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SC A3-Hirok PDF
SC A3-Hirok PDF
Hiroki Ito
Chairman, CIGRE Study Committee A3
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
MITSUBISHI
ELECTRIC
2
CIGRE Technical Committee 16 Study Committees
A: Equipment B: Sub-
Sub-system C: System
A1 Rotating electrical machines B1 Insulated cables C1 System development & economics
E. Figueiredo
gue edo (Brazil)
( a ) P. Argaut
gaut ((France)
a ce) P. Sout
Southwell
e ((Australia)
ust a a)
A3 Hi
High
h voltage
lt equipment
i t B3 Substations
S b i C3 System
S environmental
i l performance
f
H. Ito (Japan) T. Krieg (Australia) F. Parada (Portugal)
Disseminate new technology and B4 HVDC and Power electronics C4 System technical performance
Promote international standardization B. Anderson (United Kingdom) P. Pourbeik (USA)
D: Common technology
D 1 Materials and emerging test technique D 2 Information systems and telecommunication
J. Kindersberger (Germany) C. Samitier (Spain)
3
CIGRE Technical Committee Strategic Directions (SD)
SD1 P
SD1: Prepare th
the ““strong
t and
d smart”
t” power system
t off the
th future
f t
SD2: Make the best use of the existing equipment and system
SD3 A
SD3: Answer th
the environment
i t concerns
SD4: Develop knowledge and information
4
What is Study Committee A3
Study Committee A3 is responsible for the theory,
theory design and application of substation
equipment applied to AC and DC systems from distribution through transmission
voltages which are not specifically covered under the scope of other study
committees.. A3 covers all switching devices, surge arresters, capacitors, instrument
committees
transformers insulators,
transformers, insulators bushings,
bushings fault current limiters and monitoring techniques
techniques..
Russia 1200kV GCB Japan 1100kV testing field China 1100kV projects India 1200kV testing field
A3 provided IEC technical background of UHV specifications for their standardisation works
TB362: Technical requirements for substation equipment exceeding 800 kV
TB456: Background of technical specifications for substation equipment exceeding 800 kV
TB570: Switching phenomena of UHV & EHV equipment
7
Major results on UHV investigations
CIGRE UHV project provided excellent opportunities for optimising both
the size & cost of UHV equipment.
The CIGRE UHV project has been completed in coordination by several
SCs such as WG B3.22/29 on
on--site testing procedures ((TB
TB 400, TB562),
TB562),
WG C4.306 on UHV insulation coordination (TB(TB 542)
542) and AG D1.03 on
Very Fast Transient Phenomena (TB
(TB 519)
519) beside WG A3.22 and A3.28 on
Substation equipment specifications (TB362,
(TB362, TB456, TB570).
TB570).
UHV transmission can be achieved by optimization of the insulation
coordination
di i b application
by li i off higher
hi h performance
f MOSA with
i h lower
l
voltage protection levels that can lead to much smaller towers &
substations for realizing reliable / economical UHV systems & equipment.
equipment.
WG A3.28 studied switching phenomena of UHV & EHV equipment in
order to support the UHV standardisation works in IEC SC 17A.
8
Insulation level: LIWV and LIPL
oltage (p.u.)
ghting Impulsee Withstand Vo
ment
ment
ment
ment
ment
Other equipment
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipm
Other equipm
Other equipm
Other equipm
Other equipm
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
Transformerr
c
kV ebe AS O ssi
a
Q u
RN V P PC y
Ital kV Ru 0 kV ) ia ina an
Lig
00
dro 5 kV U AE kV E kV Ind kV Ch kV Jap kV
C8 y F 0k K 0 120h MOS
A 0 0 0
IE H 76 80 800 800 105 it 120 110 110
(W
LIWV for UHV=(1.25~1.48) x LIPL is reduced as compared with LIWV for 800 kV=(1.34~1.71) x LIPL
providing
idi LIPL with
ith the
th residual
id l voltage
lt off MOSA att 20 kA.
kA
Typical MOSA arrangement at line entrance, both ends of busbar and transformer terminal
LIWV requirements for UHV transformers in Italy,
Italy Russia,
Russia India and China are comparable.
comparable
LIWV requirements for other UHV equipment are fairly close.
