02 Surface Water Treatment - Student Lecture Notes PDF

Surface Water Treatment
ENVE 321
1854 Broad Street
(London, England)
Cholera Outbreak
Mid 1800’s the Soho district of London
“The
Great
Stink”
Jon
Snow
Knows
Nothing
HE DRINKS AND
Dr. John Snow
(Believed Cholera was spread through water)
Medical Establishment (Believed Cholera was spread through
bad air, “miasma in the atmosphere”)
Dr. John Snow
Plotted known
Cholera deaths
on a map
GHOST
MAP
Cholera
Mortality
per 1,000
persons
Ghost Map
Identified that people that drank from a particular well on
Broad Street in London contracted cholera.
Ghost Map
Identified that people that DID NOT drink from a particular
well on Broad Street in London DID NOT contract cholera.
Nearby Jail Bought Nearby Brewers Drank Liquor or Beer

Water Elsewhere
Epidemic was solved by removing the pump handle.
Cholera
contaminated
baby diapers
disposed here.
Louis Pasteur
Studying “beer
sickness”
Louis Pasteur
Discovered “germs” were
making the beer “sick”
Louis Pasteur
“GERM THEORY”
Pathogens
Bacteria
Cholera
Typhoid Fever
E. coli
Viruses
Hepatitis
Coronavirus
Protozoa
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Helminths
(Parasitic Worms)
Hookworms
Epidemics
•Epidemics
• Discharges from one infected individual contains
billions of pathogens.
• May cause massive epidemic.
• Not all carriers show symptoms.
• Vital to prevent sewage contamination of water

supplies.
Requirements for an Epidemic
Crowded Conditions Poor Sanitation

28,000 deaths per year!
(Pre-chlorination)
1993
403,000 people became ill
(gastrointestinal illness)
4,400 were hospitalized

69 people died
What caused the outbreak?
Cryptosporidium
(gastrointestinal illness)
Resistant to chlorination
(oocysts)
Needs to be physically removed

(e.g. filtration)
Where did the Crypto come
from?
Cow pastures!
Filtration Failure
Filtration Failure
Baker City, OR
2013
Baker City Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak
• Baker City relies on surface water
• Goodrich Lake (Alpine reservoir)
• Elk Creek
• Surface water is not filtered
• Outbreak occurred in July, 2013

• 2,780 people were infected
• Resulted in a 3-week boil order

• Coincided with East-West Shriners game
• Water was trucked in from La Grande, OR
Where did the
Cryptosporidum come
from?
Goodrich Lake Reservoir
No Crypto found.
Elk Creek
91 Crypto oocysts per L
2014: Installed UV treatment system
$3 Million
Does not filter water
Outbreak waiting to happen?

Bull Run Reservoir
February 13th, 2017

Portland stops using water after
Crypto found 6 times
Portland receives water from Columbia Slough
(NE Portland) for the next month
Bull Run Reservoir
March 14th, 2017

Portland switches back to Bull Run water
But Cryptosporidium still detected at low levels!
Bull Run Filtration Project
• Portland will install a filtration system on its from Bull
Run water supply to lower Cryptosporidium levels.*
• Will filter 145 MGD.
• Expected to be completed in 2027.
*https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/76428
Bull Run Filtration Project
• Will cost $500-850 million*.
• Increase of $10.38/month to consumers.

• ~9% increase
*https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2019/09/costs-for-portland-water-treatment-plant-rise-
70-because-planners-now-including-pipes.html
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
• Regulates drinking water collection, treatment and
distribution.
• Required the EPA to set national standards for drinking

water quality.
• Required 160,000+ public water systems in the U.S. to

monitor their water quality.
• Primary standards – based on negative health effects.
• Inorganics (arsenic, heavy metals, nitrates)
• Organics (atrazine, benzene, trichloroethylene)
• Radionucliotides (argon, radon)
• Microbial (Cryptosporidium, Giardia and fecal
coliforms)
• Disinfection by-products (chloramines,
trihalomethane)
• Primary standards – based on negative health effects.
• Maximum Concentration Levels Goals (MCLG)
• Acceptable levels of contamination (mg/L).
• Must be measured analytically.
• Treatment Technique (TT) Standards

