> Haves and have-nots In this unit you will practise ‘© Comparing living standards in different countries © Completing notes and a diagram « Interpreting and comparing data from diagrams and tables Paragraph structure; presenting the solution to a problem « Labelling a diagram, completing a table, short answers, Exam Focus Listening: Section 3 Listening: Section 4 Lead-in 1 Perrine Aeneas) Bed Meats ao) iat a person oF 2 the 1 Be nae vee saa) Ar Enz Teh SCA in 1999 (12 years later) Bere ears later) Read the following information and then discuss the quest cal the poverty Hineflevel th febieh a person OF & ed be very PO nm [C] 1 the length of time! imal is expected to live igh of time that something is ‘expected to continue to work, be useful, ete fended offving 1 usally sng feat comfort and hing tha ought that a. particular pers P0up, country, et. ha up DUE cha nation wth ha lar tb nme belo ‘offically eed of ror and ini er American families os the poverty fie 1¢ United Natio: For questions 1-5, choose the best answer A, B or C. 4 How many countries are there in the world? At B194 C224 2. What is the average life expectancy world-wide? As Bes CTA 3 Which figure is closest to the percentage of the world opulation living in developing countries? A 50% B65% 80% 4 Which fique is closest to the percentage of people ving below the poverty line? A 10% B 18% C 25% ‘5 How mary wealthy people own haf of all the property in the world? A358 B 1,204 € 10,389 What is most significant about the fi ant about the figures for world population growth? What factors affect life expe: Sera ‘What eriteria might be used in measuring a country’s wealth and ‘comfort monitors the standard of living of countries fageld. Te flonan te based in fokemnatcnsp Sickel ineen report. Work with a partner to answer the questions. n published in a recent Check your answers on page 216, of countries For questions 6-9, choose from the in the box below. 6 Which country enjoys the highest standard of living in the world? 7 In which county do the highest percentage of cildren ‘complete secondary education? {8 The ctzens of which three counties have the longest. life expectancy in the world? 9 Which country has the lowest birth rate in the world? ‘pustalia Brazil Canada China Eaypt France Germany Greece Iceland India Italy Japan Norway Spain Sweden Thailand UK USA c The fomFocus on writing 1 Interpreting and comparing data BAR CHARTS,PIECHARTS -1_Before you look at the diagrams, discuss these questions with another student. bask 1 Who can expect to lve longer: an American or an Australian? 2. Which continent has the highest percentage of people who can read and. write: Burope or America? 3. Inwhich country should you be able to see a doctor most quickly: UAE or i Latvia? Eo . 7 4 Where did most of the world’s population live in 1990: city oF country? Sonand women sre eee ne. 5. Where will most of the world’s population live by 2025: city or country? =e mi ao 3 —— = 2 Pi 2 Use the information from the diagrams to answer these questions. Choose the 5) correct heading for each diggram as quickly as possible. : D » 1 Healtheare 3 City vsCountry "AA, x ui 2 Adult Literacy Rates Le, 4 Lite Expectancy fh. PEPE PF f é ¥ 3. Studythe diagranis more'carefully ip anmwer tere:questions, ‘A 1 What do the figures at the top of the chart (41, 42, etc.) represent? ‘ 2. Who lives the longest ofall, men or women, and where? . “Recta shou we macy people B_ 3. Howmany ‘slices’ of the pie chart are there? What do they represent? as eer e me aia 4. What do the figures (20,000, etc.) represent? ced 5 In which country is a doctor responsible for the fewest patients? C6 What does the bar chart compare? 7 What do the letters F and M represent? tt 8. What do the figures at the top of the chart (38.5, 61.7, etc.) represent? E D_ 9 What proportion of the world is described as ‘developing’ in 19902 10. What proportion of the world is predicted to be ‘developing’ in 2025? 4 Now use the information in the diagrams to check your answers to Exercise 1 c D Tacher shows tha par centage of each regions male and ‘hese dasrans show he toarn ofthe wr pope ign urban anal aeas Fene popuiaton aged over een who can read anc rte in 1980 ard reas for 2005 1“ ata? al 2 me 7 i aban mln (devo vote 28% wt 468 al yar elon (devcpe vote 524 ota 1 roo oe ewe (devcnes vom 7 fovea fal Fara (ceveooas — fdeveonne ota 6 wa 38 1990 Weed population 2085 Wor population a ral ‘al cr) ees eM oF MF MF MOF M Mica America Asia. Euope Oceania 335 Complete the following descriptions u KEY LANGUAGE Numerleal and other comparative expressions D ox.7,p. 190 9g twkelten tines as rmanylmuch as te. TABLES KEY LANGUAGE Forming comparstives and superlatives > ex.8, p19 ‘8g. morefewer, the mostleast, ete page 33. If you need help, there is alist of useful expressions below. A/1_ Life expectancy for men and women in India is almost 2 An Australian woman can be expected to live almost as long as an Afghan woman. 