9
Insulation level: SIWV and SIPL
SIWV = (1.18-1.42) x SIPL for 800 kV, (1.08-1.23) x SIPL for UHV
Voltage (p.u.)
4
x1.18 x1.25 x1.28 x1.42 x1.18 x1.16 x1.15 x1.20 x1.23 x1.08
x1.07 x1.36 x1.25 x1.24
3
2.60 2.60
Switching Impulse Withstand V
Other equipment
Other equipment
Other equipment
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Other equipmeent
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
1
0
c
V u ebe NA
S P O y
a
ssi V ia ina an
k Q AE kV PC Ital kV u Ind kV Ch kV Jap kV
800 ydro kV R
FU 0 kV KE kV
R 0k )
0 120h MOS 0 0 0
C A
IE H 765 80 800 800 105 it 120 110 110
(W
The maximum lightning current of more than 200 kA is generally used for Lightning
surge analysis for systems of 800 kV and above.
12
Lightning impulse phenomena
Lightning surge propagated through a transmission line iterates
transmissions and reflections at points where line surge impedance
changes its value.
value Superimposed waveforms by the transmissions
and reflections may create large lightning impulse surge.
The amplitude
p of the lightning
g g impulse
p surge
g can be evaluated byy a
surge analysis based on detailed model of transmission system.
Arc horn
Converter
Back Flashover
Transmission Transformer
Cable
Line
Reflection
Reflection Reflection
Tower
Reflection
13
LIWV evaluation for different MOSA arrangements
Lightning stroke
Grounding wire
LIWV with MOSA at
transformer
Transmission line
Tower
Lightning impulse
withstand voltage
oltage (MV)
50% Fllashover vo
R-R
R-P
Switching impulse
withstand voltage
g
G b
Gap between electrode
l d ((m))
Switching impulse withstand voltage is more important for air clearance in UHV and EHV equipment
15
Technical limitation for AC transmission
The loss of large
large--capacity and long
long--distance AC transmission have been reduced by uprating of
transmission voltage but may attain its technical limitation around 1100/1200 kV AC transmission.
18
14
*1100kV SIWV is reduced to
1800 kV using several
Triple gap leength
12
mitigations besides optimal
MOSA arrangement so actual
10
height is about 12 m
8
6
550 kV SIWV:1175kV
550kV bushing: 5m
4
2
Twice withstand
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
1.6
1.52
1.5
1.42
14
1.4 1 37
1.37
Maximum
1.36
1.3
1.2
1.1
1100kV tower design compaction
1.0
Fault condition 3LG 1LG 1LG
CB operation 3-phase open 3-phase open 1-phase open
1LG: Single-phase line fault to ground
3LG: Three-phase line faults to ground
Slow-Front Overvoltage
g level depends
p on the fault-type
yp and tends to be larger
g in an order
of 1LG < 2LG < 3LG, even though the probability of 2LG & 3LG faults is comparatively. In
the event of a successive fault occurring in a healthy line followed by a fault clearing in another line
there could be serious consequence for the system without opening resistors.
17
DC time constants in fault currents
Calculations predict a large DC time constants in fault current in UHV transmission systems due
to usage of multi-bundles conductor and the existence of large capacity power transformers.
Highest voltage Conductors DC time
(kV) Size Bundle constants Tower and conductor designs
(mm2) number (ms) 1100kV transmission lines 800kV transmission lines
800
Canada 686 4 75 810mm sq. -8 conductors 1360mm sq. -4 conductors
20.12m
800 19m
USA 572 6 89
22.6 ((42.1) m
35 (54.5) m
800
South Africa 428 6 67 15.5m 12m 12m
800
Brazil 603 4 88
800 16m
Korea 480 6 80 800kV transmission lines
107.5m
72.5m
Russia
120m
90m
1050
520 8 100
40.3m
Italy 15.24m
27.4m
1100
810 8 150
2
Japan
1100
China 500 8 120
1200
India 774 8 100
Time
configuration, source capacity
and a fault location.
