B\]ZRL]RZD @FGBLRGDZ
LÜMOCF; =842>:

]drbd : - Bstrulturd dtü`old y proilopofs mb gd `bläiold luäitold

Xrbsbitdmf dg tutfr (d);

Mfgeos Zfmràcubz

Bitrbcdmf pfr bg (gd) bstumoditb;

Dimrïs Ebgopb Cubrrd Zovbrd

Lümocf; =842>:V=?

Crupf; =?

RIOUBZ\OMDM IDLOFIDG DJOBZ]D _ D MO\]DILOD - RIDM

B\LRBGD MB LOBILOD\ JÄ\OLD\ ]BLIFGFCÀD B OICBIOBZÀD
EBLND 4?/8?/:8:8
LORMDM UDGGBMRXDZ/LB\DZ
UDGGBMRXDZ/LB\DZ
 Dibxf 4
]djgd 4. Bvfguloüi mb gd tbfràd dtü`old y `fmbgfs dtü`olfs
 <.  Dpfrtb lfilbptudg d
=.  Bxpbro`bitf f
4.  Lobitàeolf :.  Eblnd gd tbfràd y/f `fmbgf pfstugdmf qub lfitrojuyb d gd 2.  Zbprbsbitdloüi
(Ïpfld/dôf) dtü`olf. cräeold
tbfràd y/f `fmbgf dtü`olf.
]bfràd dtü`old mbg uiovbrsf.
Bs rblfrmdmf pfr su
lfilbploüi dtf`ostd
lfilbploüi  dtf`ostd mb ui
uiovbrsf lf`pubstf Mb`ülrotf lf`bizdjd lfi uid
ûiold`bitb  pobmrd, gd ludg bxpgoldjd qub so
Djmbrd, ]rdlod,
Djmbrd,  ]rdlod,    pfr  ätf`fs
 ätf`fs y vdlàf.
 vdlàf.   sb lfrtdjd d gd `otdm fjtbimràd
l. =58
l. =58 d. L.- mfs pbmdzfs mb gd `os`d pobmrd
l. <38
l. <38 d. L. Gbulopf lfilguyf qub Gfs y so sb rbpotobrd gd fpbrdloüi
Mb`ülrotf
ätf`fs sfi btbrifs, lfitoiud`bitb, sb ggbcdràd d uid
y Gbulopf  @ogbtf, ndlod bg
oimovosojgbs, nf`fcïibfs,  pobzd mbitrf mb gd pobmrd qub yd
=58 “  <38
 <38 d.L
oilf`prbisojgbs b oivosojgbs. if pumobrd sbr lfrtdmd. Rid
Gfs ätf`fs sb moebrbilodi  pobzd oimovosojgb, bg ‗ätf`f‐. 
sfgf bi efr`d y td`dôf, pbrf
if pfr ludgomdmbs oitbrids.

Gds prfpobmdmbs
vdràdi mb gd `dtbrod
sbcûi bg dcrupd`obitf
mb gfs ätf`fs.
Gfs rdzfid`obitfs mb Zfjbrt
Jfygb sfjrb bg
 Idlomf bi lf`pfrtd`obitf mb gd `dtbrod
Zfjbrt Jfygb  Orgdimd Mb 4525 d iovbg lfrpuslugdr eubrfi gfs  prfpobmdmbs mb gfs cdsbs
d 455>   prblursfrbs mb gd `fmbrid
tbfràd mb gfs bgb`bitfs
quà`olfs. 
Mbspuïs mb ldgbitdr
ui rblopobitb lfi eubcf
nbr`ïtold`bitb
lbrrdmf qub lfitbiàd bstdôf,
Gdvfosobr lfistdtü qub
bebltovd`bitb sb ndjàd
Efr`ugdloüi mbg proilopof f
Xdràs, 43=< - om., oilrb`bitdmf bg pbsf mbg `btdg,
Ditfoib Gdvfosobr   gby mb gd lfisbrvdloüi mb gd
43?=   pbrf qub bg pbsf tftdg mbg
`dtbrod (Gby mb Gdvfosobr). 
rblopobitb y su lfitbiomf if
ndjàd vdrodmf, y qub bg
oilrb`bitf mbg pbsf mbg bstdôf
lfrrbspfimàd bxdltd`bitb lfi
gd mos`oiuloüi mbg pbsf mbg dorb. 
 Gd gby mb gds prfpfrlofibs
mbeoiomds bstdjgblb qub, ludimf
vdrofs bgb`bitfs sb lf`joidi
 pdrd efr`dr ui mbtbr`oidmf
lf`pubstf, gf ndlbi bi uid
rbgdloüi mb pbsfs eokd. Dsà, pfr
Bi 4>8> mbslujroü bg dzûldr
bkb`pgf, 4,44 crd`fs mb
(Dicbrs, 432= mb uvd f cgulfsd.
Kfsbp Gfuos Xrfust  nomrücbif sob`prb sb lf`joidi
- om., 4>:5)  Gby mb gds prfpfrlofibs
lfi >,>? crd`fs mb fxàcbif
mbeoiomds.  pdrd efr`dr 48 crd`fs mb dcud.
\o du`bitd`fs gd lditomdm mb
fxàcbif y if gd mb nomrücbif, sb
fjtobib gd `os`d lditomdm
mb dcud;
mb  dcud;   bg bxlbsf mb fxàcbif
qubmd soi rbdllofidr . 
Xro`brd efr`ugdloüi `fmbrid
(Bdcgbseobgm, mb gd tbfràd dtü`old.
Crdi Jrbtdôd, Mdgtfi mbslujroü gd
Kfni Mdgtfi  4355
@dilnbstbr, -  prfpfrlofibs
ggd`dmd gby `ûgtopgbs.
mb gds
4>==) 

