is assumed
by the purchaser, shall be included as a part of the "selling price" but the amount of
the mortgage, to the extent that it does not exceed the basis to the vendor of the
property sold, shall not be considered as a part of the "initial payments" or of the
"total contract price", as those terms are used in Section 43 of the Code, in Sections
174 and 176 of these regulations, and in this section. The term "initial payments" does
not include amounts received by the vendor in the year of sale from the disposition to
a third person of notes given by the vendee as part of the purchase price which are due
and payable in subsequent years. Commissions and other selling expenses paid or
incurred by the vendor are not to be deducted or taken into account in determining the
amount of the "initial payments," the "total contract price", or "the selling price". The
term "initial payments" contemplates at least one other payment in addition to the
initial payment. If the entire purchase price is to be paid in a lump sum in a later year,
there being no payment during the first year, the income may not be returned on the
installment basis. Income may not be returned on the installment basis where no
payment in cash or property, other than evidences of indebtedness of the purchaser, is
received during the first year, the purchaser having promised to make two or more
payments, in later years.
If the purchaser defaults in any of his payments, and the vendor returning
income on the installment basis reacquires the property sold, whether title thereto had
been retained by the vendor or transferred to the purchaser, gain or loss for the year in
which the reacquisition occurs is to be computed upon any installment obligations of
the purchaser which are satisfied or discharged upon the reacquisition or are applied
by the vendor to the purchase or bid price of the property. Such gain or loss is to be
measured by the difference between the fair market value of the property acquired
(including the fair market value of any fixed improvements placed on the property by
the purchaser) and the basis in the hands of the vendor of the obligations of the
purchaser which are so satisfied, discharged, or applied, with proper adjustment for
any other amounts realized or costs incurred in connection with the reacquisition. The
basis in the hands of the vendor of the obligations of the purchaser satisfied,
discharged, or applied upon the reacquisition of the property will be the excess of the
face value of such obligations over an amount equal to the income which would be
returnable were the obligations paid in full. No deduction for a bad debt shall in any
case be taken on account of any portion of the obligations of the purchaser which are
treated by the vendor as not having been satisfied, discharged, or applied upon the
reacquisition of the property, unless it is clearly shown that after the property was
reacquired the purchaser remained liable for such portion; and in no event shall the
amount of the deduction exceed the basis in the hands of the vendor of the portion of
the obligations with respect to which the purchaser remained liable after the
acquisition. If the property reacquired is bid in by the vendor at a foreclosure sale, the
fair market value of the property shall be presumed to be the purchase or bid price
thereof in the absence of clear and convincing proof to the contrary. If the property
reacquired is subsequently sold, the basis for determining gain or loss is the fair
market value of the property at the date of reacquisition (including the fair market
value of any fixed improvements placed on the property by the purchaser).
If the vendor chooses as a matter of consistent practice to turn the income from
installment sales on the straight accrual or cash receipts and disbursements basis, such
a course is permissible, and the sales will be treated as deferred-payment sales not on
the installment plan.
If the vendor has retained title to the property and the purchaser defaults in any
of his payments, and the vendor repossesses the property, the difference between (1)
the entire amount of the payments actually received on the contract and retained by
the vendor plus the fair-market value at the time of repossession of fixed
improvements placed on the property by the purchaser and (2) the sum of the profits
previously returned as income in connection therewith and an amount representing
what would have been a proper adjustment for exhaustion, wear and tear,
obsolescence, amortization, and depletion of the property during the period the
property was in the hands of the purchaser had the sale not been made will constitute
gain or loss, as the case may be to the vendor for the year in which the property is
repossessed, and the basis of the property in the hands of the vendor will be the
original basis at the time of the sale plus the fair market value at the time of
repossession, of fixed improvements placed on the property by the purchaser. If the
vendor has previously transferred title to the purchaser, and the purchaser defaults in
any of his payments and the vendor reacquired the property, such reacquisition shall
be regarded as a transfer by the vendor, in exchange for the property for such of the
purchaser's obligations as are applied by the vendor to the purchase or bid price of
the property. Such an exchange will be regarded as having resulted in the realization
by the vendor of gain or loss, as the case may be for the year of reacquisition,
measured by the difference between the fair market value of the property including
fixed improvements placed by the purchaser on the property, and the amount of the
obligations of the purchaser which were applied by the vendor to the purchase or bid
price of the property. The fair market value of the property reacquired shall be
presumed to be the amount for which it is bid in by the vendor in the absence of clear
and convincing proof to the contrary. If the property reacquired is subsequently sold
the basis for determining gain or loss is the fair market value of the property at the
date of reacquisition including the fair market value of the fixed improvements placed
on the property by the purchaser.
SECTION 178(a). In all cases where a taxpayer sells during the year real or
personal property on the installment basis, there should be attached to the income tax
return a statement of each sale made during the year containing the following
information:
(This new section has been inserted in Revenue Regulations No. 2 by Revenue
Regulations No. 8-65 dated June 1, 1965. Took effect upon their promulgation in the
Official Gazette on September 27, 1965).
(1) The term "organization" includes any organization of any kind, whether it
be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, a trust, an estate, or a corporation or
association, irrespective of the place where organized, where operated, or where its
trade or business is conducted, and regardless of whether domestic or foreign,
whether exempt or taxable, or whether affiliated or not.