Relayy time Opening
p g time Arcing
g time
W
G
CB2
CB1 TR
W
G
F3 CB3
Load
Busbar
G
Fault
F lt F1 CB1 Fault
F lt F2 CB2 Fault
F lt F3 CB3
T10 duty I=10% T30, T60 duties I=30, 60% T100s, a duties I=100%
20
UHV TRV simulations
CIGRE Radial network model 1100 kV system
t iin Japan
J
50kA 19.0m 19.0m
231U 231L
Tr × 2 15.5m 15.5m
120 m
FDBL
107.5 m
16.5m 16.5m
Transmission line
with transposition F24 ((50km))
90 m
72.5 m
Transmission line Transmission line
Earth Resistivity = FBEL (40km)
E s/s (210km)
A s/s
100ohm-m or 500 ohm-m
360km F23 FBDL FEBL FEAL FAEL
E8
Japan 1100kV tower design B s/s B11 B7
B6
B8 B12 E10 E11
E9 A11 A12
FBBUS E7 A10
F22 B9 B10
B1
120km F21 240km FBCL
218 204A 204B
224
Transmission line FCBL
(138km)
1500
TRV(kV)
TRV(kV)
1000
500
0
0 1 Time (ms) 2 3
21
UHV TRV requirements
U (kV))
Rate of Rise of
UHV First-pole-to-
clear factor
Amplitude
factor 1100 kV 1200 kV TRV
Time to TRV peak Time to TRV peak
DUTY Kpp Kaf TRV peak (kV) TRV peak (kV) RRRV (kV/ s) t2 t3
T100 1.2 (1.3) 1.5 (1.4) 1617 1764 2 3.0*t1 (4*t1)
T60 1.2 (1.3) 1.5 1617 1764 3 4.5*t1 (6*t1)
T30 1 2 (1.3)
1.2 (1 3) 1 54
1.54 1660 1811 5 t3 (t3)
T10 1.2 (1.3) 1.76 1897 2076 7 t3 (t3)
TLF 1.2 (1.5) 0.9*1.7 1649 1799 (*) (*)
Out-of-phase 2.0 1.25 2245 2450 1.38*t1 (2*t1)
Values ( ) are standards for 800 kV and below. t1 and t3 are based on Kpp=1.2
(*) : RRRV= Uc / t3 with t3 =6 * Ur / I 0.21 shown in the ANSI C37.06.1-2000 for transformers up to 550 kV
For UHV transformers, RRRV and t3 are determined by the transformer impedance and its equivalent surge
capacitance (specified as 9 nF) 22
Influence of fault locations on TRV for LLF conditions
Shorter Distance to the fault point Longer
V Source side TRV V V
(a) Source side TRV Source side TRV
(a) Traveling (a)=(b)
wave
US US (b) US=US’ (e)
Traveling Wave (d) Traveling
from another line wave
(b) (d) US’
U
(d) S ’
UL
UL 0 UL
(c) t0 t 0 t0 t 0 t0 t
(c)
Line side Line side
voltage voltage (c) Line side
t2 =2L/c voltage
t2 =2L/c tS =π LSCS t2 =2L/c tS =π LSCS tS =π LSCS
(i) Short distance (ii) Middle distance (iii) Long distance
Breaking current =11.3 kA rms (di/dt=5.02A/μs) Breaking current =7.1 kA rms (di/dt=3.15 A/μs) Breaking current =5.1 kA rms (di/dt=2.26 A/μs)
Source side voltage
Voltage across CB
1sst TRV [kV]
TRV [kV]
1st TRV [kV]
Uo=602kV Uo=666kV
Line side voltage
Uo=458kV
1st T
Up=1084kV Up=1539kV
Up=1401kV
Tp=0.796ms
Tp=1.62ms
Tp 1.62ms Tp=2.41ms
p
23
WG 13.01 Circuit breaker, Interrupting phenomena
Transition from Air Blast Breakers (ABB) to GCB occurred in late 1960s.
Higher voltage and larger capacity GCB developments were accelerated in 80
80’ss & 90
90’ss.
Development slowed down in the middle of the 1990’s.
Technical breakthrough on HV-
HV-VCB is required.