• Required treatment technique.
• Used when measuring the contaminant is too expensive
or difficult.
• e.g. filtration for the removal of Cryptosporidium.
• Secondary standards – based on aesthetics.
• Non-enforceable MCLs
• Includes factors that influence taste, color,
corrosiveness and odor (not health affects).
• e.g. sulfate (laxative)
• e.g. iron and manganese (bad taste, stains laundry
and fixtures)
• e.g. dissolved gases (bad smells)
• e.g. corrosiveness (lead leaching from pipes)
Concentrations in Liquids
• Mass of substance per unit of volume of mixture.
• Mass = milligrams (mg) or grams (g)
• Volume = liters (L) or cubic meters (m3)
NOTE: 1 L = 0.001 m3
mg/L or mg/mL or g/m3

• Part per million (ppm)
1 drop in a 15
gallon aquarium
• Part per billion (ppb)
1 drop in a 18,500 gallon pool

• Converting ppm or ppb to mass per volume
• 1 L of water has a mass of 1000 g
• Usually the volume of contaminant is extremely
small and can be ignored.
• 1 ppm = 1 mg/L
• 1 mg = 10-3 g and 1 L = 103 g
• 1mg/L = 10-3 g/103 g = 1/106
• Converting ppm or ppb to mass per volume
• 1 L of water has a mass of 1000 g
• Usually the volume of contaminant is extremely
small and can be ignored.
• 1 ppb = 1 mg/L
• 1 mg = 10-6 g and 1 L = 103 g
• 1mg/L = 10-6 g/103 g = 1/109
What needs to be removed from surface water?
Surface Water Drinking Water Treatment Plant
• 2-7 cm spacing between the bars.

• Takes out large floating and suspended objects (tree branches).
• Removes sand and grit that settles quickly (seconds) that may
damage equipment.
Bar Screen
Grit
Chamber
Corvallis
Grit
Chamber
• Removes particles that will settle out due to gravity in a few hours.
Primary Sedimentation Tank
Settleable
Solids
(Removed by
a clarifier)
Non-
Settleable
Solids
(Not removed
by a clarifier)
• Chemicals are added and rapidly mixed (15 seconds) to

encourage suspended particles (colloids – 1 micrometer) to
collide and adhere to larger particles.
• Gently mix the water to encourage the formation of large

particles of floc that will settle more easily.
(Larger particles settle faster than smaller particles.)
Coagulation and Flocculation
In-line
Rapid
Mixer
Coagulation
and
Flocculation
• Flow slows enough to encourage large floc to settle out of

solution.
Secondary Sedimentation Tank
• Filters out flocs too small or light to settle by gravity.

Rapid Sand
Filtration
Rapid Sand Filtration
• Provides sufficient time for the added disinfectant (chlorine,

ozone) to inactivate any remaining pathogens before the
water is distributed.
Disinfection Contact Basin
• Refers to the dewatering and disposing of solids and liquids

collected from the settling tanks.
• Removes particles that can settle by gravity in a few hours.

Sedimentation
Sedimentation
ρ = density of water
vs = particle settling velocity
dp = particle hydrodynamic diameter
m = viscosity of water
g = gravitational acceleration
m = the particle mass
mw = the mass of the water displaced by the particle
Vp = particle volume = ∏dp3/6
ρp = particle density
Sedimentation
Sedimentation
Sedimentation
Sedimentation
Stokes Law
Sedimentation
Sedimentation
hp = settling distance of the particle

Ɵ = hydraulic detention time (V/Q)
Vb = volume of the basin
Q = volumetric flow rate into the basin
v0 = critical settling velocity = surface loading rate = overflow rate
Ab = surface area of the basin
Sedimentation
• Critical setting velocity (v0) = the velocity needed to
reach the basin floor.
• All particles with a settling velocity (vs) equal to or

great than v0 will settle out in the basin.
Sedimentation
hp = settling distance of the particle