(2) The terms "trade" or "business" include any trade or business activity of
any kind, regardless of whether or where organized, whether owned individually or
otherwise, and regardless of the place where carried on.
(3) The term "controlled" includes any kind of control, direct or indirect,
whether legally enforceable, and however exercisable or exercised. It is the reality of
the control which is decisive, not its form or the mode of its exercise. A presumption
of control arises if income or deductions have been arbitrarily shifted.
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(4) The term "controlled taxpayer" means any one of two or more
organizations, trades, or businesses owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the
same interests. aCHDST
(5) The terms "group" and "group of controlled taxpayers" mean the
organizations, trades, or businesses owned or controlled by the same interests.
(6) The term "true net income" means, in the case of a controlled taxpayer,
the net income (or, as the case may be, any item or element affecting net income)
which would have resulted to the controlled taxpayer, had it in the conduct of its
affairs (or, as the case may be, in the particular contract, transaction, arrangement, or
other act) dealt with the other member or members of the group at arm's length. It
does not mean the income, the deductions, or the item or element of either, resulting
to the controlled taxpayer by reason of the particular contract, transaction, or
arrangement, the controlled taxpayer, or the interests controlling it, chose to make
(even though such contract, transaction, or arrangement be legally binding upon the
parties thereto).
For each calendar year, every person whether married or single, having a gross
income from all sources of P1,800 or over, including dividends, excepting stock
dividends, must make a return of income although the tax has been paid at source and
the return shows no tax liability. Whether or not an individual is the head of a family
or has dependents is immaterial in determining his liability to render a return. The
husband shall include in his return the income derived not only from his services,
labor, or industry or the income derived from the conjugal partnership but also the
income of the wife derived from her industry or labor as well as that derived from her
separate, data, or paraphernal property. Where, however, the filing of one
consolidated return is impracticable, married persons may file separate returns but the
incomes declared in such returns will be consolidated and the tax computed on such
consolidated income.
The law requires that the income of unmarried minors derived from property
received from a living parent shall be included in the return of the parent, except (1)
when the gift tax imposed under Chapter II of Title III of the Code has been paid on
such property, or (2) where the transfer of such property is exempt from the gift tax.
SECTION 181. When and where to file individual returns. — The return
must be filed with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, provincial revenue agent,
or treasurer of the province, city or municipality in which the taxpayer has his legal
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residence or principal place of business, on or before April 15th of the year following
that for which the return is filed.
When the last due date for filing return falls on Sunday or a legal holiday, the
last due date will be held to be the day following such Sunday or legal holiday, or if
placed on the mails, it should be posted in ample time to reach the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, provincial revenue agent or treasurer of the province, city, or
municipality in which the taxpayer has his legal residence or principal place of
business, under ordinary handling of mail, on or before the date on which the return is
required to be filed. When question is raised as to whether or not the return was
posted in ample time to reach the proper official, the envelope in which the return was
transmitted and the return should be submitted to the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue with such comment and recommendation as the receiving officer may
consider proper to make. aHSCcE
A taxpayer will not be excused from making a return by the fact that no return
form has been furnished him. Taxpayers not supplied with the proper forms should
make application therefor to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue or to the
provincial treasurers, or their deputies in ample time to have their returns prepared,
verified, and filed with the proper official on or before the due date. Each taxpayer
should carefully prepare his return so as to fully and clearly set forth the data therein
called for. Imperfect or incorrect returns will not be accepted as meeting the
requirements of the statute. (There are now BIR Provincial Revenue Officers.)
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A corporation claiming exemption from tax and from the filing of returns must
establish its right to exemption in accordance with the procedure set forth in Section
24 of these regulations, otherwise it will be amenable to the penalties for failure to file
returns.
SECTION 187. Time and place for filing corporate returns. — Returns of
corporations, associations, or partnerships must be filed on or before the fifteenth day
of April in each year or on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the
close of a duly designated fiscal year. The return, if placed in the mails, should be
posted in ample time to reach the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, provincial,
revenue agent, or treasurer of the province, city or municipality in which is located
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the principal office of the corporation where its books of account and other data are
kept, on or before the last due date for the filing of the return. When the last due date
falls on Sunday or a legal holiday, the returns may be filed without penalty on the
next succeeding business day. (Conforms with Am. by R.A. 2343.)
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(Section 50 of the Code)
SECTION 193. Assessment of tax. — All income tax returns filed with the
provincial revenue agents or with the treasurers of provinces, cities, or municipalities
must be stamped with the date of their receipt and immediately forwarded to the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue. All assessments of income tax shall be made by
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue and all taxpayers shall be notified of the
amount for which they are respectively liable on or before the first day of May of
each successive year. In the case of a corporation filing returns on the basis of a fiscal
year, it shall be notified of the amount for which it is liable on or before the first day
of the fifth month following the close of its fiscal year. (See changes made by R.A.
2343, effv. June 20, 1959, introducing here self assessment.)
