AP BOE-2013 Paper-2 Solution

IBCI (Indian Best Coaching Institute)
AP BOE-2013 Paper-2 Solution

Q.1 (a) Briefly discuss about furnace safeguard system?
Ans. Furnace safe guard is the system which are described are as follows:
1. F.S.S.S.(Furnace Supervisory safeguard system) facilitates remote manual/automatic control of fuel
firing equipment through mechanized system and suitable interlocks/logics. It is designed to ensure
the execution of a safe, orderly operating sequence in startup and shutdown of fuel firing equipment
and to prevent errors of omission in following such a safe operating procedure.
2. The system provides protection against malfunction of fuel firing equipment and associated air
system. The safety feature of system are designed for protection in most common emergency
situations.
3. F.S.S.S. Equipment can be grouped under three heads.
1). Operating and Indicating Console
This consists of all switches for initiating controls and also indications of status of all fuel firing
equipment & their auxiliaries.
2). Relay and Logic Cabinets:
The cabinets consists of relays, timers, programmers, circuit breakers for AC and DC control
suppliers flame scanner unit, number of coal flow units etc. They control the process logic
3). Field Equipment
Field equipment are those which help in actual remote operation of fuel firing equipment and those
which provide the status to the operating console and relay logic cabinet. Ex.
a). Igniter/H.O Trip Valves,
b). H.O atomizing steam, Scavenging atomizing nozzle valve (Hydramotor type),
c). Gun advance/retract mechanisms, Oil gun assembly, Igniters and its cabinets,
d). Flame scanner and igniter air fans,
e).Pressure switches, temperature switches, flow switches and limit switches,
f). Mill Discharge valves, hot air gates, sealing air valves, cold air, tramp iron
gate etc.
4. Functions of FSSS
 To start complete furnace purge when all technological conditions are fulfilled.
 To start and monitor igniters
 H.O. guns, (oil guns) starting, stopping and supervision.
 Pulverize and feeder starting, stopping and supervision.
 Flame scanner intelligence and checking.
 Furnace flame monitoring and overall furnace flame failure protection.
 To start-stop igniter and scanner air fans.
 To effect secondary air damper control with indication of auxiliary and fuel air damper
modulation/close.
 To trip out all boiler fires when boiler safety is threatened
 To provide boiler trip signal to other equipment such as P .A. Fan, Turbine, Generator etc.
Q.1(b) How three element drum level control works and discuss about its advantages and
disadvantages?
Ans. Drum Level Control Systems are used extensively throughout the process industries and the
utilities to control the level of boiling water contained in boiler drums on process plant and help provide a
constant supply of steam.
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duration”
If the level is too high, flooding of steam purification equipment can occur.
If the level is too low, reduction in efficiency of the treatment and recirculation function.
Pressure can also build to dangerous levels.
A drum level control system tightly controls the level whatever the disturbances, level change,
increase/decrease of steam demand, feed water flow variations.
A drum level control system tightly controls the level whatever the disturbances, level change,
increase/decrease of steam demand, feed water flow variations.
Three Element Boiler Feed Water Control
A three element control system is shown in figure above. The measured variables or elements are
'steam flow', 'drum flow' and 'feed water flow'. Since in a
balanced situation steam flow must equal feed flow, these
two signals are compared in a differential relay. The relay
output is fed to a two term controller and comparator into
which the measured drum level signal is also fed. Any
deviation between the desired and actual drum level and
any deviation between feed and steam flow will result in
controller action to adjust the feed water control valve. The
drum level will then be returned to its correct position.
A sudden increase in steam demand would result in a
deviation signal from the differential relay and an output
signal to open the feed water control valve. The swell
effect would therefore not influence the correct operation
of the control system. For a reduction in steam demand, an
output signal to close the feed water control valve would result, thus avoiding shrinkage effects. Any
change in feed water pressure would result in feed water control valve movement to correct the change
before the drum level was affected.
Advantages :
1. Quick response.
2. Fine tuning of drum level controlling.
3. Required less attention.
4. No change of carry over in boiler.
Disadvantages :
1. Not suitable for small boilers.
2. Cost will be increases.
3. Required very skilled engineers.
Q.1(c) What is circulating fluidized bed combustion? Discuss with neat sketch?
Ans. Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has evolved from conventional
bubbling bed combustion as a means to overcome some of the drawbacks associated with
Conventional bubbling bed combustion
Figure 1 shows a typical CFBC process flow.
Figure 2 provides a rough overview of CFBC.
Generally, CFBC consists of a boiler and a high-temperature cyclone. The intra-furnace gas velocity is
as high as 4 to 8 m/s. A coarse fluidizing medium and char in the flue gas are collected by the
high-temperature cyclone and recycled to the boiler. Recycling maintains the bed height and increases
the denitration efficiency. To increase the thermal efficiency, a pre-heater for the fluidizing air and
combustion air, and a boiler feed water heater, are installed.

