Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development

Vol. 6(3), pp 851-856 October, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0477

Research Article
Feeding Effect of Different Proportional Wild Silver Leaf
Desmodium (desmodium uncinatum) on Carcass
Characteristics and Partial Budget Analysis of Horro Sheep
Fed a Basal Diet of Natural Pasture Hay
Jalel FY1*, Dr. Mangistu UL2
1*Assosa University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, PO. Box18, Assosa, Ethiopia,
2Haramaya University, School of animals and Range Sciences P.O. Box137, Diredawa, Ethiopia,

This experiment was conducted at Nedjo ATVET College with the objective of evaluating the
feeding value of graded levels of wild silver leaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) on
carcass characteristics of Horro sheep fed a basal diet of natural pasture hay. Twenty intact
male Horro sheep with intact milk teeth and an average initial weight of 18.28±1.47kg (mean±
SD) were used. The experiment was held 90 days feeding trials followed by evaluation of
carcass parameters. The experimental sheep were blocked into 5 blocks of 4 animals based
on initial body weight and randomly assigned to one of the four treatments within a block.
The treatments were natural pasture hay ad libitum (T 1) and wild silver leaf desmodium
supplement at levels of 200(T2), 300(T3),400(T4) g/head/d on dry matter bases. The basal diet
had DM, CP and OM of 91.2, 75.5 and 9.3, respectively while the corresponding values for
Desmodiumwere 89.8, 77.8 and 16.8.Supplemented sheep had heavier slaughter weight, hot
carcass weight, higher dressing percentage on empty body weight basis, and rib eye area
than un-supplemented sheep(p<0.001).In this study among the levels of supplementation,
400 g wild silver leaf desmodium resulted in better carcass characteristics.Partial budget
analysis revealed that the ration containing 400g/d (T4) showed the highest marginal rate of
return. Therefore, supplementation with 400 g/d Desmodium improved body weight of sheep
and correspondingly increased the net income from the sale of sheep at the end of the
feeding trial. Therefore, in the present study supplementation of wild silver leaf desmodium
to natural grass hay at 400g appears to be the best level for Horro sheep both biologically
and economically.

Key words: carcass, desmodium, feeding, slaughter

INTRODUCTION

In Ethiopia, extensive sheep production under traditional (Markos, 2006). Livestock in Ethiopia derive most of their
communal grazing or browsing system is widely practiced. feed from natural pasture and crop residues. Most of the
Sheep from this system provide more than 30% of all the roughages found in the tropics are generally deficient in
domestic meat consumption and generate cash income nitrogen, energy or some others minerals. Therefore, they
from exports of meat, live animals and skins (Zelalem and can’t adequately support growth and milk production in
Fletcher, 1991). However, the productivity level of sheep ruminants (Ash, 1990; Gary and Gupta, 1992; Seyoum
is very low. The carcass yield per animal slaughtered is and Zinash 1995).
estimated to be about 10 kg of mutton (FAO, 2000).
Although, there are various and complex constraints that
contributes to these reduced productivity of sheep, the *Corresponding Author: Jalel Fikadu Yadeta, Assosa
most important limiting factor is feed scarcity. In addition University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
to this, sheep productivity is also constrained by diseases, PO. Box18, Assosa, Ethiopia,
inadequate utilization of indigenous sheep breeds, lack of E-mail: jalelyadeta@gmail.com
infrastructure, market information and trained personnel Co-Author E-mail: urgeletta@yahoo.com
Feeding Effect of Different Proportional Wild Silver Leaf Desmodium (desmodium uncinatum) on Carcass Characteristics and Partial Budget Analysis of Horro Sheep Fed a Basal Diet of
Natural Pasture Hay
Jalel et al. 852
The ever increasing human population has also caused
conversion of range/pasturelands into croplands leading to
reduced land for grazing and fodder production. Therefore,
improving the existing feed resource by identifying
alternative and more nutritious feeds have been the
interest of research in order to bridge the gap between the
requirement and availability of nutrients. Conventional
concentrate supplements are costly and in short supply in
developing countries (Anderson, 1987). Thus
improvement in the availability of feed recourses could be
achieved through cultivation of high quality forages with
high yield and adapted to local conditions, such as silvery
leaf desmodium(Desmodium uncinatum) which are being
widely promoted for adoption in Ethiopia (Tessema and
Halima, 1998). Supplementation with leguminous forages
that can be grown on the farm appears to be a more
feasible alternative to improve the feeding value of fibrous
roughage such as natural pasture hay, since they fail to
provide rumen micro-organisms with the required nutrients
(Devendra, 1983). In this context, N content of lower than
1.2% may impair rumen function and leads to reduced feed
intake and animal performance (Conrad and Hibb, 1968).