3. The country with o differenc between men and women is the USA. life expectancy B 4 Doctors in Nepal have the UAE. -um $ many patients as doctors in C5 Thereisa... Oceania. 6 In America, Europe and Oceania, there is in literacy rates for men and women. literacy rate for women in Asia than in difference D7 1n1990, a of the population of the developing world lived in urban areas. 8. By 2025, v-vsonnee the population of the developing world will live in cities. almost exactly a.quarter/25% —alf/50% much lower/higher twice X times (very) litle identical the greatest/smatlest Write three more sentences comparing the following. 1 male/female literacy rates in Africa 2 patients per doctor in Nepal/Latvia 3. the proportion of the world’s population living in rural areas in 1990/2025 In the table on page 35, five of the world’s largest cities are compared according to a number of criteria, including population, air and noise pollution and traffic congestion, a According to the figures, which city: 1 is the noisiest? 4 is the safest to live in? 2. has the worst air pollution? 5 has the fewest inhabitants? 3. has the heaviest traffic 6 is best supplied with basic congestion? services! bb In pairs, study the information in the table and discuss the following questions. 1 Ifyou had to live in Shanghai or Los Angeles, which would you choose, and why? 2. Which of the five cities would you prefer to live int Why? Shar Fe TAsHaves and havesnots { |Los Angeles London Shanghai Mexico City | Population (miions) 25 43 _ 136 168 % Homes with waterelectcity oA 100 95 94 Murders per 100,000 people 124 25 278 | % Children in secondary school % @ Levels of ambient noise (1~10) 6 6 Traffic per hour rush hour Clean air (s00%6 out of ten) Write two paragraphs. Paragraph 1: Compare Shanghai and Los Angeles. + Don't try to describe every detail. Identify the ‘most significant information Paragraph 2: Say which of the five cities provides the best environment overall, and why. ‘© Present the various factors in order of priority and try to describe them in your own words, rather than using the descriptions in the table ‘Shoghai Focus on listening 1 In the last two sections, you will hear about situations relating to education or training contexts, Section 3 isa conversation between up to four people, while Section 4 is always a monologue, usually a tale or lecture about a subject of general interest TELTS listening tasks often include graphs, charts and tables. Read the general advice below before attempting the exam tasks. “SK APPROACH © Study the diageam so that you understand how the information is organised. Look carefully.at ~ the heading(s) and Iayou — the main features, e.g. the unit of measturement, the seale, any Key '* Thy to descrihe the diagram in your mind — this will help you listen more effectively, ‘¢ Many tasks with tables and diagrams involve siote completion, so follow the advice in the Exam briefing box on page 20 (Uni> Section 3 2 There are three question-types in the following task: labelling a diagram, completing a table and short-answer questions. WASTING ENERGY Listen to wo studems giving a presentation and answer Questions 1-10. Questions 1 and 2 Label the two bars identified on the graph betow: Choose your answers from the box List of Cities Cateutta Los Angeles Mexico City New York ‘Tokyo Questions 3-7 Complete the table. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS or A NUMBER for each answer Material ‘Time to biodegrade Notes Food (bread) | 3 Paper 3-12 months Needs 4 conditions, Metal 1-10 years Excluding aluminium (used in 5 {% of sofi-drink cans) 6 100 years (estimated) Glass & ee) Questions 8-10 List three factors which affect the speed of decay. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for cach answer. 8 9 10 36 2 vasFocus on writing 2 Paragraphing PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE 1 ‘A typical paragraph contains a main or topic statement, with supporting points. The topic statement is usually, but not always, in the first sentence of the paragraph. sonoma Since the invention ofthe ira Combustion engine, cites have heen shaped by the car and by ther inhabitants’ cline on The ssumpon tat everbody wl own ther own car and lead a highly mobile exlsence is reflected inthe low-density layout of modern cities, Such cites were also Planned with freeway systems, People to drive great distances However, this attitude takes no elderly, the youn, a Read the paragraph on the right. What topicis discussed? b_ Underline the topic statement. What supporting points are made? enabling every day. account of the the poor and non-drivers, 2A paragraph may also contain a qualifying statement which introduces @ different perspective, and this may also be followed by supporting points. ‘Qualifying statements are often introduced by concession links such as but despite or however. Which is the qualifying statement in the paragraph above? 