Ɵ = hydraulic detention time (V/Q)
Vb = volume of the basin
Q = volumetric flow rate into the basin
v0 = critical settling velocity = surface loading rate = overflow rate
Ab = surface area of the basin
Sedimentation
• To remove a particle of a given diameter (dp), then vs = v0:
Silt Removal in a Clarifier
A drinking water treatment plant uses a circular sedimentation
basin (clarifier) to treat 3.0 MGD of river water.
After storms occur upstream, the river often carries 0.010 mm
silt particles with an average density of 2.2 g/cm3, and the silt
must be removed before the water can be used. The plant’s
clarifier is 3.5 m deep and 21 m in diameter. The water is 15oC.
a) What is the hydraulic detention time of the clarifier?
b) Will the clarifier remove all of the silt particles from the
river water?
b)
a) Will the clarifier remove all of the silt particles from the
river water?
b)
river water?
b)
river water?
• Chemicals are added and rapidly mixed (15 seconds) to

encourage suspended particles (colloids – 1 micrometer) to
collide and adhere to larger particles.
• Gently mix the water to encourage the formation of large

particles of floc that will settle more easily.
(Larger particles settle faster than smaller particles.)
•Coagulant
• A chemical (usually alum – Al2(SO4)3) that is added to
neutralize the negative charge of colloids.
•Coagulant
• By neutralizing the negative charge, attachment
efficiency (a) increases
• a = the probability that 2 particles will stick after a

collision
• a = 0 for highly like-charged particles.
• a = close to 1 for neutrally charged particles.

•Flocculation
• Addition of alum also forms large visible Al(OH)3 flocs.
•Flocculation
• These flocs collect smaller particles as they settle out
of solution.
•Flocculation
• The flocs are gently agitated (30 minutes) to increase
collisions but not so severe that they break the fragile
flocs apart into smaller flocs.
Jar Test
Jar Test
Jar Test
• Filters out flocs too small or light to settle by gravity.

Rapid Depth Filtration
•Consists of layers of sand on top of a bed of gravel.
Usually consists of 3-5 filters (needed to take off-
line for cleaning).
•Straining and adsorption are important removal
mechanisms.
•Once the filter becomes clogged, clean water is
flushed back through the filter (backwashing).
•The backwashed water is removed and run
through the entire treatment plant again.
•The filter is started again, however, filtration is not
completely effective at first, so a “rinse” water
must be run through and re-cycled through the
entire treatment plant.
• Backwash
• Backwash
•Filtration rate (va) is equal to the volumetric flow
rate (Q) divided by the filter’s cross-sectional area
(Af).
• Provides sufficient time for the added disinfectant (chlorine,

ozone) to inactivate any remaining pathogens before the
water is distributed.
Poorly
Baffled
Design
Moderately
Baffled
Design
Well
Baffled
Design
Disinfection
• Primary disinfectant
• Extremely potent but short-lived.
• Used to kill pathogens at the end of the treatment plant
process.
• Secondary (residual) disinfectant

• Not as potent but longer-lived.
• Used to prevent bacterial growth in water distribution
pipes.
Disinfection
• Free chlorine (aka hypochlorus acid – HOCl) is most
common (cheap and effective).
• Works well against bacteria but not against cyst-forming

microorganisms (e.g. Cryptosporidium and Giardia – they
need to be filtered).
Disinfection
• Free chlorine (HOCl) is usually still present after primary
disinfection.
• However, HOCl is not stable enough.
• Ammonia (NH3) is added to the water to form chloramines

(NH2Cl) which is not as potent but are more persistent.
Disinfection
Disadvantages of free chlorine (HOCl)
• Forms disinfectant byproducts (DBPs)
• Trihalomethanes (THMs)
• Chloroform
• Haloacetic acids (HAAs)
• THMs and HAAs form when HOCl comes into contact with
organic material (e.g. bacteria)
Disinfection
Ozonation (O3)
• Ozone (O3) is an extremely powerful disinfectant and is
more effective on cyst-forming microorganisms.
• Does not form DBPs.
• Widely used in Europe.
• Does not have a residual disinfectant property.
• More expensive than chlorine.

