KELLEY ~— JOHN L. KELLEY GENERAL TOPOLOGY ADOTOdOL TWHANAD a3 VAN NOSTRAND UNIVERSITY SERIES IN HIGHER MATHEMATICSGincial Tpology SBP eee Tae UNIVERSIPY SIRES bt Higher Maas; HIS VOLUME gives a systematic exposition of the part of general topology which has proven useful in several branches of mathematics and is intended especially as a back- ground for modern analysis. One of the many features of this volume is the wealth and diversity of problem material which includes counter-examples and numerous applications of general topology to different fields. The appendix, which is entirely independent of the rest of the book, includes an axiomatic treat- ment of set theory. The author has included the most commonly used terminology, and all terms are listed in the index. As a reference, this book offers a unique coverage of topology with recent contributions to the field. CONTENTS BY CHAPTER HEADING Preliminaries Topological Spaces Moore-Smith Convergence Product and Quotient Spaces Embedding and Metrization. Compact Spaces Uniform Spaces Function Spaces Appendix: IndexAT /hen KE Ln€ Y , Torn, Gewtal Topology NAME ‘This book is due for return on or before the last date. {soeGeneral Topology| : THE UNIVERSITY SERIES IN HIGHER MATHEMATICS Editorial Board M. H, Stone, Chairman Oscar Zariski S. S. Chern L. Nirenberg Wat, H. S.—Analytic Theory of Continued Fractions Haumos, Pau R.—Measure Theory Jaconson, Natuan—Lectures in Abstract Algebra Vol. I—Basic Concepts Vol. 1—Linear Algebra Kuzens, S$, C.—Introduction to Metamathematics Loows, Lyww H.—An Introduction to Abstract Harmonic Analysis Loéve, Micuei—Probability Theory, 2nd Edition Ketter, Jon L.—General Topology Zanasx1, Oscar and Samvst, Prerre—Commutative Algebra, Vols. I and II Gillman, Leonard, and Jerison, Meyer—Rings of Continuous Functions Rickart, Charles E—General Theory of Banach Algebras A series of advanced text and reference books in pure and applied mathematics. Additional titles will be listed and announced as published.General Topology yy JOHN L. KELLEY Professor of Mathematics University of California Iseor _ TORS D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, INc. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY TORONTO LONDON NEW YORK| | , D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, INC. 120 Alexander St., Princeton, New Jersey (Principal office) ‘24 West 40th Street, New York 18, New York D. Van Nosrranp Company, L1p, 358, Kensington High Street, London, W.14, England D. Van Nosrranp Company (Canada), Lr. 25 Hollinger Road, Toronto 16, Canada Corynicur © 1955, uy D, VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, Inc. Published simultaneously in Canada by D. Vax Nostraxp Courany (Canada), Ltp, [No reproduction in any Jurm of ths Book, in whole or in (sce for bri asation tn eical anes or reviews), om iad Sten cathe aon rm the pale Library of Congress Catalog Card No, 55-6495 First Published, March 1955 Reprinted, July 1987, June 1959, September 1960, September 1961, Jane 1983, Augie 1984 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAPREFACE — This book is a systematic exposition of the part of general topology which has proven useful in several branches of mathe- matics. It is especially intended as background for modern analysis, and I have, with difficulty, been prevented by my friends from labeling it: What Every Young Analyst Should Know. The book, which is based on various lectures given at the University of Chicago in 1946-47, the University of California in 1948-49, and at Tulane University in 1950-51, is intended to be both a reference and a text. ‘These objectives are somewhat inconsistent. In particular, as a reference work it offers a rea- sonably complete coverage of the area, and this has resulted in a more extended treatment than would normally be given in a course. ‘There are many details which are arranged primarily for reference work; for example, I have taken some pains to include all of the most commonly used terminology, and these terms are listed in the index. On the other hand, because it is a text the exposition in the earlier chapters proceeds at a rather pedestrian pace. For the same reason there is a preliminary chapter, not a part of the systematic exposition, which covers those topics req- uisite to the main body of work that I have found to be new to many students. The more serious results of this chapter are theorems on set theory, of which a systematic exposition is given in the appendix. This appendix is entirely independent of the remainder of the book, but with this exception each part of the book presupposes all earlier developments.PREFACE ‘There are a few novelties in the presentation. Occasionally the title of a section is preceded by an asterisk; this indicates that the section constitutes a digression. Other topics, many of equal or greater interest, have been treated in the problems. These problems are supposed to be an integral part of the dis- cussion. A few of them are exercises which are intended simply to aid in understanding the concepts employed. Others are counter examples, marking out the boundaries of possible theo- rems. Some are small theories which are of interest in them- selves, and still others are introductions to applications of general topology in various fields. ‘These last always include references so that the interested reader (that elusive creature) may continue his reading, The bibliography includes most of the recent con- tributions which are pertinent, a few outstanding earlier contri- butions, and a few “cross-field” references. Temploy two special conventions. In some cases where mathe- matical content requires “if and only if” and euphony demands something less I use Halmos’ “iff.” The end of each proof is signalized by . This notation is also due to Halmos. eek Berkeley, California February 1, 1955ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DN EEE Ir is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to several colleagues. ‘The theorems surrounding the concept of even continuity in chapter 7 are the joint work of A. P. Morse and myself and are published here with his permission. Many of the pleasanter fea- tures of the appended development of set theory are taken from the unpublished system of Morse, and I am grateful for his per- mission to use these; he is not responsible for inaccuracies in my writing. I am also indebted to Alfred Tarski for several conver- sations on set theory and logic. Lowe thanks to several colleagues who have read part or all of the manuscript and made valuable criticisins. I am particularly obliged to Isaku Namioka, who has corrected 2 grievous number of errors.and obscurities in the text and has suggested many im- provements. Hugo Ribeiro and Paul R. Halmos have also helped a great deal with their advice. Finally, I tender my very warm thanks to Tulane University and to the Office of Naval Research for support during the prep- aration of this manuscript. This book was written at Tulane University during the years 1950-52; it was revised in 1953, during tenure of a National Science Foundation Fellowship and a sabbatical leave from the University of California. alee: April 21, 1961 ‘A number of corrections have been made in this printing of the text. I am indebted to many colleagues, and especially to Krehe Ritter, for bringing errors to my attention. ‘ickCONTENTS CHAPTER 0: PRELIMINARIES eres . : i pebah ackemiendi fast hea 1 SUBSETS AND COMPLEMENTS; UNION AND INTERSECTION . 2 Class calculus RELATIONS . 6... ibe taxon 6 Relation calculus, equivalence relations FUNCTIONS . Cet tates bord Lesenm as elareain asa Se ORDERINGS . . . « eo Order-complete sets, chains, extension of order-preserving functions REGBRMAM CONCEPTS le te i THE REAL NUMBERS . . . = gy epee Integers, definition by induction, 4-adic expansions COUNTABLE SETS . . . Pr ehs IP 1h Subsets, unions, the set of real numbers CARDINAL NUMBERS .. . SSN fatima: ha th epee AUT ae Schroeder-Bernstein tteorem ORDINAL NUMBERS . . . POOPY Sc: 5) eee go "The first uncountable ordinal CARTESIAN PRODUCTS . . . or Sige 1 Se Oe HAUSDORFF MAXIMAL PRINCIPLE . . : 31 Maximal principle, Kuratowski-Zorn lemma, axiom of choice, well-ordering principle