Legumes can contribute to a better utilization of natural
pasture hay. They are rich in protein and other nutrients
such as minerals. In the present study area, wild
desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum cv. Silver leaf) is
naturally gown and is widely used by farmers as feed
resource for animals either as grazing or hay forage.
Therefore,
The study was designed with the following objectives.
 to evaluate carcass characteristics of Horro
sheep fed a basal diet of natural pasture hay and
supplemented with graded levels of Silver leaf
desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum)
 to assess the economic benefit of
supplementation with Silver leaf disodium
(Desmodium uncinatum)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Nedjo town, which is
found at Nedjo Woreda in west Wollega Zone of Oromia
National Regional State.
Experimental Design and Treatments
The experimental design was randomised complete block
design (RCBD) that consists of four treatments. The
treatments were supplementation of graded levels of wild
silver leaf desmodium to natural pasture hay (Table 1). The
animals were blocked based on initial live weight into five
blocks of four animals per block. The live weights of
animals were determined by two consecutive weighing
after overnight fasting. The four treatments were randomly
assigned to each experimental animal in a block. The
experimental design used is therefore, completely
randomized block design.
Feeding Effect of Different Proportional Wild Silver Leaf Desmodium (desmodium uncinatum) on Carcass Characteristics and Partial Budget Analysis of Horro Sheep Fed a Basal Diet of
Natural Pasture Hay
Table 1: Experimental treatments
Treatments Experimental Feeds
Natural pasture Desmodium
hay (g/head/day) (g/head/day)
Treatment 1 Ad libitum 0
Treatment 2 Ad libitum 200
Treatment 3 Ad libitum 300
Treatment 4 Ad libitum 400
Carcass Measurement
At the end of the feeding trial, all sheep were slaughtered
to assess effect of treatment on carcass characteristics.
Feed was withheld for 12 hours prior to slaughter and body
weight was taken the next day in the morning and recorded
as slaughter weight and the sheep were slaughtered
following the standard procedures. After skinning and
decapitation, main carcass characteristics were evaluated
as slaughter weight (SW), empty body weight (EBW) and
hot carcass weight (HCW). Hot carcass weight was
estimated after removing weight of the head, skin,
thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity contents, and the leg
below fetlock. Dressing percentage was calculated from
hot carcass weight. Dressing percentage was expressed
as percent slaughter weight (SW) (DPS) and empty body
weight (EBW) (DPE). The total edible and non- edible non-
carcass component yield were determined. The edible
non- carcass component include blood, heart, liver,
kidney, tongue, reticulo-rumen, omaso-abomasums,
hindgut (small and large intestine), and internal fat (kidney,
pelvic, and mesenteric).
The non-edible non- carcass component were the head
(without tongue), skin, testicle, penis, legs (including limbs
below the carpo-metacarpal and tarso-metatarsal joints of
the fore-and hind-limbs, respectively), gut content,
bladder, spleen, and lung with trachea. Gut content was
determined by weighing the gut before and after emptying
the gut contents. Empty body weight was then calculated
as slaughter weight less gut content. Rib eye muscle area
was measured by dissecting the carcass between 12th and
13th rib, and the average of the right and the left side
measurement was taken as value for rib eye area. Finally,
the carcass was partitioned into the five primal cut namely:
neck and shoulder, breast and shank, rack, loin, and hind
quarter, and weighed separately.