Disinfection
Ultra Violet Light (UV)
• UV light is an extremely powerful disinfectant and is more
effective on cyst-forming microorganisms than chlorine.
• Does not form DBPs.
• Does not have a residual disinfectant property.
• More expensive than chlorine.
• Water hardness and turbidity are an issue (scaling and
shading).
How much sludge produced per day?

Materials (Mass) Balance
“Everything has to go somewhere”
• Law of conservation of mass: matter can neither be
created nor destroyed (but may converted into other
materials or energy)
Define the boundaries
• e.g. Can be a Lake, River or Airspace above a city.
Write the materials balance equation
Write the materials balance equation
Simplify the materials balance equation
Conservative contaminant steady state assumption:
Decay rate = 0
Accumulation rate = 0
Simplify the materials balance equation
Steady state assumption:
Valid for:
Total Suspend Solids (TSS) in a water
Heavy Metals in soils
CO2 in the atmosphere
Not Valid for:

Radioactive Radon Gas
Decomposing Organic Waste
Steady-state Conservative System
Steady state assumption:
Define the “Inputs”:
Suspended Solids Alum added for
in the Raw Water coagulation/flocculation
Define the “Outputs”:
Suspended Solids in
the Filtered Water
Removed Suspended
Solids and Al(OH)3 flocs
Drinking Water Solids Generation
During the summer, Corvallis’ Taylor Water Treatment Plant treats 21
MGD of Willamette River water to meet peak demand.
The raw Willamette River water contains and average TSS of 1 mg/L.
The Taylor Water Treatment plant utilizes primary sedimentation,

alum coagulation/flocculation and rapid sand filtration to lower the
TSS concentration to 0.001 mg/L in the finished water.
A 20 g/L alum solution is fed at 82.9 GPM to achieve a final alum

concentration of 30 mg/L in the coagulation rapid mix tank.
a) What mass of solids are removed each month from the
Taylor Water Treatment Plant?
b) What volume of solids must be disposed of each month

from the Tayler Water Treatment Plants?
oAssume a bulk density of 1400 kg/m3
Alum
TSS Inputs TSS
Sludge
Outputs
TSS Inputs
Alum
Inputs
1Al2(SO4)3 + 6HCO3- → 2Al(OH)3(s) + 6CO2 + 3SO42-
1 mole of Alum {Al2(SO4)3)} makes 2 moles of Aluminum hydroxide solids {Al(OH)3(s)
Alum GREAT!!!! But what is a

Inputs mole (or mol)?
This is
a mole!
But so
is this.
Named in honor of 19th century Italian chemist Amedeo
Avogadro when it was discovered that 12 grams of carbon
contained exactly 6.02*1023 atoms of 12C.
Why is that important?
12 grams of carbon = 6.02*1023 atoms of 12C*12 AMU
12 grams of carbon = 6.02*1023 atoms of 12C = 1 mole

12 AMU
grams of carbon = 6.02*1023 atoms of 12C = 1 mole

AMU
Why is that important?
Mass of Substance (g) = Moles of Substance
Atomic Mass of Substance
How many moles of Al2(SO4)3 did we add?

How much does a mole of Al2SO4 weigh?
How many moles of Al2(SO4)3 did we add?
How many moles of Al(OH)3(s) did we create?

How many moles of Al2(OH)3(s) did we create?
How many grams of Al(OH)3(s) did we create?

How many grams of Al2(OH)3(s) did we create?
How many grams of Al2(OH)3(s) did we create?
b)
a) What volume of solids must be disposed of each month
from the Taylor Water Treatment Plant?
o Assume a bulk density of 1400 kg/m3
b)
a) What volume of solids must be disposed of each month
from the Taylor Water Treatment Plant?
o Assume a bulk density of 1400 kg/m3
How much chlorine/O3/UV is needed?
What is the disinfectant contact basin design for each?