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This CFBC technology utilizes the fluidized bed

principle in which crushed (6 –12 mm size) fuel and limestone are injected into the furnace or combustor.
The particles are suspended in a stream of upwardly flowing air (60-70% of the total air), which enters
the bottom of the furnace through air distribution nozzles. The fluidizing velocity in circulating beds
ranges from3.7 to 9 m/sec. The balance of combustion air is admitted above the bottom of the furnace
as secondary air. The combustion takes place at 840-900oC, and the fine particles (<450 microns) are
elutriated out of the furnace with flue gas velocity of 4-6 m/s. The particles are then collected by the
solids separators and circulated back into the furnace. Solid recycle is about 50 to 100 kg per kg of fuel
burnt.
There are no steam generation tubes immersed in the bed. The circulating bed is designed to move a lot
more solids out of the furnace area and to achieve most of the heat transfer outside the combustion
zone - convection section, water walls, and at the exit of the riser. Some circulating bed units even have
external heat exchanges. The particles circulation provides efficient heat transfer to the furnace walls
and longer residence time for carbon and limestone utilization. Similar to Pulverized Coal (PC) firing, the
controlling parameters in the CFB combustion process are temperature, residence time and turbulence.
(Circulating bed boiler at high fluidizing gas velocities in which a fast recycling bed of fine material is
superimposed on a bubbling bed of larger particles. The combustion temperature is controlled by rate of
recycling of fine material. Hot fine material is separated from the flue gas by cyclone and is partially
cooled in a separate low velocity fluidized bed heat exchanger, where the heat is given up to the steam.
The cooler fine material is then recycled to the dense bed.)
The features of circulating fluidized-bed boilers are described below.
a) It has a high processing capacity because of the high gas velocity through the system.
b) The temperature of about 870oC is reasonably constant throughout the process because of the high
turbulence and circulation of solids. The low combustion temperature also results in minimal NOx
formation.
c) Sulfur present in the fuel is retained in the circulating solids in the form of calciumsulphate and
removed in solid form. The use of limestone or dolomite sorbents allows a higher sulfur retention rate,
and lime stone requirements have been demonstrated to be substantially less than with bubbling bed
combustor.
d) The combustion air is supplied at 1.5 to 2 psig rather than 3-5 psig as required by bubbling bed
combustors.
e) It has high combustion efficiency.
f) It has a better turndown ratio than bubbling bed systems.
g) Erosion of the heat transfer surface in the combustion chamber is reduced, since the surface is
parallel to the flow. In a bubbling bed system, the surface generally is perpendicular to the flow.