SECTION 194. Payment of tax. — The total amount of tax assessed shall be
paid on or before the fifteenth day of April following the close of the calendar year by
the person subject to tax, and in the case of a corporation, by the president,
vice-president, or other responsible officer thereof. In the case of corporations filing
returns on the basis of a fiscal year, the total amount of tax shall be paid on or before
the fifteenth day of the fourth month following the close of the fiscal year. (Conforms
with amendments by R.A. 2343, effv. June 20, 1959.)
Where the tax assessed against the taxpayer is in excess of P500, the taxpayer
may elect to pay the tax in two equal installments. The first installment shall be paid
on or before the date prescribed in section 51 (a) and the second installment on or
before the fifteenth day of July following the close of the calendar year or on or
before the fifteenth day of the seventh month following the close of the fiscal year, as
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the case may be. Upon failure to pay any installment on the date fixed for its payment,
the whole amount of the tax unpaid becomes due and payable, together with the
delinquency penalties. (Conforms with amendments by R.A. 2343, effv. June 20,
1959.)
SECTION 197. Receipts for income tax payments. — It shall be the duty of
the collecting officer to acknowledge the receipt of the payment of income tax due
from each taxpayer by issuing the requisite Revenue Official Receipt (B.I.R. Form
No. 25.24).
The income need not be paid annually if it is paid periodically; that is to say,
from time to time, whether or not at regular intervals. That the length of time during
which the payments are to be made may be increased or diminished in accordance
with some one's will or with the happening of an event does not make the payments
any the less determinable or periodical. A salesman working by the month for a
commission on sales which is paid or credited monthly receives determinable
periodical income. The income derived from the sale in the Philippines of property
whether real or personal, is not fixed or determinable annual or periodical income.
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resident agent in this country, or unless the withholding agent definitely knows that
such non-resident has an office or place of business in the Philippines and of the
location of such office or place of business. An individual whose address is without
the Philippines is presumed to be a non-resident alien, unless the withholding agent
has definite knowledge that such person is either a citizen or a resident of the
Philippines. An individual whose address is within the Philippines, may be presumed
to be a resident of the Philippines, unless the withholding agent has reason to believe
that such individual, not being a citizen of the Philippines, has not established
residence in this country.
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the Philippines or of any political subdivision thereof.
Where in connection with the sale of its property payment of the bonds or
other obligations of a corporation is assumed by the assignee, such assignee, whether
an individual, partnership, corporation, province, city or municipality, must deduct
and withhold such taxes as would have been required to be withheld by the assignor
had not such sales and transfer been made.
The tax due on withholding income tax returns are payable at the same time
and in the same manner as taxes due on individual returns.
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others, such as trustees, executors, or administrators; and a fiduciary, for income tax
purposes, is any person or corporation that holds in trust an estate of another person or
persons. In order that a fiduciary relationship may exist, it is necessary that a legal
trust be created.
In general, the income of a trust for the taxable year which is to be distributed
to the beneficiaries must be returned by and will be taxed to the respective
beneficiaries, but the income of a trust which is to be accumulated or held for future
distribution, whether consisting of ordinary income or gain from the sale of assets
included in the corpus of the trust, must be returned by and will be taxed to the
trustee. Three exceptions to this general rule are found in the law: (1) in the case of
revocable trust (Section 59); (2) in the case of a trust the income of which, in whole or
in part, may be held or distributed for the benefit of the grantor (Section 60); and (3)
in the case of a trust administered in a foreign country [Section 57(c)]. In the first
case, the income from such part of the trust estate title to which may be revested in
the grantor should be included in the grantor's return. In the second case, part of the
income of the trust, which may be held or distributed for the benefit of the grantor,
should be included in the grantor's return. In the third case, the trustee is not entitled
to the deductions mentioned in subsections (a) and (b) of Section 57 and the net
income of the trust undiminished by any amounts distributed, paid or credited to
beneficiaries will be taxed to the trustees; however, the income included in the return
of the trustees is not to be included in computing the income of the beneficiaries.
SECTION 210. Estate and trust taxed to beneficiaries. — In the case of (a)
a trust the income of which is to be distributed annually or regularly; (b) an estate of a
decedent the settlement of which is not the object of judicial testamentary or intestate
proceedings; and (c) properties held under a co-ownership or tenancy in common, the
income is taxable directly to the beneficiary or beneficiaries. Each beneficiary must
include in his return his distributive share of the net income of the trust, estate, or
co-ownership. In the case of trusts which are in whole or in part subject to revocation
by the grantor, or which are for the benefit of the grantor, the income of the trust is to
be included in computing the net income of the grantor. aITECD
SECTION 212. Liability for tax on estate or trusts. — Liability for payment
of the tax attaches to the person of an executor or administrator up to and after his
discharge, where prior to distribution and discharge he had notice of his tax
obligations or failed to exercise due diligence in determining whether or not such
obligations existed. Liability for the tax also follows the estate itself, and when the
estate has been distributed, the heirs, devisees, legatees, and distributors may be
required to discharge the amount of the tax due and unpaid, to the extent of and in
proportion to any share received. The same consideration apply to other trusts. Where
the tax has been paid on the net income of an estate or trust by the fiduciary, the net
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income on which the tax is paid is free from tax when distributed to the beneficiaries.