Chemical Reactors
Reactor Configurations
• Batch Systems
• No input nor output
• Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)

• Input and output
• Completely mixed
• Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs)

• Input and output
• No mixing
Non-conservative Pollutants
• Pollutants that grow or decay over time
• Radio-active decay
• Bacterial growth in a closed water tank
• Bacterial decay during disinfection
• Methane production in an anaerobic digester
• CO2 generation in a poorly ventilated room
Generation and Decay Rates
Rate order is determined by its dependency on the
pollutant concentration.
• Zero Order
• Reaction rate is not dependent on concentration
• 1st Order
• Reaction rate is dependent on concentration
• 2nd Order
• Reaction rate is dependent on concentration squared
Batch Reactors
Batch Systems (With Non-Conservative Pollutants)
• No input nor output
• Zero Order Reactions
• Not dependent on contaminant concentration
• e.g. Water evaporating from a bucket
• Not dependent on contaminant concentration
• e.g. Water evaporating from a bucket
r(C) = + kC0 = + k
r(C) = rate of reaction
+ k = generation
mass*volume-1*time-1
- k = decay (e.g. mg*L-1*s-1)
• Accumulation Rate = Reaction Rate
• Volume (V) is always added to convert from concentration

to mass
• Integrate and solve for C:
• First Order Reactions
• Is dependent on contaminant concentration
• e.g. Radio-active decay
• Is dependent on contaminant concentration
• e.g. Radio-active decay
r(C) = + kC1 = + kC
+ k = generation
time-1
- k = decay (e.g. s-1)

to mass
• Second Order Reactions
• Is dependent on contaminant concentration (rare)
• e.g. Photochemical smog formation
• Is dependent on contaminant concentration (rare)
• e.g. Photochemical smog formation
r(C) = + kC2
+ k = generation
volume*mass-1*time-1
- k = decay (e.g. L*mg-1*s-1)

to mass
Virus Inactivation by UV
A backpacker wishes to disinfect surface water from a nearby creek
using nothing but sunshine and a one-liter bottle.
During Oregon summers, UV (from sunshine) hits the ground at a

fluence of 254 mW/m2 during peak hours.
A 4-log reduction (99.99%) of Rotavirus is needed to ensure that the

water is safe to drink. The reduction follows 1st order kinetics.
The coefficient of specific lethality and coefficient of dilution for UV

inactivation of Rotovirus is 553.96 cm2 /(mW-h) and 1.0 respectively.
What is the
minimum
number of peak
hours needed to
achieve the
desired removal
of Rotovirus?
Disinfection (Inactivation of Pathogens)
• Chick-Watson Model
N = number of pathogens per unit volume

C = concentration of disinfectant
n = empirical coefficient – coefficient of dilution – (often 1)
k = empirical rate constant – coefficient of specific lethality
k* = kCn
Disinfection (Inactivation of Pathogens)
• Chick-Watson Model
N = number of pathogens per unit volume

C = concentration of disinfectant
n = empirical coefficient – coefficient of dilution – (often 1)
k = empirical rate constant – coefficient of specific lethality
k* = kCn
What is the minimum number of peak hours needed to
achieve the desired removal of Rotovirus?
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)
• Completely mixed
• Has inflow and outflow
• Concentration (C) is uniform
throughout the reactor
e.g. Bubbled ozonation tanks;
e.g. Rapid mix coagulation tanks

• Has inputs and outputs 0 at steady state
+/- V*k*C0 = V*k

Q*C0 Q*C
+/- V*k*C1 = V*k*C
+/- V*k*C2 = V*k*C2
Giardia Inactivation by Ozone
A surface water source just needs to be treated with ozone before
distribution.
Ozone is used to treat 10 MGD of water.
The ozone is bubbled into the water as it passes sequentially through

four chambers of the disinfectant contact tank. Each chamber is well
mixed and holds 50,000 gallons of water and receives the same ozone
dose.
Giardia concentrations needs to be reduced by 1/1,000 of its initial
concentration. Disinfection is 1st order.
The coefficient of specific lethality and coefficient of dilution for ozone