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Q.2(a) What is explosion door? And how it safeguards the boiler?
Ans. Fire tube boilers can be equipped with explosion relief doors. These doors function like a
pressure relief valve calibrated to a very low pressure (approximately 30 inches water column) and
protect the boiler against major damages caused by combustion gas explosions.
The explosion relief doors should be installed between the second and third passes of the combustion
gas and should have a peripheral relief design, thus guaranteeing their effective operation. Although
they are often not given the importance they warrant, explosion relief doors are a vital safety component
of the boiler.
These explosion doors are about 8 inches in diameter and have roughly a 10 inch rod sticking out
with a heavy duty spring around it held on by a roll pin. When there is enough pressure put on the door
from behind, it breaks the roll pin and the door comes off. Boilers made as late as the late 70's had these
doors.
The primary job of these doors is to mitigate explosions within the boiler furnace.
Explosions may occur when the fuel valve (solenoid) fails to seal, allowing fuel to pass towards the
boiler furnace. This may happen at the time of closing if a piece of material other than the fuel (a chip of
wood, cork, stone, tow, dirt, sand, etc.) gets between the seat of the valve; or when, because of some
malfunction, the seal of the solenoid valve seat ceases to be air tight.
Another type of explosion can occur because of liquid or gas fuel residues in the boiler furnace which
can result due to a crack in the nozzle.
Q.2(b) What are the reasons for failure of (reheater) tubes and how do you prevent this?
Ans. Failure analysis of a reheater tube showed that the failure was caused by overheating and wall
thinning. Finite element modeling, dimensional measurements, and microscopic examinations were
performed to investigate the root cause of the failure. Wall thinning is due to excessive coal-ash
corrosion, and overheating, due to scale buildup on the tube were measured, and estimations, the
average corrosion and scale growth rates, were made. The combination of excessive scale formation on
the inner tube surfaces and wall thinning due to coal-ash corrosion on the outer tube surfaces combined
to cause the failure of the reheater tube.
Failure Mechanisms
There are many different types of boiler tube failure mechanisms, which can be sorted into six
general categories:
- Stress rupture (short-term overheating, high temperature creep, dissimilar metal welds)
- Water-side corrosion (caustic corrosion, hydrogen damage, pitting, stress corrosion cracking)
- Fire-side corrosion (low temperature, waterwall, ash)
- Erosion (fly ash, falling slag, soot blower, coal particle)
- Fatigue (vibration, thermal expansion)
- Lack of quality control (damage during chemical cleaning, poor water chemistry control, material
defects, and welding defects)
Q.3(a) Explain how do you conclude that economiser tube leak and detail the procedure for
attending it as a boiler operation engineer?
Ans. There are following indication when the economiser tube leakage occur:
1. The tube when got rupture then there are water found in the economiser which can be checked.
2. There are indication and checked by water and steam difference in the boiler.
Procedure:
Intimate to Boiler inspectorate & take the prior approval to carried out the maintenance work in
economizer coil.
hole was rectified by metal buildup by high pressure welder.
ed portion of the tubes were also rectified by metal buildup by high pressure welder.

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Q.3(b) What is phosphate hide out in boiler? Discuss about it and how we can prevent it?
Ans. Phosphate Hideout
When the concentration of phosphate in the boiler water is too high, phosphate will react with boiler
scale forming iron and iron sodium phosphates or precipitate to form a solid phase on the hot boiler tube
surfaces and elsewhere. This phenomenon is called phosphate hideout and it can result in changes of
pH, as well as the concentrations of phosphate and other chemical species in the boiler water. Hideout
usually first occurs in boiler tubes with the highest heat flux and low mass flow, where departure from
nucleate boiling (DNB) or under deposit concentration occur. Hideout and boiler tube corrosion can
also occur in HRSGs where the heat flux is much lower than in coal- or oil-fired units. This is because
there may be accumulation of corrosion products or inadequate mass flow through some generating
tubes; particularly during duct burner firing.Because the solubility of phosphate decreases as boiler
pressure increases, hideout is typically only noticed during load changes. Phosphate hideout usually
results in an increase of PO4 concentration and a decrease of pH during load reduction and in an
increase of pH and decrease of PO4 concentration during the load increases. The severity of
phosphate hideout is boiler, heat flux, temperature, pressure, and boiler cleanliness specific. In clean,
conservatively designed and operated boilers, these swings do not result in any boiler tube corrosion
problems.
When using phosphate boiler water treatment, the concentration of phosphate should not exceed
the equilibrium concentration. This is the maximum concentration of PO4 in the boiler water that the
boiler can tolerate under the highest heat flux conditions (full load). This concentration can be
experimentally determined by increasing the phosphate feed to the point where there is no further
increase in the PO4 concentration in the boiler water. This is the equilibrium concentration and the
normal boiler water phosphate maximum limit should be approximately one-half of this concentration.
The equilibrium phosphate concentration should be determined once per year because it changes
with the boiler cleanliness. In addition, a phosphate balance should be performed once per year using
several weeks of chemistry data to determine the amount of hideout that is occurring. The total amount
of phosphate fed into the boiler and the amount being removed through blowdown, plus sampling,
should be approximately equal. If the feed is greater than the removal, hideout is occurring.
Q.4(a) What is reverse osmosis?

Discuss about RO system with
sketch?
Ans. A reverse osmosis plant is a
manufacturing plant where the process
of reverse osmosis takes place.
Osmosis is a natural process.
When two liquids with different
concentrations of a solute are
separated by a semipermeable
membrane, the fluid has a tendency to
move from low to high solute
concentrations for chemical potential
equilibrium.
Reverse osmosis is the process of
forcing a solvent from a region of high
solute concentration through a
semipermeable membrane to a region
of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure. The membranes
used for reverse osmosis prevent the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires that
a high pressure be exerted on the high concentration side of the membrane.