24
Interrupting capability of different gases
Rod-Plane
Rod-
:38mm
Gap:
Gap (Less energy dispassion)
- Rapid switching:
conductor to insulator
Air (Faster resistance change)
SF6
Air insulated substation (AIS)
Ai
Air
Environmental impact
Global Warming Potential value of 22800 (calculated Gas insulated substation (GIS)
in terms of the 100
100--year warming potential of one 5% installation area, 1% volume as compared with AIS
kilogram of SF6 relative to one kilogram of CO2)
26
WG A3.06: Circuit Breaker Reliability surveys
CB Major failure frequency for different voltage levels CB Major failure frequency for different kinds of service
27
WG A3.06: CB Reliability surveys : rating voltages
Half of the Major / Minor failures are responsible for operating mechanisms.
29
WG A2.37: Transformer Reliability
Review all existing national surveys.
Preliminary results, based on a transformer population with more than
150.000 unit
unit-years
years and 685 major failures in 48 utilities, indicate a
failure rate of 0.44%.
Winding related failures appear to be the largest contributor of major
failures and a significant decrease in tap changer related failures.
failures, failures
30
WG A3.27: Application of vacuum switchgear at
transmission voltage
245 kV load switch (USA) 132 kV 16 kA VCB (UK) 72.5 kV 31.5 kA VCB (France) 72 kV VCB (China) 72 kV 31.5 kA VCB (Japan) 145 kV & 72 kV VI (Germany)
V)
Voltage factor = 1.7
17
vvoltage (kV
Transmission ………..84kV……(165kV)
165 kV for 84 kV Flashover
141 kV for 145 kV
Distribution
……….…………...36kV….
36 ((71kV)
1 )
F
71kV for 36 kV
47kV for 24 kV
Dielectric withstand voltage in SF6 linearly increases with gap distance but that in
Vacuum tends to saturate, which makes difficult to increase a unit voltage per break.
32
Comparison of HV applications and
Failure rates of HV
HV-VCB
VCB and GCB
VCB GCB
3
2
0 0 0 0 0
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39
Years in service
ser ice Years in service
ser ice
33
Motivations for VCB developments
& installations in Japan
Advantages of VCB
A large number of VCBs have been put in service at transmission voltages since 1970’s
and installed to special switching requirements in the 1980’s and 1990’s .
pp y the reduction of SF6 g
Apparently, gas usage
g seems not to be a primary
p y factor of utilities’
policy and decision for VCB installations since it was 1997 when COP3 conference was
defined as SF6 gas to be one of the global warming gas.
34
JWG A3/B4.34 DC current interruption
Current limiting scheme Forced current zero formation Resonant current zero formation
MOSA
Circuit Breaker
I Va
Arc voltage
I
Va t
The scheme is applied to The scheme can potentially The scheme is applied to MRTB
several 100 V class DC-NFB & applicable to interrupt HVDC which interrupt the DC current
2000 V class air-blast type high current even though a large in the neutral line of HVDC
speed switch used for railway capacity capacitor bank is transmission
transmission.
system. required.
The arc generated voltage The pre-charged capacitor The parallel capacitor and
across the circuit breaker imposes an reverse current on reactor across the circuit
contacts limits the DC current.
c rrent faulted DC current and creates breaker generates the current
the current zero within a few oscillation, which eventually
milliseconds. leads to the current zero.