inactivation of Giardia is 1.8 L/(mg*min) and 1.0 respectively.
What is the minimum ozone concentration needed to
achieve the desired removal of Giardia?
Do a mass balance at steady-state. (Remember, the effluent
for one tank is the influent for the next tank.)
Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs)
• No mixing
• Reaction may still occur
• Usually thought of as a long pipe.
• Similar to a conveyor belt with bottles filled with liquid
undergoing reactions.
A series of
mini-batch
reactors
A chlorine
contact
basin
PFRs (With Non-Conservative Pollutants)
• Reaction Rates
• The same as batch reactors.
• t = hydraulic residence time = the amount of time
it takes to move through the PFR
• t = l/v = V/Q
• l = length of the PFR
• v = velocity moving through the PFR
• V = volume of the PFR
• Q = flow rate of the PFR
• Reaction Rates
• Use batch reactor kinetics but substitute V/Q for t
• Zero Order Kinetics
• Reaction Rates
• First Order Kinetics
• Reaction Rates
• Second Order Kinetics
E. coli Inactivation by Chlorine
A surface water source just needs to be treated with chlorine before
distribution.
Chlorine is used to treat 25 MGD of water.
The contact basin has a total volume of 500,000 gallons.
E. coli concentrations needs to be reduced by 1/1,000 of its initial

concentration (3-log removal; 99.9%). Disinfection is 1st order.
The coefficient of specific lethality and coefficient of dilution for

chlorine inactivation of E. coli is 4.71 L/(mg*min) and 1.0 respectively.
What is the minimum chlorine concentration needed to achieve the
desired removal of E. coli?
How much fluoride is needed?
What caused the Flint, MI crisis?

Chemical Equilibria
• Equilibrium
• Chemical reactions can usually go in both directions.
aA + bB → cC + dD
• At equilibrium:
[ ] = M not mg/L !
K = equilibrium constant
Chemical Equilibria
• Acid Dissociation
• Chemicals can completely dissociate
(e.g. HCl → H+ + Cl-)
• At equilibrium:
[ ] = M not mg/L !
Ka = acid dissociation
equilibrium constant
Chemical Equilibria
• Solid Dissolution
• Chemicals (solids) can partially dissociate and enter
into solution (e.g. CaCO3(s)→ CaCO3(s) + Ca2+ + CO32-)
• At equilibrium:
[ ] = M not mg/L !
Ksp = solubility produce
equilibrium constant
Chemical Equilibria
• Solid Dissolution
• Chemicals (solids) can partially dissociate and enter
into solution (e.g. CaCO3(s)→ CaCO3(s) + Ca2+ + CO32-)
• At equilibrium:
Can be ignored because
the solids are not in
solution
Chemical Equilibria
• Gas Dissolution
• Gases can partially enter into solution
(e.g. O2(g)→ O2(l))
• At equilibrium:
[ ] = M not mg/L !
KH = Henry’s constant
Log Scale (Water Dissociation Constant)
• Useful for dealing with very large or very small
numbers.
X= 10 -pX
pX = -logX
Chemical Equilibria
• Water Dissolution
• Water dissociates slightly into hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxide ions (OH-)
H2O →H+ + OH -
• At equilibrium:
[H+][OH-] -14 + -
[H2O] = Kw = 10 = [H ][OH ]
Very large value = constant concentration
Excluded from the calculation.
•At neutral pH; [H ] = [OH ]
+ -
[H+][OH-] = [H+][H+] = [H+]2 = 10-14
[H+] = 10-7
pH = -log[H+] = 7
•At acidic pH; [H+] > [OH-]
•At basic (alkaline) pH; +

[H ] < -
[OH ]
Biologically relevant pH range (5.5-8.5)

Acids and Bases
•Acid = Any chemical that adds a proton (H+)
•Base = Any chemical that adds a hydroxide -