SECTION 215. Returns in case of two or more trusts. — Where, in the case
of more than one trust, the creator of the trust in each instance is the same person and
the trustee in each instance is the same but the beneficiaries are different, the trustee
should make a separate return for each of the trusts in his hands. When a trustee holds
trust created by different persons for the benefit of the same beneficiary, he should
also make a return for each trust separately. But where a person creates two or more
trusts in favor of the same beneficiary [Section 56(b) (2)] appointing two or more
trustees, the latter should each make a separate return for each trust but in such case
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue will consolidate the net incomes of the
different trusts and compute the tax on such consolidated income, allowing only one
absolute exemption of 1,800.
(b) Seventy per cent or more if the corporation has been classified as a
personal holding company for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1938,
unless —
(1) A taxable year has intervened since the last taxable year for which it was
so classified, during no part of the last half of which the stock ownership requirement
specified in Section 64(a) (2) exists; or
(2) Three consecutive years have intervened since the last taxable year for
which it was so classified, during each of which its personal holding company income
was less than 70 per cent of its gross income.
In the event of any change in the stock outstanding during the last half of the
taxable year, whether in the number of shares or classes of stock, or whether in the
ownership thereof, the conditions existing immediately prior .and subsequent to each
change must be taken into consideration.
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corporate stock outstanding at such time (not including treasury stock). This value
may be determined upon the basis of the company's net worth, earning and dividend
paying capacity, appreciation of assets, together with such other factors as have a
bearing upon the value of the stock. If the value of the stock is greatly at variance
with that reflected by the corporate books the evidence of such value should be filed
with the return. In any case where there are two or more classes of stock outstanding,
the total value of the stock should be allocated among the different classes according
to the relative value of each class therein.
The rules stated in the last two preceding paragraphs are equally applicable in
determining the stock ownership requirement specified in Section 65(e); relating to
personal service contracts and Section 65(f), relating to the use of corporation
property by a shareholder. The stock ownership requirement specified in these
sections relates, however, to the stock outstanding at anytime during the entire taxable
year and not merely during the last half thereof.
(2) INTEREST (other than interest constituting rent). — The term "interest"
means any amount, includible in gross income, received for the use of money loaned
except that it does not include interest constituting rent [see subparagraph (1)].
(3) ROYALTIES (other than mineral, oil, or gas royalties). — The term
"royalties" include amounts received for the privilege of using patents, copyrights,
secret processes and formulas, good will, trade marks, trade brands, franchises, and
other like property. It does not include rents, or overriding royalties received by an
operating company. As used in this paragraph the term "overriding royalties" means
amounts received from the sublease by the operating company which originally
leased and developed the natural resources property in respect of which such
overriding royalties are paid.
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(4) ANNUITIES. — The term "annuities" includes annuities only to the
extent includible in the computation of gross income. [See Section 29(b) (2)].
(7) INCOME FROM ESTATES AND TRUSTS. — The income from estates
and trusts which is to be included in personal holding company income consists of the
income from estates and trusts which is required to be included in the gross income of
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the corporation under Section 29 in relation to Section 56 of the Code, together with
the gains derived by the corporation from the sale or other disposition of any interest
in an estate or trust.
(a) Some person other than the corporation has the right to designate (by
name or by description) the individual who is to perform the services or if the
individual who is to perform the services is designated (by name or by description) in
the contract; and
(b) At some time during the taxable year 25 per cent or more in value of the
outstanding stock of the corporation is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the
individual who has performed, is to perform, or may be designated (by name or by
description), as the one to perform such services. For this purpose the stock
ownership must be determined as provided in Section 66 of the Code.
Example (2): The N Corporation, the entire outstanding capital stock of which
is owned by four individuals, is engaged in engineering. The N Corporation entered
into a contract with the O Corporation to perform engineering services for the O
Corporation, in consideration of which the O Corporation was to pay the N
Corporation P50,000. The individual who was to perform the services was not
designated (by name or by description) in the contract and no one but the N
Corporation had the right to designate (by name or by description) such individual.
The P50,000 received by the N Corporation from the O Corporation does not
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constitute personal holding company income. HTaIAC
(10) RENTS (including interest constituting rent). — The rents which are to be
included in personal holding company income consist of compensation, however,
designated including charter fees, etc., for the use of, or the right to use, real property,
or any other kind of property and the interest on debts bowed to the corporation, to
the extent such debts represent the price for which real property held primarily for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of its trade or business was sold or exchanged
by the corporation, but do not include amounts constituting personal holding company
income under Section 65(f) and paragraph (9) of this section. However, rents do not
constitute personal holding company income if constituting 50 per cent or more of the
gross income of the corporation.
The term "mineral, oil, or gas royalties" means all royalties, except "overriding
royalties", received from any interest in mineral, oil, or gas royalties. As used in this
paragraph the term "overriding royalties" means amounts received from the sublease
by the operating company which originally leased and developed the natural
resources property in respect of which such overriding royalties are bid.
