h YDS: nce YABANCI bi SINAV! t| CONTENTS | THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES (1) PAGE INTRODUCTION Hiastireterae 1- THE VERB "BE” ....... eset 2- THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ... 3- THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSS ....... 4- THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS .. 5- THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE. 6- THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE .. 7 cesrestnstnsense Be 7- THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 32 4L 8 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ........ TEST YOURSELF TEST YOUR VOCABULARY ....THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES INTRODUCTION WORD ORDER IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE (ingilizce bir ciimlede sézciik dizimi) ingilizce sézetk dizimi, TOrkce sOzctik diziminden farkhdir, Térkge bir cimlede yékiem cGmienin sonunda yer alir ve dzneyi de iginde barndiar. Ben ingilizce caligirsm. Ozne Nesne Yaklem Subject Object. Verb cimlesini, "ingilizce ¢aligmm.” biciminde de ifade edebiliriz. ve tkinci cimlede dzneyi acs olarak géremedigimiz ‘halde, dznenin 1. tekil gaius oldugunu yildemdeld -m_talasindan anlarz.Bu durum Ingitizce igin gecerli degildir. Yani Ingilizce bir cimlede yiiktem zncyi belli etmez.Bu ytizden, cimleye ézne ile baglamak zorundayw. Formile edilinis olarak ingilizce ciimle diizeni soyledir: Subject + Verh + Object Ozne Yoklem Nesne "ingilizce galigirim." eiimlesint ingllizcede "I study English." bigiminde sfade edebiliiz. 1- THE VERB "BE" Sozcikleri rasigele bir araya getirerek ciimle kuramayy. Cimle kurabilmemiz icin mutlaka bir fille thtiyacumiz vardir. "Be" fill, "come, go, study, eat, become” vb. gibi astl_ filimniz olmadigt zaman cimle kurmamua sagler."Be" filinin simdiki zaman ve genig zaman bicimi aymdir ve bu tense‘lerle "am, is, are" biciminde kullanihr. Singular Subject Pronouns Plural Subject Pronouns Tam — You are — Hie/She/It is We are — You are — They are 1am always nervous before an exam. (general) Tam nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour. (now) 1-1 filini asi! fil olarak kullanabilecegimiz baghca tig kahp vardur: a) be + noun b) be + adjective ©) be + prepositional phrase Lam a teacher. Hes tall ‘They are at home. They are students. ‘The world isround. —_Jane is from England. She is a Turk. They are intelligent. She is at the bus-stop. Today is Tuesday. It's very hot today. We arc in the classroom. 1-2 "Be", yardime fill olarak siirerlik bildiren tense‘lerle de keullamabtr. Tam writing now./She is reading the newspaper. /They are listening to music.Ot 2- THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 2-1 FORM Affirmative (olumlu) Negative (olumsu2} Interrogative (soru) Tam writing now. Tam not writing now, Am I writing now? You are reading a book. You are not reading a book. Are you reading a book? He/She/It ts eating lunch, He/She/ILis not eating anh. | Is he/she/it eating lunch? We are Uslening to music. We are not listening to music, | Are we listening to music? You are working hard. You are not working hard, ‘Are you working hard? ‘They are discussing their ‘They are not discussing their | Are they discussing their financial problems. financial problems. financial problems? Olumsuz soruyu iid sekilde sorabiliriz, Am I not trying to help you? or Aren't I trying to help you? Are you not helping your mother? or_—_Aren’t you helping your mother? Is she not studying English? or — Isn't she studying Enghsh? Are we not leaving for class now? or Aren't we leaving for class now? Are you not watching the film? or Aren't you watching the film? Are they not having breakfast? or Aren't they having breakfast ? 2-2 SPELLING OF -ING Senu-e ile biten filler | write writing shave shaving | Some ile biten filliere admire admiring amaze amazing | ing talus: eklenisken -e hope hoping dine dining auger. * hide hiding ride riding ‘TRA HECEL FILLER Sonu bir sestiharf-+bir| stop stopping run rumning | Bu gruba giren tek hece- sessiz harfle biten filler] beg begging rub rubbing | Ii filllerde.sondala sessiz sit. silling set setting hart git yazabr. isl HECEL FILLER a} listen Yistening open opening | Vurga L-hecedeyse.son- happen happening ripen ripening | dakt sessiz harf tek yan by prefer preferring begin beginning | ls:2.hecedeyse eit yaz.