(OH )
• Or takes away a proton (H+)
Acids and Bases
• Acetic Acid (Vinegar) = CH3COOH
CH3COOH + H2O → CH3COO- + H+ + H2O
Acids and Bases
• Acetic Acid (Vinegar) = CH3COOH
Acids and Bases
• pKa = the pH at which 50% of the chemical is de-
protonated and 50% is protonated.
Chlorine Bleach Dissociation Example
Chlorine is the active ingredient in bleach and is a common and
inexpensive disinfectant used to treat water supplies.
Chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a much better

disinfectant that hypochlorite (OCl-).
If bleach is used to disinfect water, below what pH should the water

be maintained so that at least 95% of the chlorine added is in the
form of HOCl?
Solubility Products
• All solids are soluble to some degree
Some more so than others.
Sugar cubes = Lead pipe =

completely soluble slightly soluble
Solubility Products
• Slightly soluble solids can still be toxic
e.g. Blindness caused by lead in moonshine.
Solubility Products
• Solubility is a reversible reaction
Solid → aA + bB
Dissolution:
Solid → aA + bB
Precipitation:
Solid  aA + bB
Solubility Products
• Solubility is a reversible reaction
Solid → aA + bB
Valid only if solid is still

present at equilibrium.
[A]a[B]b = K*[Solid] = Ksp
Constant
Fluoride Solubility Example
Find the equilibrium concentration of fluoride ions in
pure water caused by the dissociation of CaF2.
Imagine……

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Surface Water Treatment

Nearby Jail Bought Nearby Brewers Drank Liquor or Beer

• May cause massive epidemic.

• Not all carriers show symptoms.

• Vital to prevent sewage contamination of water

Crowded Conditions Poor Sanitation

4,400 were hospitalized

Needs to be physically removed

• Goodrich Lake (Alpine reservoir)

• Surface water is not filtered

• Outbreak occurred in July, 2013

• Resulted in a 3-week boil order

Outbreak waiting to happen?

February 13th, 2017

March 14th, 2017

• Will filter 145 MGD.

• Expected to be completed in 2027.

• Increase of $10.38/month to consumers.

• Required the EPA to set national standards for drinking

• Required 160,000+ public water systems in the U.S. to

• Treatment Technique (TT) Standards

mg/L or mg/mL or g/m3

1 drop in a 18,500 gallon pool

• 2-7 cm spacing between the bars.

• Chemicals are added and rapidly mixed (15 seconds) to

• Gently mix the water to encourage the formation of large

• Flow slows enough to encourage large floc to settle out of

• Filters out flocs too small or light to settle by gravity.

• Provides sufficient time for the added disinfectant (chlorine,

• Refers to the dewatering and disposing of solids and liquids

• Removes particles that can settle by gravity in a few hours.

hp = settling distance of the particle

• All particles with a settling velocity (vs) equal to or

hp = settling distance of the particle

• Chemicals are added and rapidly mixed (15 seconds) to

• Gently mix the water to encourage the formation of large

• a = the probability that 2 particles will stick after a

• a = 0 for highly like-charged particles.

• a = close to 1 for neutrally charged particles.

• Filters out flocs too small or light to settle by gravity.

• Provides sufficient time for the added disinfectant (chlorine,

• Secondary (residual) disinfectant

• Works well against bacteria but not against cyst-forming

• However, HOCl is not stable enough.

• Ammonia (NH3) is added to the water to form chloramines

• Haloacetic acids (HAAs)

• Does not form DBPs.

• Widely used in Europe.

• Does not have a residual disinfectant property.

• More expensive than chlorine.

How much sludge produced per day?

Not Valid for:

The Taylor Water Treatment plant utilizes primary sedimentation,

A 20 g/L alum solution is fed at 82.9 GPM to achieve a final alum

b) What volume of solids must be disposed of each month

TSS Inputs TSS

Alum GREAT!!!! But what is a

12 grams of carbon = 6.02*1023 atoms of 12C = 1 mole

grams of carbon = 6.02*1023 atoms of 12C = 1 mole

How many moles of Al2(SO4)3 did we add?

How many moles of Al(OH)3(s) did we create?

How many grams of Al(OH)3(s) did we create?

How much chlorine/O3/UV is needed?

+/- VkC0 = V*k