Bi 4>?3 mbslujroü uid iubvd

Ggbvü d ldjf iu`brfsfs
 pdrtàlugd y mb`fstrü qub brd
bxpbro`bitfs sfjrb su
dprfxo`dmd`bitb `og vblbs
mbsvodloüi, jdkf bg bebltf
`äs gocbrd qub bg nomrücbif.
lf`joidmf mb ld`pfs
(Lnbbtnd` Nogg, Bstd pdrtàlugd sbràd jdutozdmd
Zboif Riomf, lfi bg if`jrb mb bgbltrüi. bgïltrolfs gd rbgdloüi
 jusldimf y `dciïtolfs,
bxostbitb
Kfsbpn Kfni ]nf`sfi  4>25 - ]nf`sfi bxd`oiü dmb`äs gfs
bitrb gd ldrcd y gd `dsd mb gds
Ld`jromcb, om., rdyfs pfsotovfs, bstumodmfs
 pdrtàlugds, prfpfrlofidgomdm qub
4?=8)  ditbrofr`bitb pfr   Bucbi
Bucbi
sb `ditbiàd lfistditb dui
Cfgmstboi,   y bi 4?4:
Cfgmstboi,
ludimf sb dgtbrdsb bg `dtbrodg
mbslujroü bg `fmf mb
mbg lätfmf.
utogozdrgfs bi gd sbpdrdloüi mb
ätf`fs mb moebrbitb `dsd.
 Bi 4?83 oioloü uid sbrob mb
trdjdkfs mbstoidmfs d `bmor gd
ldrcd mbg bgbltrüi, bstumodimf
bg bebltf mb gfs ld`pfs Bg bxpbro`bitf mb gd cftd mb
bgïltrolf y crdvotdtfrof sfjrb dlbotb eub rbdgozdmf pfr Zfjbrt
uid cftd mb dcud (4?8?) y mb @oggoadi y Ndrvby Egbtlnbr bi
dlbotb (4?4:), y mbmulobimf mb 4?44 pdrd `bmor gd ldrcd
(@frrosfi, 4>5>
sus fjsbrvdlofibs bg pro`br bgb`bitdg (gd ldrcd mbg
Zfjbrt Dimrbws @oggoadi  -4?2<)
\di @droif, vdgfr prblosf mb gd lfistditb bgbltrüi). ... Rsdimf ui ld`pf
"b". Fjtuvf dmb`äs gd pro`brd bgïltrolf lfiflomf, @oggoadi y
mbtbr`oidloüi eftfbgïltrold Egbtlnbr pumobrfi mbtbr`oidr gd
mbg luditf mb guz, vbroeoldimf ldrcd bi gds cftds mb dlbotb bi
gd bludloüi eftfbgïltrold mb bquogojrof `bläiolf. 
Boistboi (4?45), y bvdguü gd
lfistditb "n" mb Xgdila.

Gfcrü lgdsoeoldrgds bi rdyfs

dged, jbtd y cd``d. Bi 4?8:,
bi lfgdjfrdloüi lfi Erbmbrola
lfi Erbmbrola
\fmmy, Zutnbrefrm
\fmmy,  Zutnbrefrm efr`ugü gd
tbfràd sfjrb gd rdmofdltovomdm Gfcrü mb`fstrdr
idturdg dsflodmd d gds bxpbro`bitdg`bitb molnd tbfràd
trdisefr`dlofibs bspfitäibds d pdrtor mb gds mbsvodlofibs qub
mb gfs bgb`bitfs. sb prfmulàdi bi gd trdybltfrod mb
Bi 4?44 mbslrojoü ui iubvf gds pdrtàlugds b`otomds pfr
(Ibgsfi, Iubvd `fmbgf dtü`olf (`fmbgf sustdilods rdmofdltovds ludimf
Bribst Zutnbrefrm  [bgdimd, 4>34 - dtü`olf mb Zutnbrefrm), qub lfi bggds sb jf`jdrmbdjdi gfs
Gfimrbs, 4?<3)   pfstbrofr`bitb sbràd ätf`fs. Gfs bxpbro`bitfs
 pbrebllofidmf pfr   Iobgs
Iobgs Jfnr.
Jfnr.   ggbvdmfs d ldjf pfr Zutnbrefrm
\bcûi bstb `fmbgf, bxostàd  pbr`otobrfi, dmb`äs, bg
bi bg
bi bg ätf`f ui iûlgbf lbitrdg bstdjgblo`obitf mb ui frmbi mb
bi bg qub sb lfilbitrdjd gd `dciotum pdrd gds mo`bisofibs
ldso tftdgomdm mb gd `dsd, dsà rbdgbs mbg iûlgbf dtü`olf.
lf`f gds ldrcds bgïltrolds
 pfsotovds, y uid bivfgturd f
lfrtbzd mb bgbltrfibs (ldrcd

bgïltrold ibcdtovd).