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Q.4(b) Why chlorination and de-chlorination is important in a RO PLANT?
ANS. Chlorination importance: Chlorine is known to be effective in destroying a variety of
microorganisms because of its capacity to inactivate most
pathogenic microorganisms quickly.
Chlorination for RO/NF pretreatment has been applied usually where biological fouling
prevention is required (i.e., typically for surface waters). Chlorine is added continuously at
the intake, and a reaction time of 20–30 min
should be allowed. A free residual chlorine
concentration of 0.5–1.0 mg/L should be maintained through the whole pretreatment line.
Dechlorination upstream of the membranes is required, however, to protect the membranes
from oxidation.
Dechlorination importance In a biological context chlorine behaves similarly to other atoms in the
halogen chemical series, and thus reductive dechlorination can be considered to fall within a somewhat
broader class of biological reactions known as reductive dehalogenation reactions, in which the removal
of a halogen substituent from an organic molecule occurs with a simultaneous addition of electrons to
the molecule. This can be further subdivided into two types of reaction processes, the first of which,
hydrogenolysis, is the replacement of the halogen atom with a hydrogen atom. The second, vicinal
reduction (sometimes called, dihaloelimination), involves the removal of two halogen atoms that are
adjacent on the samealkane or alkene molecule, leading to the formation of an additional carbon-carbon
bond. Biological reductive dechlorination is often catalyzed by certain species of bacteria. Sometimes
the bacterial species are highly specialized for organochlorine respiration and even a particular electron
donor, as in the case of Dehalococcoides and Dehalobacter. In other examples, such as
Anaeromyxobacter, bacteria have been isolated that are capable of using a variety of electron donors
and acceptors, with a subset of possible electron acceptors being organochlorines.
Q.5(a) How do you find the APH leakage? what are the possible reasons for APH leakage?
Ans. Apply air or nitrogen pressure to the tubes, not exceeding the design working pressure, and swab
the joints with a soap solution and watch for bubbles.
Any leakage will be readily apparent from both the pressure drop and the visible leakage (likely a spray),
including the likely location of the leak. Finding and fixing will be much easier.
When fixing, just preheat that area with a fan-flame torch to burn off any dye without harming more fins
that necessary before you start brazing process.
Reason for APH leakage :

1. Due point corrosion
2. Scaling inside the tube
3. Erosion in tube
4. Fire side corrosion.
Q.5(b) in an air preheater gas inlet is 31kg/s wiht 35% oxygen in the outlet the oxygen content
increases to 4.2%.Find the leakage quantity of air and also find the increase in ID fan load % due
to the leakage.
Solution :
Kindly refer our study material Numerical Q No. 70
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Q.6. What are the types of the boiler preservation? Discuss in detail each method and
distinguish advantages and disadvantages?
Answer : BOILER PRESERVATION
There are two generally recognized systems for putting the Boiler out of service. These
are the Wet Preservation and the Dry Preservation.
The wet system is used when Boiler is to be placed on stand by for short period of time
or when the unit may be required on short notice. The dry system is used when a unit is
out of service for extended periods. Before employing either system and after taking the
unit off line service, the Boiler should be flushed / cleaned and inspected to determine
the maintenance work required.
WET PRESERVATION
With the wet system, fill the Boiler with fresh condensate or chemically treated feed water until water
runs from steam drum vent. To protect against corrosion, add caustic soda & sodium sulfite to the water
such that water will have a concentration of 450 ppm caustic soda and 200 ppm sodium sulfite. The
caustic soda maintains an alkaline condition while the sodium sulfite serves as an oxygen scavenger.
When water overflows from steam drum vent , close the vent & raise the water pressure just above
atmospheric and shut off water supply .
Open the vent about one week later and check for any drop in pressure . If there is a drop then fill water
again until water comes out of the steam drum vent. Close the vent & raise the water pressure just
above the atmospheric and shut off the water supply. The slight pressure should be maintained during
storage .
The above system is not recommended if freezing temperatures are likely.
DRY PRESERVATION
With the dry system, first ensure that all the internal surfaces are dry. Ensure that no moisture can enter
the Boiler from the feed line, steam line, etc. Tightly close all the connections to the Boiler & blank the
lines if deemed necessary. To protect against moisture from the air, place trays of quick lime at the rate
of 21 pounds per 1000 gallon capacity in the Boiler drum. Close all man holes and hand holes tightly.
During the storage period, regular inspections should be made and the lime replaced when necessary.
Q.7(a) What are the analysis done on boiler flue gas in environment point of view and
performance point of view?
Answer : Following analysis monitoring has to be done as per environment and performance point of
view :
1. Monitoring of CO2 Composition in flue gas at boiler exit
2. Monitoring of O2 Composition in flue gas at boiler exit
3. Monitoring of CO Composition in flue gas at boiler exit
4. Monitoring of Sox Composition in flue gas at boiler exit
5. Monitoring of Nox Composition in flue gas at boiler exit
6. Monitoring of SPM(Suspended particulate matter) in flue gas at boiler exit
Q7(b) What is proximate analysis and ultimate analysis? Why it is required to be analyzed?
Answer : There are two methods to analyze coal:
1. Ultimate analysis
2. Proximate analysis.