3 Read the following sentences and complete the table on the left. Much rubbish was simply dumped in a convenient place. There isa shortage of space for depositing waste. In the past, waste disposal was cheap and easy. Topic statement Supporting point(s) Quliying statement Supporting point(s) PRESENTING SOLUTIONS. “TOPROBLEMS XAM N 2 Academic writing module “Task 2 of the IELTS Writing modue isa discussion topic. You may have to present and justly an opinion, present the solution toa problem, or compare and contrast evidence. You need to write about 250 words and you are advised to spend about 40 minutes on the task Ths task caries more weight in marking than Task | Increased transport Costs make waste disposal expensive. ‘Today there are numerous problems with waste disposal 4 Write the sentences above as a paragraph, with appropriate links. 5. Individually, write three paragraphs on the following topic. What are the key problems facing the world’s cities in the 27° century, ‘and what can be done about then? Look back at the mindmap on page 26 to help you plan your ideas. Follow this plan: Paragraph 1. Introduce topic; outline two key problems Paragraph 2. Propose possible solutions to first problem Paragraph 3. Propose possible solutions to second problem Begin: Almost half the world’s population now live in urban areas and, as cities grow even larger, conditions for city dwellers are likely to get worse. Two of the most critical problems are...Focus on listening 2 Case study: SGo Paulo Section 4 ‘There are two question-types in this task. In one, you have to check information and make changes if necessary; in the other, you have to complete a diagram. Refer to the Task approach on page 35 before you begin. Listen to a short lecture about the city of Sdo Paulo in Brazil and answer Questions 1-10. Questions 1-4 Look at the fact sheet. Tick () if the information is correct or write in the changes. = I FACT SHEET: SAO PAULO Example Answer Founded in 1550 1554 Population (1970): 7.8 million v Current population: 15.2 million soe i sioraio Currently third largest city in the world Major products: paper and textiles sun Centre of coffee trade Questions 5-10 Complete the table. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer: PUSH FACTORS (reasons for leaving countryside) PULL FACTORS (reasons for moving to the city) *+ Poor harvest + Greater 7 © eens to improve old farms + Higher wages + Little chance of education in the countryside F Mote 8 on nsnsnenen Opportunities «Gs # Better 9 nn facilities v»« damage land and houses Relations may already live in tow | cousnaysine —> SAO PAULO MIGRATION OBSTACLES Little money for 10 Relations do not want you to leave the villete ERROR HIT LIST umberfamount x v A number of questions was raise A number of questions were raised The number of burglaries have risen. The number of burglaries has risen There isa big amount of discussion, ‘There isa considerable amount of «© The phrase a number of is followed by a plural verb: the phrase the number of is followed by a singular verb, ‘© Don't say a big number or a big amount. Use large/eonsidenable/substantial percentagelproportion x v A small percentage of students drops out of smal percentage of students the course tops out. There isa big proportion of people over 60. ‘There isa large proportion London is lange with proportion to Oxford. London is large in proportion to Oxford. ‘Ifthe noun after percentage is plural, the verb is usually plural ‘« Dom’ say a big percentage or a big proportion. Use high/large and smalllow. © Something is small/arge, etc. in proportion to something else. level/standard x v . ‘There isa big level of air pollution. ‘There isa high level of air pollution, ‘The level of living in the inner city... The standard of living in the inner city ‘© Don't say a bigilarge level or a small level. Use gh/low. ‘© When you are talking about the quality of something, the usual word is standard. compared with { compared to / in comparison x v ‘Comparing with other countries, Compared with other countries, the UK the UK By comparison to the USA, Canada By comparison with the USA, Canada has .. has ‘© Use compared with or compared to when comparing two or more things. In comparison (with) or by comparison (with) can also be used to compare things but , ypare things these are faily formal and are most often used in written English,