(b) Amounts received under a personal service contract or from the sale of
such a contract constitute personal holding company income in so far as such
determination is based on the stock ownership requirement specified in Section 65
(e), or
Example: The M Corporation at some time during the last half of the taxable
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year had 1,800 shares of outstanding stock, 450 of which were held by various
individuals having no relationship to one another and none of whom were partners,
and the remaining 1,350 were held by 51 shareholders as follows:
Relationship Shares Shares Shares Shares Shares
An individual A 100 B 20 C 20 D 20 E 20
His father AF 10 BF 10 CF 10 DF 10 EF 10
His wife AW 10 BW 40 CW 40 DW 40 EW 40
His brother AB 10 BB 10 CB 10 DB 10 EB 10
His son AS 10 BS 40 CS 40 DS 40 ES 40
His daughter by
former marriage
(son's half sister) ASHS 10 BSHS 40 CSHS 40 DSHS 40 ESHS 40
His brother's wife ABW 10 BBW 10 CBW 10 DBW 160 EBW 10
His wife's father AWF 10 BWF 10 CWF 110 DWF 10 EWF 10
His wife's brother AWB 10 BWB 10 CWB 10 DWB 10 EWB 10
His wife's brother's
wife AWBW 10 BWBW 10 CWBW 10 DWBW 10 EWBW 110
Individual's partner AP 10 - - - - - - - -
By applying the statutory rule provided in Section 66(a) five individuals own
more than 50 per cent of the outstanding stock as follows:
A (including AF, AW, AB, AS, ASHS, AP) 160
B (including BF, BW, BB, BS, BSHS) 160
CW (including C, CS, CWF, CWB) 220
DB (including D, DF, DBW) 200
EWB (including EW, EWF, EWBW) 170
——
Total, or more than 30 per cent 910
Individual A represents the obvious case where the head of the family owns the
bulk of the family stock and naturally is the head of the group. A's partner owns to
shares of the stock. Individual B represents the case where he is still head of the group
because of the ownership of stock by his immediate family. Individuals C and D
represent cases where the individuals fall in groups headed in C's case by his wife and
in D's case by his brother because of the preponderance of holdings on the part of
relatives by marriage. Individual E represents the case where the preponderant
holding of others eliminate that individual from the group.
The method of applying the family and partnership rule as illustrated in the
foregoing example also applies in determining the ownership of stock for the
purposes stated in (b) and (c) of Section 223 of these regulations.
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SECTION 226. Options. — In determining the ownership of stock for any
of the purposes set forth in Section 223 of these regulations if any person has an
option to acquire stock, such stock may be considered as owned by person. The term
"option" as used in this section includes an option to acquire such an option and each
one of a series of such options, so that the person who has an option on an option to
acquire stock may be considered as the owner of the stock.
(b) Fifty per cent or more if the foreign corporation has been classified as a
foreign personal holding company for the taxable year ending after December 31,
1938, unless —
(1) A taxable year has intervened since the last taxable year for which it was
so classified, during no part of which the stock ownership requirement specified in
Section 67 (a) (z) exist; or
(2) Three consecutive years have intervened since the last taxable year for
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which it was so classified, during each of which its foreign personal holding company
income was less than 50 per cent of its gross income.
In the event of any change in the stock outstanding during the taxable year,
whether in the number of shares or classes of stock, or whether in the ownership
thereof, the conditions existing immediately prior and subsequent to each change
must be taken into consideration, since a corporation comes within the classification
if the statutory conditions with respect to stock ownership are present at any time
during the taxable year.
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the taxable year, the portion of the taxable year up to and including such last day
would be equal to 100 per cent and in such case, the Philippine shareholders would be
required to return their distributive shares in the entire undistributed net income. But
if the last day on which the required Philippine group existed was September 30, and
the taxable year was a calendar year, the portion of the taxable year up to and
including such last day would be equal to nine-twelfths of the undistributed net
income.
The amount which each Philippine shareholder must return is that amount
which he would have received as a dividend if the above specified portion of the
undistributed net income had in fact been distributed by the foreign personal holding
company as a dividend on the last day of its taxable year on which the required
Philippine group existed. Such amount is determined, therefore, by the interest of the
Philippine shareholder in the foreign personal holding company, that is, by the
number of shares of stock owned by the Philippine shareholder and the relative rights
of his class of stock, if there are several classes of stock outstanding. Thus, if a
foreign personal holding company has both common and preferred stock outstanding
and the preferred shareholders are entitled to a specific dividend before any
distribution may be made to the common shareholders, then the assumed distribution
of the stated portion of the undistributed net income must first be treated as a payment
of the specified dividend on the preferred stock before any part may be allocated as a
dividend on the common stock.
(b) FORM OF RETURN. — The return under Section 70(x). of the Code and
this section shall be made on the form prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue. Each officer or director should carefully prepare his return so as to set forth
fully and clearly the information called for therein and by the applicable regulations.
Returns which have not been so prepared will not be considered as meeting the
requirements of the law.
(4) The country under the laws of which the corporation is incorporated;
(5) Number of shares and par value of common stock of the corporation
outstanding as of the beginning and end of the period;
(6) Number of shares and par value of preferred stock of the corporation
outstanding as of the beginning and end of the period, the rate of
dividend on such stock and whether such dividend is cumulative or
noncumulative;
(8) The name and address of each shareholder, the class and number of
shares held by each, together with any changes in stock holdings during
such period;
(9) The name and address of each holder of securities convertible into stock
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of the corporation, the class, number and face value of the securities
held by each, together with any changes in the holding of such securities
during the period;
(10) A certified copy of any resolution or plan, and any amendments thereof
or supplements thereto, for or in respect of the dissolution of the
corporation of the liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital
stock; and
(1) GENERAL. — Under Section 70(b), on the sixtieth day after the close of
the taxable year of a foreign personal holding company each individual who on such
sixtieth day is an officer or director of the corporation shall file with the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue an annual information return as provided in that
section of the Code and this section.