35
Current limiting scheme: DC-
DC-NFB
DC480V15kA-NFB Rated voltage: DC 480V
Rated interrupting current: DC 15kA
Typical interrupting time: 5ms
NFB trip
Current level q
t1 t3
MITSUBISHI
t2 t4
ELECTRIC Smoothing L R tT
36
Forced current commutation scheme DCCB
High
Hi h Speed
S d Vacuum
V Circuit
Ci it B Breaker
k (HSVCB) ffor railway
il application
li ti
Auxiliary VCB
Rated voltage: DC 750, 1500 V
Rated nominal current: 3-4 kA
R t d iinterrupting
Rated t ti current:
t DC 100kA DC Power
P
supply
Vacuum
interrupter
Interrupter: VCB
Fault occurrence
Interruption of main circuit
H. Ito, et al., Instability of DC arc in SF6 circuit breaker”, IEEE 96 WM, PE-
PE-057
057--PWRD
PWRD--0-11
11--1996 39
Hybrid type HVDC CB based on power electronic devices
③ ②
⑤ ④ ①
③
②
Development target
Rated voltage: DC 320 kV ④
Rated nominal current: DC 2000 A
Rated interrupting current: DC 9 kA ⑤
Interrupter: Power electronics devices ①
Typical interrupting time: 5 ms 1. Fault occurrence
2. Commutate the current by Auxiliary DC Breaker
ABB Grid Systems, Technical Paper Nov. 2012 3. Disconnect the main circuit by Fast DS
4. Interrupt the current by power electronics DCCB
5. Disconnect the residual current
40
CIGRE/IEC Controlled Switching Survey
CIGRE TF 13.00.01:Controlled
13 00 01 C t ll d S Switching,
it hi 1990-1995
1990 1995
Field experience of controlled switching
WG 13/A3.07: Controlled switching g of HVAC circuit-breakers,, 1996-2003
Application guide for lines, reactors, capacitors, transformers switching
Further applications such as unloaded transformer switching, load and
fault interruption and circuit-breaker uprating
Benefits and Economic aspects
Planning, Specifications & Testing of controlled switching
IEC62271 302: High voltage alternating current circuit
IEC62271-302: circuit-breaker
breaker with
internationally non-simultaneous pole operation, 2004-2006
CIGRE WG A3.35: Guidelines and Best Practices for the
Commissioning and Operation of Controlled Switching Projects,
Projects 2014-
2014
41
WG A3.07: Controlled switching survey
43
WG 13.07: Controlled switching
Compensation functions required for a Controller
Conditional compensation :
Variations of operating time depending on ambient temperature, control
voltage
g and mechanical p pressure
Idle time compensation :
Delay of operating time after an idle time of the breaker for next operation
Adaptive compensation :
Deviation of operating time due to long-
long-term aging during the
consecutive operations
Factory Tests for Circuit Breakers
44
Controlled transformer switching
Transient Inrush Current at energization depends on the switching angle and the residual flux of
the core.
core. The higher residual flux causes the core saturation resulting in larger inrush current.
current.
Residual Flux
Current Current
Voltage Voltage
Magnettizing current
Inrush ccurrent
Controlled energisation Random energisation
The optimum targets should be adjusted taking into account the residual flux. The inrush
current can be only eliminated by energisation when the prospective normal core flux is
identical to the residual flux. 45
Compensated Line switching
The degree of compensation has significant effect on the line-
line-side voltage
voltage..
The voltage across the breaker show a prominent beat especially for a high
degree
g of compensation.
compensation
p .
The optimum instant is voltage minimum across the breaker, preferably
during a period of the minimum voltage beat
46
CIGRE Controlled Switching Publication
CIGRE TF 13.00.01:Controlled Switching
A state-
state-of
of--the
the--art survey, Part 1, ELECTRA NR. 163, pp65-
pp65-96, 1995
A state-
state-of
of--the
the--art survey, Part 2, ELECTRA NR. 164, pp39-
pp39-61, 1996
47
Study Committee A3, summary
A3 Scope
S
Design and development of substation equipment
New and improved
p testing
g techniques
q
Maintenance, Refurbishment and Lifetime management
Reliability assessment and Condition monitoring
Requirements
q p
presented byy changing
g g networks,, standardizations
WG investigations
WG A3.06: Reliability of High Voltage Equipment
WG A3.25: MO Surge Arresters for emerging system conditions
WG A3.26: Influence of shunt capacitor banks on circuit breaker fault interruption duties
WG A3.27: Impact of the application of vacuum switchgear at transmission voltages
WG A3.28: Switching phenomena and testing requirements for UHV & EHV equipment
WG A3.29: Deterioration and ageing of substation equipment
WG A3.30: Overstressing of substation equipment
WG A3.31: Accuracy, Calibration & Interfacing of Instrument Transformers with Digital Outputs
JWG A3.32/CIRED: Non-intrusive methods for condition assessment of T&D switchgears
WG A3.33: Experience with equipment for series / shunt compensation
JWG A3/B4.34: DC switchgear
WG A3.35: Commissioning practices of controlled switching projects
48
Study Committee A3: Equipment
49
53