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The ultimate analysis determines all coal component elements, solid or gaseous and the proximate
analysis determines only the fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash percentages. The
ultimate analysis is determined in a properly equipped laboratory by a skilled chemist.
The proximate analysis can be determine by following method :

1. Measurement of moisture
The determination of moisture content is carried out by placing a sample of powdered raw coal of size
200- micron size in an uncovered crucible, which is placed in the oven kept at 108 +2 oC along with the
lid. Then the sample is cooled to room temperature and weighed again. The loss in weight represents
moisture.
2. Measurement of volatile matter
A fresh sample of crushed coal is weighed, placed in a covered crucible, and heated in a furnace at 900
+ 15 oC. The sample is cooled and weighed. Loss of weight represents moisture and volatile matter.
The remainder is coke (fixed carbon and ash). For detailed methodologies (including for determination
of carbon and ash content), refer to IS 1350 part I: 1984, part III, IV.
3. Measurement of carbon and ash
The cover from the crucible used in the last test is removed and the crucible is heated over the Bunsen
burner until all the carbon is burned. The residue is weighed, which is the incombustible ash. The
difference in weight from the previous weighing is the fixed carbon.
4. Fixed Carbon or FC
It is derived by subtracting from 100 the value of moisture, volatile matter and ash.
Q8(a) What are the method of speed control used in BFP for energy saving?. Discuss
advantages and disadvantages of them?
Answer :
BFP is a centrifugal pump which is a dynamic device with the head generated from a rotating impeller.
There is therefore a relationship between impeller peripheral velocity and generated head. Peripheral
velocity is directly related to shaft rotational speed, for a fixed impeller diameter and so varying the
rotational speed has a direct effect on the performance of the pump.
If the speed is varied and it is important to have an appreciation of how these parameters vary in order to
safely control a pump at different speeds. The equations relating roto dynamic pump performance
parameters of flow, head and power absorbed, to speed are known as the Affinity Laws:
1. Q(Flow) is proportional to N(Speed)
2. H(Head) is proportional to Speed2
3. Power is proportional to Speed3
Where:
Q = Flow rate
H = Head
P = Power absorbed
N = Rotating speed
Efficiency is essentially independent of speed
Q8(b) Explain about De-aerator.
Answer : Deaerator: One of the feed water heaters is a contact-type open heater, known as deaerator,
others being closed heaters. It is used for the purpose of deaerating the feedwater. The presence of
dissolved gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in water makes the water corrosive, as they react with
the metal to form iron oxide. The solubility of these gases in water decreases with increase in
temperature and becomes zero at the boiling or saturation temperature. These gases are removed in
the deaerator, where feedwater is heated to the saturation temperature by the steam extracted from the
turbine. Feedwater, after passing through a heat exchanger, called vent condenser, is sprayed from the
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top so as to expose large surface area, and the bled steam from the turbine is fed from the bottom. By
contact the steam condenses and the feedwater is heated to the saturation temperature. Dissolved
oxygen and carbon dioxide gases get released from the water and leave along with some vapour, which
is condensed back in the vent condenser, and the gases are vented out.
To neutralize the effect of residual dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in water, sodium sulphite
(Na2SO3) or hydrazine (N2H2) is injected in suitable calculated doses into the feed water at the suction
of the boiler feed pump (BFP).
Q 9.Answer any Four of the following
(a) Discuss about steam purity
Ans: When steam supplied to an engine is not superheated it is almost certain to contain water
suspended in it. The ultimate use of steam in an industrial plant determines the degree of steam purity
required for operation. While carryover can never be eliminated, even with the best boiler designs and
boiler water chemistry, it can be reduced to a tolerable level.
When a boiler must have optimum steam purity, operating pressure is a deciding factor in the design. At
low pressures, the density of water is many times greater than that of steam. Therefore, adequate
disengaging space and water surface area can be provided to achieve desired steam purity. As