(b) FORM OF RETURN. — The return under Section 70(b) and this section
shall be made on the form prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Each
officer or director should carefully prepare his returns so as to set forth fully and
clearly the information called for therein and by the applicable regulations. Returns
which have not been so prepared will not he considered as meeting the requirements
of the law.
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(c) CONTENTS OF RETURN. — The return shall, in accordance with the
provisions of this section and the instructions on the form, set forth with respect to the
taxable year of the foreign personal holding company the following information:
(1) The gross income, deductions and credits, net income, and undistributed
net income of the foreign personal holding company for such taxable
year, in complete detail;
(2) The same information with respect to such taxable year which is
required by Section 70(a) and paragraph (c) of the preceding section,
except that if all the required returns with respect to such year have been
filed under Section 70(a) and the preceding section, no information
under Section 70(b) (2) and this paragraph need be set forth in such
annual return; and
(1) General. — On the 15th day of each month which begins after July 1,
1939 each Philippine shareholder, by or for whom 50 per cent or more in value of the
outstanding stock of a foreign corporation is owned, directly or indirectly [including,
in the case of an individual, stock owned by members of his family as defined in
Section 66(b)], if such foreign corporation with respect to its taxable year preceding
the taxable year in which such month occurs was a foreign personal holding company,
shall file with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue an information, return as
provided in Section 71(a). The Commissioner of Internal Revenue may authorize the
filing of returns covering period longer than a month.
(b) FORM OF RETURN. — The return under Section 71(a) shall be made on
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the form prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Each shareholder
should carefully prepare his return so as to set forth fully and clearly the information
called for therein and by the applicable regulations. Returns which have not been so
prepared will not be considered as meeting the requirements of the law.
If a person is required to file a return under Section 71(a) of the Code and this
section with respect to more than one foreign corporation, a separate return must he
filed with respect to each foreign corporation.
(1) General. — Under Section 71(b) of the Code, on the sixtieth day after the
close of the taxable year of a foreign personal holding company, each Philippine
shareholder, by or for whom on such sixtieth day 50 per cent or more in value of the
outstanding stock of the company is owned, directly or indirectly [including the case
of an individual stock owned by members of his family as defined in Section 66(b)],
shall file with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue an information returns as
provided in that section and this section.
(b) FORM OF RETURN. — The return under Section 71(b) shall be made on
the form prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Each shareholder
should carefully prepare his return so as to set forth fully and clearly the information
called for therein and by the applicable regulations. Returns which have not been so
prepared will not be considered as meeting the requirements of the law.
If a person is required to file an annual return under Section 71(b) with respect
to more than one foreign personal holding company, a separate return must be filed
with respect to each foreign personal holding company.
In case of a failure to make and file a return or list within the time prescribed
by law, not due to willful neglect, where the taxpayer voluntarily files the return
without notice from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue or other officer and
attaches to such return the affidavit mentioned in the preceding paragraph but where
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue is not satisfied as to the reasonableness of the
cause of the delinquency, a surcharge of 25 per cent will be added to the amount of
tax due on the return.
In case the failure to make and file a return or list within the time prescribed by
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law is due to willful neglect a surcharge of 50 per cent will be added to the amount of
tax due on the return. There is willful neglect in the case of a taxpayer who, being
liable to file a return, knowingly delays the filing of such return. Where the filing of
the return has been delayed for a considerable length of time, the delinquency will be
presumed to be due to willful neglect. DHIcET
The amount of surcharge so added to the tax due on the return shall be
collected at the same time and in the same manner and as part of the tax unless the tax
has been paid before the discovery of the cause giving rise to the imposition of the
surcharge, in which case the amount so added shall be collected in the same manner
as the tax.
SECTION 238. Penalty for failure to file return or to pay tax. — Any
person liable to pay the tax, to make a return or to supply information required under
Title II of the Code, who refuses or neglects to pay such tax, to make such return or to
supply such information at the time or times specified in each case shall be punished
by a fine of not more than P2,000 or by imprisonment for not more than six months,
or both. In case of a corporation failing to file its, return or pay the tax, the penalty
prescribed under the first paragraph of Section 73 will be imposed upon the president,
vice-resident, or other responsible officer required to file the return of the corporation
or pay the tax due from the same, in accordance with the provisions of Section 46(a)
and 51(b) of the Code. In the case of a duly registered general copartnership, failing
to file the return required under Section 49 of the Code, the penalty prescribed under
the first paragraph of Section 73 will be imposed upon the managing partner or other
responsible officer of such partnership.
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imprisonment for not more than one year, or both.
The names of all employees to whom payments of P1,800 or over a year are
made, whether such total sum is made up of wages, salaries, commissions, or
compensation in any other form, must be reported. Compensations in kind, such as
living quarters, meals, and lodging, are taxable income to the recipient and, as such,
should be reported if the sum total of the same and the other compensation in cash
received shall amount to P1,500 or more during the year.