Partial Budget Analysis
Partial budget analysis was determined to evaluate the
profitability of the feeding regime by the method of Upton
(1979). This type of analysis may not give estimation of the
overall cost and profit analysis of the study. It only involved
the calculation of major cost of sheep’s feed (variable cost)
and benefit gains from sell price of sheep’s without
considering other cost like labor, housing and veterinary
service which are common for all treatments. Purchase of nutrition, since level of nutrition is known to influence
price of experimental feed was recorded and market prices body condition or carcass composition significantly (Taylor
of sheep’s were assessed in local animal market and also and Murray, 1991). The result of this study agreed with
the prices of experimental sheep’s were estimated by previous studies (Tesfay and Solomon, 2007; Emebet,
experienced sheep dealers. In the analysis, estimates of 2008; Muluet al., 2008; Solomon and Simret, 2008;
price difference of sheep’s purchase and selling prices in Wondesen, 2008) who noted higher dressing percentage
each treatment were considered as total return (TR). on empty body weight bases in supplemented than non-
Variable cost was determined as difference between the supplemented groups. Dressing percentage values on
feed cost and selling price of sheep or feed cost divided by empty body weight basis were higher than on slaughter
live weight gain (Upton, 1979). Net income (NI) was weight basis indicating the influence of digesta (gut fill) on
calculated by subtracting the amount of money left when dressing percentage. Gibbs and Irvings (1993) reported
total variable costs (TVC) are subtracted from the total that digesta constitute a large portion of the body weight
returns (TR). even when the animals are fasted for long hours. This
NI =TR – TVC indicates that predicting carcass weight of sheep using
The change in net income (∆NI) is calculated by the their live weight at slaughter may not be appropriate, as
difference between change in total return (∆TR) and the carcass quality and weight must be judged using slaughter
change in total variable costs (∆TVC). records such as hot carcass weight and empty body
∆NI = ∆TR - ∆TVC weight.
The marginal rate of return (MRR) measures increases in
net income (∆NI) associated with each additional unit of Various studies showedthe positive effect of
expenditure (∆TVC) and normally expressed as supplementation on rib-eye muscle area (Abebe, 2008;
percentage. Emebet, 2008; Hirut, 2008), which is in agreement with the
MRR = ∆NI × 100 result obtained in the present study. According to the
∆TVC report of Wolfet al. (1980) greater rib eye muscle area is
associated with a higher production of lean in thecarcass
Statistical Analysis and higher lean/bone ratio. Hence, one can conclude that
high level of desmodium resulted in better performance in
Data collected was analyzed using the General Linear these parameters.
Model procedure of SAS (SAS, 2008). Treatment means
were compared using Tukey adjustment. The model used Table 2: Carcass parameters of Horro sheep fed
for data analysis was natural pasture hay and graded level of wild silver leaf
Yij=µ + ti + bj +eij desmodium
Where: yij = response variable, µ = overall mean,ti = Parameter T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM SL
treatment effect, bj = block effect, eij= random error SW (kg) 20.0c 21.6b 22.3b 24.8a 1.35 ***
EBW (Kg) 16.7c 18.8b 19.6b 21.4a 1.41 ***
Results and Discussions HC (kg) 8.0b 10.6a 11.1a 12.0a 1.49 **
Carcass Parameters Dressing Percentage
SW Base 49.7 48.3 49.3 50.0 2.45 Ns
Mean values of slaughter weight, empty body weight, hot (%)
carcass weight, dressing percentageand rib-eye muscle EBW Base 47.5b 55.9a 56.4a 56.5a 1.23 **
area of Horrosheep fed natural pasture hay and graded (%)
level of wild silver leaf desmodium are presented in Table REA 5.0b 6.3a 6.7a 7.2a 0.43 **
a,b,c=letters in the same row having different superscript are
2. Supplemented sheep performed better in slaughter
weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing significantly different; EBW= empty body weight; REA=rib
percentage as percent of empty body weight, and rib-eye eye area; HC =hot carcass; SW=slaughter weight;
muscle area than the sheep fed natural pasture hay alone T1=natural pasture hay ad libitum; T2= natural pasture hay
(P< 0.01). Dressing percentage is an important trait in ad libitum + 200 g wild silver leaf Desmodium; T3= natural
carcass merit considerations (Getahun, 2001). Most pasture hay ad libitum + 300 g wild silver leaf Desmodium;
research on small ruminants (sheep and goats) carcass T4= natural pasture hay ad libitum + 400 g wild silver leaf
assessment in Ethiopia included dressing percentage as a Desmodium.