pressures increase, the density difference between steam and water decreases. To size a steam drum
to separate steam and water adequately at higher pressure is cost prohibitive; therefore, mechanical
separators are employed. The two major types of mechanical separation are primary separation and
secondary separation (or steam scrubbing).
Primary Separation: This form of mechanical carryover prevention utilizes rapid and abrupt changes in
the direction of steam flow. Major separation of the steam and water occurs in these primary devices.
Simple baffles, curtain baffles, belly baffles, and cyclone separators are used in primary separation.
Over 98% of the steam purity is achieved in the primary separation phase.
Secondary Separation: With the small amounts of moisture that remain after primary separation, the
scrubbing or drying process has to be accomplished through rapid directional changes of the steam flow
in conjunction with large surface areas for collection of the mist. In addition, steam velocity must be low
to avoid reintrainment of the boiler water. Normally, screens or corrugated plates with close tolerances
are used as steam scrubbers.
(b) Priming & Foaming
Ans: Kindly refer in our study material Part-B(Hard copy Book)
© Explain Heat Rate and Specific steam consumption
Ans:
Heat Rate means specific energy consumption per unit of power generation. Unit of heat rate is
Kcals/kwh or Kjouls/kwh.
Heat Rate=Heat input into the boiler(Quantity of fuel x GCV of fuel)/Power generation
Heat rate usually 2500Kcals/Kwh in 210MW thermal power plant.
SSC(Specific steam consumption) means consumption of steam into the turbine per unit power
generation. Unit of SSC is MT/MWH. Higher heat rate will indicate higher SSC.
SSC=Quantity of steam consumption/Power generation
Specific steam consumption is 4.8,3.0,3.8,2.8,2.0 MT/MWH in unit of working pressure
35,65,100,150,220 Kg/cm2 respectively.
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(d) Give material specifications of carbon steel and alloy steel pipes used for steam pipeline.
Ans : Usually following material specification is for steam pipe line :
ASTM Compositon Max. Temp.°C(Oxidation limit)
SA 210 Gr. A 1 Carbon steel 425
SA 209 P1 ½ % Mo steel 480
SA 213 P 11 1 % Cr. ½ % Mo. 550
SA 213 P 22 2¼ % Cr. 1 % Mo. 580
SA 213 TP 304 H 18% Cr. 8% Ni.(stainless steel) 700
SA 213 TP 347 H 18% Cr. 10% Ni 700
(e) Briefly discuss about Boiler “blow down” and % blow down.
Ans : Boiler blow-down: Steam boilers should be blown down daily to maintain recommended
dissolved solids levels and to remove sludge and sediment. As the boiler takes on makeup water the
solids concentration builds up. Solids accumulate in either dissolved or suspended form. Unless they
are controlled dissolved solids promote carryover of water with the steam causing water hammer and
damaging piping, valves, or other equipment. Carryover also raises the moisture content in the steam,
affecting proper operation of equipment that uses steam. Suspended solids, which cause sludge or
sediment in the boiler, must be removed because they affect the heat transfer capabilities of the
pressure vessel. Sludge build up leads to problems ranging from poor fuel-to-steam efficiency to
pressure vessel damage.
% Blow down= (Feed water TDS x % Make up water)/Maximum permissible TDS in boiler water
(f) Erosion and distortion of tubes in boiler.
Ans:
Reason of erosion & distortion in Boiler tubes are as follows
1. Due to fly ash
2. Due to fouling /slagging
3. Due to soot blowing
4. Due to coal particle impingement
5. Due to flame impingement
(g) Blending of coal
Ans: In the case of coal containing excessive fines, it is advisable to blend the predominantly lumped
coal with lot of coal that contains excessive fines. Coal blending may thus help to limit the extent of fines
in coal being fired to not more than 25%. Blending of different qualities of coal may also help to supply a
uniform coal feed to the boiler.

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AP BOE-2013 Paper-2 Solution

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AP BOE-2013 Paper-2 Solution

website link: http://mithileshkhudawal.wix.com/boeindia

website link: http://mithileshkhudawal.wix.com/boeindia

This CFBC technology utilizes the fluidized bed

website link: http://mithileshkhudawal.wix.com/boeindia

website link: http://mithileshkhudawal.wix.com/boeindia

Q.4(a) What is reverse osmosis?

website link: http://mithileshkhudawal.wix.com/boeindia

Reason for APH leakage :

website link: http://mithileshkhudawal.wix.com/boeindia

The proximate analysis can be determine by following method :

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