(b) Balance sheet at the date of dissolution or retirement and a profit and
loss statement covering the period from the beginning of the taxable
year to the date of dissolution or retirement;
(d) The value and a description of, the assets received in liquidation by each
shareholder;
(e) The name and address of each individual or corporation, other than
shareholders, if any, receiving assets at the time of dissolution together
with a description and the value of the assets received by such
individuals or corporations; and the consideration, if any, paid by each
of them for the assets received.
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or for whom payments were made or from whom business was transacted during the
calendar year or other specified period, and giving all other particulars which may be
needed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
If, in a particular case, the aid, assistance, counsel or advice given by any
person extends over a period of more than one day and not for more than thirty days,
such persons, to avoid the multiple filing of returns, may file a single return for the
entire period. In such case, the return shall be filed within thirty days from the first
day of such period: If, in a particular case, the aid, assistance, counsel, or advice given
by any person extends over a period of more than thirty days, such person may file a
return at the end of each thirty days included within such period and at the end of the
fractional part of a thirty day period, if any, extending beyond the last full thirty days.
In each such case, the return must disclose all the required information which was not
reported on a prior return.
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(2) EMPLOYEES. — The obligation of a subordinate or employee
(including in the case of a corporation the officers thereof) to file a return with respect
to any aid, assistance, counsel, or advice in, or with respect to, the formation,
organization, or reorganization of a foreign corporation, given as an incident to his
employment, will be satisfied if a complete and adequate return as prescribed by these
regulations is duly filed by the employer setting forth all of the information within the
possession or knowledge or under the control of such subordinate or employee.
(c) PENALTIES. — For criminal penalties for failure to file the return
required by Section 80, see Section 73 of the Code.
(d) CONTENTS OF RETURNS. — The return shall set forth the following
information to the full extent such information is within the knowledge or possession
or under the control of the person required to file the return.
(1) The name and address of the person (or persons) to whom and the
person (or persons) for whom or on whose behalf the aid, assistance,
counsel, or advice was given;
(3) Name and address of the foreign corporation and the country under the
laws of which it was formed, organized, or reorganized;
(4) The months and year when the foreign corporation was formed,
organized, or reorganized;
(6) A complete statement of the reasons for, and the purposes sought to be
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accomplished, by, the formation, organization, or reorganization of the
foreign corporation;
(7) A statement showing the classes and kinds of assets transferred to the
foreign corporation in connection with formation, organization, or
reorganization, including a detailed list of any stock or securities
included in such assets, and a statement showing the names and
addresses of the persons who were the owners of such assets
immediately prior to the transfer;
(8) The names and addresses of the shareholders of the foreign corporation
at the time of the completion of its formation, organization, or
reorganization, showing the classes of stock and number of shares held
by each;
(9) The name and address of the person (or persons) having custody of the
books of account and records of the foreign corporation;
(10) Such other information as may be required by the return form; and
SECTION 247. Disposition of income tax returns. — All income tax returns
filed with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue constitute public records which shall
be open to inspection under rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
Finance with the approval of the President of the Philippines. The circumstances
under which income tax returns may be inspected by interested parties are dealt with
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under separate regulations.
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manner another income.
(a) Where the stock issued as dividend is all or substantially the same
character or preference as the stock upon which the stock dividend is paid, the cost of
each share (or when acquired prior to March 1, 1913, the fair market value as of such
date) will be the quotient of the cost (or such fair market value) of the old shares of
stock divided by the total number of the old and new shares.
(c) Where the stock with respect to which a stock dividend is issued was
purchased at different times and at different prices and the identity of the lots can. not
be determined, any sale of the original stock, will be charged to the earliest purchases
of such stock, and any sale of dividend stock issued with respect to such stock will be
presumed to have been made from the stock issued with respect to the earliest
purchased stock, to the amount of the dividend chargeable to such stock.
(d) Where the stock with respect to which a stock dividend is declared was
purchased at different times and at different prices, and the dividend stock issued with
respect to such stock can not be identified as having been issued with respect to any
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particular lot of such stock, then any sale of such dividend stock will be presumed to
have been made from the stock issued with respect to the earliest purchased stock, to
the amount of the stock dividend chargeable to such stock.
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Philippines. — Under subsection (u) of Section 84, a citizen of the United States
residing in the Philippines, is taxable on income from sources both within and without
the Philippines, except income from sources within the United States. Accordingly,
items of deductions allocable to income of such taxpayer from sources within the
United States are not deductible from his income subject to Philippine income tax.
(Deemed repealed since our independence).
SECTION 258. Effective date. — These regulations shall take effect upon
their promulgation in the Official Gazette.
(Promulgated February 11, 1941, XXXIX Off. Gaz., No. 18, page 325)
Recommended by:
BIBIANO L. MEER
Collector of Internal Revenue
MANUEL ROXAS
Secretary of Finance
SUPPLEMENT A — WITHHOLDING ON WAGES
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APPENDIX CCC
Subject : Tax exemptions of (1) all donations and grants to the Philippine
Inventors Commission and (2) the manufacture of local inventions
SEC. 1. This Act shall be known and cited as the "Philippine Inventors
Incentives Act."