- i refer referring control controlling | hr, Sonu-yilebiten filler | study studying play playing | -y ile biten fillere -ing reply replying buy Buying talus: ekdenirken yazim- ry trying enjoy enjoying _ | da deisikitk olmaz. Sonu-ie ile biten filler} die dying ] fe -y' ye diinigir ve lie lying -ing ekientr. tie tying Sonu iki sessiz harile stand standing start — starting | ikt sessizie biten fillere bilen filler hold holding find finding ing eklenirken yazamda, spend spending bend — bending | deftisihtik otmaz. * Santee bigiminde biten iter ing takist alvken -e digmez: see-seeing, agreeagreving, freefrecinges ELS YDS 2-3 USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE a) Bu tense fle temel olarak iginde bulundugumuz anda yapmakta oldugumuz. eylemleri anlatiriz, Zamant pekistirmek igin ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still gibi zaman zarilan kullanuriz, Mother is in the kitchen now. She is cooking dinner. — Where is your sister? —I think she is writing a letter in her room. Listen! They are talking about us. Can you hear what they are saying? b) Konugmanin gectigi sirada eylemi yapyyor olmasak bile, o siralarda yapmakta oldugumuz isleri de bu tense ile anlatinz ve nowadays, these days, this term, this year, this month, this semestre, at the moment { "su siralar’ anlamnda ) gibi zaman zarflan kullaninz, — How many courses are you taking this term? —I'm taking five courses. — I haven't seen Peter recently. Have you? —No, but I talked to him on the phone last Saturday. He is very busy these days. He is redecorating his house by himself. ¢) —_Degismekte olan durumlan, olaylan bu tense ile anlatirv. “Everything is expensive. (Her sey pahah)" cimlesi, flyatlann o ankst durumunu anlatir. Fakat, “Everything is getting more and more expensive. (Her gey gittil«ge pahalilagiyor.y" ifadesi, fiyatiann sirekli degistigini, yiikseldigini gosterir itis cold, ( Hava soguk. } Itis getting colder. { Hava gittikee soguyor. ) ‘The economic situation in Turkey is very bad. (Tarkiye'nin ekonomik durumu gol koto.) ‘The economic situation in Turkey is getting worse. (Tarklye'nin ekonomik durumu gittikee kétilesiyor. } 4) Bu tense’, tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer gibi gelecek zaman zarfanyla, gelecekte yapmay) planladigumy. eylemlert anlatmak igin Sullaninv. I'm meeting Ann next Saturday. ‘They are giving a party next month. She fs leaving istanbul in two days. Omeklerde goraldagii gibi, ciimle yapr olarak simdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana aittir. Aym Kullanim Torkge'de de varoldugu icin, bu cimleleri Tarkce'ye, gelecek zaman ya da simdiki zaman yapisinda cevirmemiz mitmkindur. Son ornegt Tarkgeye su sekilde gevirebiliriz: list gin sonra istanbul'dan ayrthyor. / Iki gan sonra istanbul'dan aynilacak.es ELS YDS 3- THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 3-1 FORM ‘Affirmative ( Olumiu) ‘Negative ( Olumsus ) Tnterrogative (Soru) 1 getup early don't get up early. Do I get up early? You go on holidey every year. | You don't go on holiday every year. Do you go on holiday every year* He studies hard He doesn't study hard. Does he study hard? ‘She cleans the house herself, } Sne doesn't clean the house herself. | Doas che clean the house hersell? 1 stands in the comer. 1 doesn't standin the corner. Does it stand in the corner? We keep our promises. We don't keep our promises. Do we keep our promises? ‘You ike animals very much. | You don't like animals very much. } a you like animals very much? ‘They help the people around. | They don't help the people around. | Do they help the people around? Uctincéi tell sahis icin ( he/she/it) fil, olumiu climlede -s talust abr. He reads a lot./She buys a newspaper regularly./The cat drinks only milk in the morning, Olumsuz eimlede ve soruda, yani "does" ya da "doesn't" bulunan cimielerde fill daima yalndir. He doesn't read a lot./She doesn't buy a newspaper every day. Does the cat drink milk in the morning? “have" fillinin detined sahis bigimi “has” dir. Ancak, soruda ve olumsuz cOmlede filin yal halt" have" kullamhr. Do you have a bath every day? —Yes, I do. (Ihave a bath every day.) —Does your son have a bath every day? —Yes, he does. ( He has a bath every day. ) — Does your father have breakfast in the morning? —No, he doesn't. ( He doesn't have breakfast in the morning. } 3-2 USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 8) Bu tense ile, genelde yaphguni ler aiskaniklanmiz: anlatiz ve always, sometimes, never, often vb. sikhik bildiren zarflann yam sira, every day, every month, every summer gibi zaman zarflanm sikca Kullanarz, — What time do you usually get up? — I usually get up at seven o'clock — Does she always get up early? —Not always. She sometimes gets up very late. — How often do you go to the cinema? —1 go to the cinema every weekend/once a week/twice a month/three times a year etc. — How often does your brother write to you? — He writes to me very often.