major parameter to describe meat production and its
efficiency. Dressing percentage can be influenced by Edible and non-edible offal
many factors such as age, sex and plane of nutrition
(Devendra and Burns, 1983). The edible and non-edible component ofHorro sheepfed
natural pasture hay and graded level of wild silver leaf
In the present study, animals of the same breed and desmodium are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Non-carcass
almost similar age were used. Thus, the difference in components (offal) are categorized into edible and non-
dressing percentage is attributable to differences in plane edible based on traditional beliefs, culture, and differences
Feeding Effect of Different Proportional Wild Silver Leaf Desmodium (desmodium uncinatum) on Carcass Characteristics and Partial Budget Analysis of Horro Sheep Fed a Basal Diet of
Natural Pasture Hay
Jalel et al. 854

in preference of the people from one locality to the other digesta in the gut. According to Van Soest (1994) and
and it is more or less subjective (Getahun, 2001). The Pond et al. (1995), non-supplemented animals fill their gut
production efficiency of offal can be affected by the with less digestible roughage which would retain in the gut
nutritional dietary status of the animals and by live weight for long time to be degraded by rumen microorganisms.
(Kirton et al., 1972). In the present studythe weights of the
edible non-carcass components were affected by Table 4: Non- edible offal of Horro sheep fed basal diet
supplementation. The weight of edible offal was of natural pasture hay and graded level of wild silver
significantly higher (P<0.001) for the leaf desmodium
supplementedtreatment compared to the control Parameter T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM SL
treatment. However, testis and tongue were not GF(g) 2516c 2650b 2828b 3140a 22.40 ***
significantly different (P>0.005) between supplemented HWOT(g) 1227c 1287b 1306b 1410a 19.44 ***
and the non-supplemented sheep. 2
Skin(g) 1790d 1830c 1900b 2060a 19.97 ***
Table 3: Edible offal’s (g) of Horro sheep fed a basal 9
diet of natural pasture hay and graded level of wild Feet(g) 542c 554b 564b 577a 13.63 ***
silver leaf desmodium 5
Paramete T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM SL Penis(g) 44.6 46 47.5 49.4 0.790 Ns
r 6
Heart (g) 101c 105b 116a 125a 1.875 *** LTE(g) 500.6 501 510 511 14.09 Ns
Blood(g) 970 b 996 b 1150 1220a 27.94 **
a
9
Liver(g) 280c 308b 317b 343a 6.448 *** GB(g) 8.4 9.12 11.8 12.8 0.383 Ns
Kidney(g) 98 b 103 a 106 a 109a 1.287 ** Spleen&pancre 50 54 55.2 57.3 1.339 Ns
Kidney 18c 23b 24b 28a 0.568 *** s(g)
fat(g) UP(g) 23.4 24.8 25.2 27 0.977 Ns
Testes(g) 222 221 228 229 0.005 Ns TNEO(g) 6701.4 6960.8 7249.6 7914.8 31.43 ***
Tail(g) 250c 366b 370b 677a 8.823 *** d c b a 3
Tongue(g 94 81 94 93 0.0045 Ns a-d means within a row not bearing a common superscript
) letters are significantly different; *** = <0.001; SL =
empty 1535d 1616c 1630b 1710a 6.49 *** significance level; SEM = standard error of mean; ns =
gut(g) non-significant; T1=natural pasture hay ad libitum; T2=
TEO(g) 3547.6d 3814.0c 4055.6b 4613.4a 42.78 *** natural pasture hay ad libitum + 200 g wild silver leaf
a-b,c,d =means within a row with different superscript letters Desmodium; T3= natural pasture hay ad libitum +300 g
are significantly different; *** = p<0.001; ** SL = wild silver leaf Desmodium; T4= natural pasture hay ad
significance level; SEM = standard error of mean; ns = libitum + 400 g wild silver leaf Desmodium; HWOT =head
non-significant; T1=natural pasture hay ad libitum; T2= without tongue; LTE=Lung, Trachea &esophagus; TNEO
natural pasture hay ad libitum + 200 g wild silver leaf =total non-edible offal; UP= usable product.