SEC. 10. To promote and encourage the manufacture of local inventions, they
shall be exempted from all kinds of taxes, licenses and permits during the first five years
from the date of the grant of the letters of patent: Provided, That their capitalization does not
exceed fifty thousand pesos: And provided, further, That their manufacture is carried out by
the inventor himself as a home industry.
SEC. 15. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
APPENDIX DDD
Subject : Tax and other exemptions of "naphtha" in certain cases, for five
years from January 1, 1965 to December 31, 1969
(c) It will be stored separately and such storage shall be provided with facilities to
measure or record the quantity of naphtha used as raw material or feedstock.
(d) The shipping and other supporting documents covering the local purchase or
importation are in the name of the tax-exempt firm to whom the goods shall be delivered
directly.
SEC. 3. The Department of Finance shall promulgate the rules and regulations
necessary for the implementation of this Act: Provided, That any violation of this Act or of
the rules and regulations issued in accordance with this section, and any misrepresentation of
any essential fact required by said rules, shall subject the offender to cancellation of his
exemption privilege and to the payment of double the duties and taxes involved; and to
imprisonment of not less than two nor more than four years and a fine of not less than ten
thousand pesos nor more than twenty thousand pesos. Where the offender is a partnership,
corporation or other entity, the president, manager or person in charge thereof shall be
criminally responsible therefor and, in the case of an alien, he shall be ordered deported.
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SEC. 4. All existing laws, executive orders, and administrative rules and
regulations or parts thereof, which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby
repealed or modified accordingly.
SEC. 5. This Act shall be effective for a period of five years beginning January
first, nineteen hundred sixty-five to December thirty-first, nineteen hundred sixty-nine.
APPENDIX EEE
(a) One hundred per centum of the taxes and duties due during the period from the
date of the approval of this Act up to December thirty-first, nineteen hundred sixty-six;
(b) Seventy-five per centum of the taxes and duties due during the period from
January first, nineteen hundred sixty-eight;
(c) Fifty per centum of the taxes and duties due during the period from January first
to December thirty-first, nineteen hundred seventy;
(e) On or after January first, nineteen hundred seventy-one all taxes and duties shall
be paid in full.
SEC. 4. All textile manufacturers who register under this Act shall, in lieu of the
taxes herein exempted, be assessed and shall pay a special tax of one per centum of their
gross sales as defined by the National Internal Revenue Code, to be paid in the same manner
and at the same time and subject to the same penalties and surcharges as the sales-tax, which
shall constitute a Special Textile Research Fund, to be disposed of and disbursed by the
National Science Development Board for research, experiment and study in such projects as,
in its judgment, will contribute to the local growth, production or manufacture of raw
materials needed by the industry; and to the improvement or invention of machinery
equipment processes or production methods for the industry.
APPENDIX FFF
SEC. 1. This Act shall be known as "The Private Development Bank's Act."
SEC. 10. All existing private development banks shall be totally exempted from
the payment of income and gross receipts taxes for a period of three (3) years after the
effectivity of this Act. Thereafter, they shall be taxed on a gradually increasing basis of
twenty-five percent (25%) per year for the next succeeding four (4) years after the end of
which period they shall pay all taxes in full. Those banks that may be established within
three (3) years from the date of effectivity of this Act, shall be totally exempted from income
and gross receipts taxes for three years from the date off their organization. Thereafter they
shall be taxed on a gradually increasing basis of twenty-five per cent (25%)) per year for the
next succeeding four (4) years after the end of which period they shall pay all such taxes in
full.
SEC. 19. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
APPENDIX GGG
SEC. 10. Effectivity. — This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
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APPENDIX HHH
Citations of the sources or patterns of the original provisions of the Code, as found
mostly in Volume II of the Report of the Tax Commission, tabulated section by section.
Sources or Patterns of the Original Provisions of the
Code as found mostly in the Report of the
Tax Commission, Volume II.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Sections of Sections of Sections of the
the Code the Report 2 Adm. Code 3 Other Sources or Patterns
1 1 1420
2 2 1421
3 3 1423
5 4 1425
6 5 1426
7 6 1427
8 7 1428
9 8 1429
10 9 1430
11 10 1431
12 11 1432
13 12 1433
14 13 1434
16 15 1436
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17 16 1437
85 84 No citation
86 85 1536, as amended by SEC. 10, Act No. 2835, sec. 1
Act No. 3031; and sec. 1, Commonwealth
Act No. 106
87 86 1541
88 87 Section 302 of the U. S. Revenue Act 1926, as amended
by SEC. 401 of the Revenue Act of 1934 and by
sec. 805 of the Revenue Act of 1936
89 88 1538 and 1539, as amended by secs. 1 and 2, respectively, of
Act No. 3606
90 89 1543
91 90 1542
92 91 No citation
93 92 1544
94 93 No citation
95 94 1545
96 95 No citation
97 96 No citation
98 97 No citation
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99 98 No citation
100 99 No citation
128-A No citation
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141 142 1494
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170 172 2721
185-A No citation
186 No citation
186-A No citation
187 No citation
188 No citation
189 No citation
190 189
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197 199 1469
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226 228 1449 (p)
260-A No citation
260-B No citation
260-C No citation
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306 308 1579 and Section 3226 of the U.S. Revised Statutes, as
amended by the Revenue Act of 1932
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364 366 492
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