—_—— ELS YDS b) Frequency Adverbs ( Sikiik bildiren zaman zarflant) always) ———_____ all the time ( hep.her zamast} almost always/nearly always —> almost all the time, nearly all the \ time (hemen hemen her zaman) very often > cok sik} usually —___ygenerally ( genellikle) often, —____ frequently ( sue sie) sometimes occasionally, from time to time (bazen.ara sira } rarely —____ seldom ( ender.nadiren,seyrek } hardly ever. —______ almost never (hemen hemen hic } never —____ ( hi¢-hig bir zaman,asla } Yardime: fil bulunmayan olumlu cimlelerde bu zarflar asil fiilden Once, yani zne ite ydlklemin arasinda yer alr. ‘She always sings in English./I sometimes feel depressed./They seldom go to the theatre. Bu zarflar am, {s, are dan sonra gelir. I sometimes go to work late,/I am sometimes late for work. Sikh bildiren zarflann olumsuz cfimledeld yert de@isiktir. Always daima olumsuzluk eki not dan sonra gelir. Idon't always get up early./She doesn't always study very hard. ‘They aren't always late for class, frequently, sometimes ve occasionally olumsuzluk ekinden énce gelir. I sometimes don't want to be with people. /She frequently doesn't want to study. ‘They sometimes aren't ready on time./She occasionally isn't polite to the people around. NOTE: Birinci tell gahus icin bu kural gecerli deildir. Zarf, yardimet fill ‘am’ fle ‘not’ arasinda yer alr. I'm sometimes not patient enough with children. ‘usually, generally ve often her iki durumda da kullambr. ‘They usually don't go out in the evenings./They don't usually go out in the evenings. We often don't turn on the television. /We don’t often turn on the television. ‘They generally aren't awake till 1la.m./They aren't generally awake till 11am, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never ve never olumsuz ciimlede kullanilmaz, Bu zarflar sadece olumlu cOmlede kullanihtr, ancak olumsuz bir anlam tagrr. I hardly ever go to the theatre. ( Tiyatroya hemen fiemen hig gitmem. } He almost never goes to work in his own car. (ise kendt arabasiyla neredeyse hig gitmez.) I'm hardly ever nervous before an exam. { Sinav éncesi neredeyse hig heyecanlanmam,) She never comes to her appointments on time. = She is wever on time for her appointments. ( Randevulanna asia vaktinde gelmez. }TES DDS Olumlu_antam, tagiyan sikhk zarflanm (usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes and eecasionally) diloigis| Kurallanna uygun bu kullammlann yani sire. climlede varguyu arurmak fein, ciimlenin baginda da kullanabiliriz. Ozellikle sometimes bu gekilde cok sik kullambr. Sometimes I get angry easily. Occasionally I don't need to get up early. Usually they spend too much money on luxuries. NOTE: always bu sekilde cimle baginda yer alma. Olumsuz anlam tasiyan sikhk zarflan (rarely , seldom , hardly ever, scarcely ever and never) cGmlenin basina geldigi zaman cimle devrils olur. I never eat fish, ———__——3> Never do I cat fish. He rarely smokes, —______y» Rarely does he smoke. You seldom make mistakes. —3— Seldom do you make mistakes. She scarcely ever visits us. —3e. Scarcely ever does she visit us. ever olumlu veya olumsuz soruda Kullamihr ve ‘hig! anlamim verit. Olumsuz cevapta ‘hig! demek icin 'do not ever’ yerine ‘never’ kullanihr. — Do you ever smoke? —~ Don't you ever help your mother? —No, I never smoke. —Yes, [help her when I have time. ¢) Doga Kanunlanm, her zaman gecerlilift olan dogrulari ve genellemeleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz, Diamond is a precious stone./Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. ‘The world revolves round the sun./Plants need water in order to grow. Water boils at 100° C./Wood floats in water but iron sinks. @) ‘What do you do? sorusu_kisinin neyle ugrastxguu, igint sorar. Yani ‘What is your job/occupation?’ sorusu ile aym anlamdadr. —What do you do? —What does your father do? —1'ma teacher. — Heis an accountant. ‘What do you do?’ sorusunu bir zaman zarfiyla kullamirsak, ‘sGaii edilen zamanda ne yaparsin’ anlamina gelir. — What do you do at the weekends? — What does your father do in the evenings? —Tusually meet friends. — He reads his newspaper or watches television. 3} Why don't you .. 2 Kah birine oneri getirirken kullambr. — Ihave a headache. — We have nothing to eat at home. — Why don't you take a tablet? — Why don't we go out for dinner? NOTE: “Why don’t you get up early in the mornings? I can't because I usually go to bed late.” ifadesinde, "Why don't you wn. ?* gercek bir soru dzelligi tasir ve kisi yamt verilmesini bekler. Ancak: “tm too tired. Why don't you lie down and rest?" ifadesinde, "Why don't you ......?" yapt olarak sorg olmasina Karsin, kendis! bir yanitur ve Oneri getirir.rr EUS VIDS ee ) Sinema, uyatro gibi etkinlislerin baslama ve bitis saatlerini, ders programlatint ya da ucak, tren, otobis tarifelerini belirtirken, geniy zamant gelecek zaman anlamuyla kullanabilirtz, ‘The buses start at 6 a.m. and stop at 12 p.m. every day. (simple present) Staite Arlee ces a8 in Weer ard ae there at 6 p.m. future Our classes usually begin at 9 and finish at 12. ( simple present) My class begins at 9 tomorrow and finishes at 12, ( future) 4- THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Simdi bu iki tense'l kargilaguralm, 8) Konugmanin geetigi anda ya da o swalarda yapmakta oldugumuz igleri_ Present Continuous ile (I am doing) ; genelde yapugimuz isleri, algkanliklarmmizi ise Simple Present ile (1 do } anlatinz demistik. Father is in his room now. He is resting. ( now) Father always rests in his room in the afternoon. ( simple present) { want to concentrate on my studies. That's why I'm not playing volleyball this year. T usually play volleyball at the weekend. I don’t play on weekdays. b) Bazi filler sdrerlil bildiren tense'lerle ( I am doing. I was doing, I have been doing,cte.) kcullantimazier. Bu filler, konugma strasinda bizaat_yapilmakta olan bir eylem (action ) biidirmezler, durum ifade ederler. "I'm writing now." ifadesinde, write fill bir eylem bildirir. Yani benim 3 anda yapmakta oldugum bir ist ifade eder. "I know English." ifadesinde ise know fit bir eylem bildirmez. Yani, Kisinin yapmakta oldugu bir isi degil.statite bir durum bildirir. Durum bildiren fiillerin gimdiki zaman ve genig zaman icin kullarumlan aymdhr. When I get up in the morning, | want to drink something immediately. (simple present) tm very thirsty. I want to drink something, ( now) People need money in order to live. { simple present) [need some money, Can you lend me some? { now)ee ELS - YDS PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE'LERLE KULLANILMAYAN FHLLER, 1. DOSONMBYE ILISiIN FILLER ( MENTAL STATE } think * realize understand forget mean suppose notice feel want inlieve recognize doubt need snagine nove remember prefer 2. DUYGU BELIRTEN FILLER ( EMOTIONAL STATE ) love cshike Toate muind wish, ate appreciate fear care forgive lke detest envy desire SAHIPLIK BILDIREN FILLER ( POSSESSION } possess have * own, belong 4. DUYU FILLER! ( SENSE PERCEPTIONS ) sce" bear smell* taste * feel * 5 DIGER DURUM BILDIREN FILLER took * owe be* promise consist of seem cost exist refuse include appear* weigh * advise contain sound * Yanunda yilduz olan filler, fark bir antam tagudikian zaman, stirerlk bildiren (enseterte Kullaralutar. NONPROGRESSIVE (DURUM BILDIREN) or PROGRESSIVE ( EYLEM BILDIREN | think ‘sanmak, zannetmek’ anlamindaysa progressive tense‘lerle kullaniimaz; ‘dtiginmek’ anlamindaysa kuitarabm, I think she is a student. | think they will visit us next week. I'm thinking about going abroad next year. She isn't listening to the lesson now. She is thinking about her family. see ‘gormek’ anlamindaysa ‘ing’ almaz; ‘gOrdigmek’ anlamindaysa ' -ing' alir. Right now, Im locking out of the window. I see a lot of cars in the street and lots of people. ‘The doctor is seeing his patient now. The manager is seeing one of the applicants naw, smell ‘kokmak’ anlammdaysa' -ing’ almay; "koklamak’ anlanundaysa ' -ing’ abr. ‘This perfume smells very nice. ‘These flowers smell awful. I can't keep them in the kitchen. Look! Mother is smelling the flowers,