Desmodium; T3= natural pasture hay ad libitum + 300g
wild silver leaf Desmodium; T4= natural pasture hay ad Partial Budget Analysis
libitum +400 g wild silver leaf Desmodium.
The partial budget analysis of the experiment is given in
Weight of non-edible offal is given in Table 4. There was Table 5. Partial budget analysis is used to evaluate the
no significant difference (p>0.005) between supplemented economic advantage of different proportions of
and un-supplemented sheep in spleen, penis, gall bladder, concentrate feeds. It involves tabulating the costs and
useable product and lung, esophagus and trachea. benefits of small change in the farm practice (CIMMYT,
However, the weight of skin, feet, head without tongue and 1988; Shapiro et al., 1994). Partial budget analysis of the
total non-edible offal were higher in supplemented than present study showed that net return obtained per animal
control. This result agreed with Ababe (2006) who studied after subtracting feed costs from the total return. This was
the effect of supplementation with linseed cake (LSC), higher for the sheep fed wild silver leaf desmodium hay as
wheat bran (WB) and their mixtures in Arsi- Bale sheep fed a supplement to natural pasture hay than those fed with
hay. This result argued that desmodium has good source only natural pasture grass hay. Sumberget al. (1987) also
of protein that can increase the growth of small ruminant. reported that supplementary feeding with leucaena foliage
The gut fill is significantly (P< 0.01) higher in the control is profitable than the control in the humid zone. Similarly,
treatment than the supplemented. Sendroset al. (1998) Likawent et al. (2005) reported supplementing 500 g vetch
also noted higher gut content in non-supplemented lambs hay/day resultedin the highest net return per head with a
than in the supplemented ones. Animals fed pasture hay marginal rate of return of 470% over the control (grazing
alone consume more roughage in order to maintain their only). Based on the total variable costs, purchasing and
energy requirement, which increased the amount of selling prices of sheep, the highest total income was
Feeding Effect of Different Proportional Wild Silver Leaf Desmodium (desmodium uncinatum) on Carcass Characteristics and Partial Budget Analysis of Horro Sheep Fed a Basal Diet of
Natural Pasture Hay
 J. Agric Econs. Rural Dev. 855

gained from sheep supplementedwith T4. These values supplemented at level of 200, 300, and 400 g/head/d on
were directly related with body condition of the sheep and as DM basis. The result of the study showed that
the price of experimental feeds. The highest net income supplementing wild silver leaf desmodium to natural
gained in T4, T3 and T2, (284.5,138 and 91.5 ETB, pasture hay is effective in improving sheep performance.
respectively) were attributable to the fact that Among the different level of supplementation, 400 g/d
supplemented sheep obtained high nutritional value feed desmodium result in better animal performance.
than the control and the relative low cost of wild silver leaf Therefore, in this finding daily supplementation of wild
desmodium(1.5ETB/Kg). High level of desmodium can silver leaf desmodium at 400 g/d appears to be the best
gain high rate of return. level for supplementing Horro sheep based on natural
pasture hay basal diet. Partial budget analysis of the
Table 5: Partial budget analysis of Horro sheep fed present study revealed that the ration containing 400g/d
natural pasture hay and graded level of wild silver leaf (T4) showed the highest marginal rate of return. Therefore,
desmodium supplementation with 400g/day desmodium hay improved
Parameter T1 T2 T3 T4 carcass weight of sheep and correspondingly increased
Purchase price of sheep 400 400 400 400 the net income from the sale of sheep at the end of the
(ETB/head) feeding trial.
Total basal diet consumed 75 65 55 45
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Accepted 7 September 2020
Citation: Jalel FY, Dr. Mangistu UL (2020). Feeding Effect
of Different Proportional Wild Silver Leaf Desmodium
(desmodium uncinatum) on Carcass Characteristics and
Partial Budget Analysis of Horro Sheep Fed a Basal Diet
of Natural Pasture Hay. Journal of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Development, 6(3): 851-856.
Copyright: © 2020: Jalel et al. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.