Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Revision
Final Course Paper-1: Financial
Reporting
A compendium of subject-wise capsules published in the
monthly journal “The Chartered Accountant Student”
Board of Studies
(Academic)
ICAI
INDEX
Page No. Edition of Students’ Journal Topics
1-6 May 2019 Ind AS 1
6-8 May 2019 Ind AS 34
9-12 May 2019 Ind AS 7
13-14 May 2019 Ind AS 8
14-16 May 2019 Ind AS 10
17-23 May 2019 Ind AS 115
24-25 August 2019 Ind AS 20
26-29 August 2019 Ind AS 105
30-32 August 2019 Ind AS 41
33-36 August 2019 Ind AS 24
37-42 August 2019 Ind AS 33
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Final new course Paper 1- Financial Reporting: A Capsule for Quick Revision
In a pursuit to provide quality academic inputs to the students to help them in grasping the intricate aspects of the subject,
the Board of Studies brings forth a crisp and concise capsule on Final new course Paper 1 : Financial Reporting.
The syllabus of this paper largely covers almost all Indian Accounting Standards. However, in this capsule we have
focussed on ‘Ind AS covered in Module 2 of November, 2018 edition of the study material except Ind AS 20, Ind AS 113 and
Ind AS 101’. Significant provisions of these Ind AS have been presented through pictorial/tabular presentations for better
understanding and quick revision.
Many of the standards contain certain exceptions. All the exceptions are not necessarily reflected in the charts/
pictorial/table given in the capsule. Hence, students are advised to refer the study material or bare text of these Ind AS
for comprehensive study and revision. Under no circumstances, this capsule substitute the detailed study of the material
provided by the Board of Studies.
Further, students are advised to enhance their ability to address the issues and solve the problems based on Ind AS by
working out the examples, illustrations and questions given in the study material, revision test papers and mock test papers.
Objective
With the entity’s financial With the financial statements For the presentation
of financial For their
statements of previous of other entities. structure For their content
periods. statements
Scope
Applicability Non-applicability
Ind AS 1 is applied in preparing and Ind AS 1 does not apply to the structure
presenting general purpose financial and content of condensed interim financial
statements in accordance with Ind AS statements prepared in accordance
with Ind AS 34 (except paras 15-35).
To all entities
Ind AS 1 uses terminology Entities whose share capital is
suitable for profit-oriented not equity may need to adapt the
entities including public financial statement presentation
sector business entities. of members’ interests.
Presenting Presenting
consolidated separate financial
financial statements in
statements in accordance with
accordance with Therefore, entities with not-
Ind AS 27. for-profit activities may apply
Ind AS 110.
this Standard, by amending
the descriptions used for
financial statements themselves
1
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Complete set of financial statements
includes
Note:
1. An entity shall present a single statement of profit and loss, with profit or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI)
presented in two sections. The sections shall be presented together, with the profit or loss section presented first followed
directly by the other comprehensive income section.
2. Reports and statements presented outside financial statements are outside the scope of Ind AS.
3. An entity is not required to present the related notes to the opening balance sheet as at the beginning of the preceding period.
General features
Consistency of Comparative
presentation information
Presentation of True and Fair View and compliance with Ind ASs
Of the financial position Of the financial performance Of the cash flows of an entity
Management’s conclusion Management’s compliance • The title of the Ind AS For each period presented,
that the financial with applicable Ind ASs, departed the financial effect of the
statements present a true except departure from a • The nature of the departure on each item in
and fair view. particular requirement to departure the financial statements.
present a true and fair view. • The treatment that the
Ind AS would require
• The reason why that
treatment would be so
misleading; and
• The treatment adopted.
Note:
1. An entity shall make an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance of ALL Ind AS in the notes.
2. An entity shall not describe financial statements as complying with Ind ASs unless they comply with all the requirements of Ind ASs.
3. An entity cannot rectify inappropriate accounting policies either by disclosure of the accounting policies used or by notes or
explanatory material.
Going m An entity shall prepare financial statements Change in When an entity reclassifies comparative amounts,
concern on a going concern basis unless management accounting it shall disclose (including as at the beginning of
intends to liquidate the entity or policy, the preceding period):
to cease trading, or retrospective (a) the nature of the reclassification;
has no realistic alternative but to do so. restatement or (b) the amount of each item or class of items that
m When management has significant doubt reclassification is reclassified; and
upon the entity’s ability to continue as a (c) the reason for the reclassification.
going concern, the entity shall disclose When it is impracticable to reclassify comparative
the basis on which it prepared the amounts, an entity shall disclose:
financial statements and (a) the reason for not reclassifying the amounts,
the reason why the entity is not regarded and
as a going concern. (b) the nature of the adjustments that would
To assess going concern basis, management may have been made if the amounts had been
need to consider a wide range of factors like reclassified.
m current and expected profitability, Consistency An entity shall retain the presentation and
m debt repayment schedules and of classification of items in the financial statements
m potential sources of replacement financing. presentation from one period to the next unless:
Accrual basis m An entity shall prepare its financial (a) presentation or classification would be more
of accounting statements, except for cash flow information, appropriate having regard to the criteria for
using the accrual basis of accounting. the selection and application of accounting
m When the accrual basis of accounting is policies in Ind AS 8; or
used, an entity recognises items as assets, (b) an Ind AS requires a change in presentation.
liabilities, equity, income and expenses.
Materiality m Present separately each material class of STRUCTURE AND CONTENT
and similar items.
Identification An entity shall clearly identify each financial
aggregation m Present separately items of a dissimilar
of the financial statement and the notes.
nature or function only if it is material or
statements
required by law (even if it is immaterial). It shall display prominently:
m If a line item is not individually material, it is (a) the name of the reporting entity or other
aggregated with other items either in those means of identification, and any change
statements or in the notes.
m Do not reduce the understandability of its in that information from the end of the
financial statements by preceding reporting period;
obscuring material information with (b) whether the financial statements are of an
immaterial information; or individual entity or a group of entities;
aggregating material items that have
different natures or functions.
(c) the date of the end of the reporting
period or the period covered by the set of
Offsetting Offsetting of assets and liabilities or income and
expenses is not allowed unless required or permitted financial statements or notes;
by an Ind AS or except when offsetting reflects the (d) the presentation currency; and
substance of the transaction or other event. (e) the level of rounding used in presenting
Frequency of An entity shall present a complete set of financial amounts in the financial statements.
reporting statements (including comparative information) The rounding off is acceptable as long as
at least annually.
the entity discloses it and does not omit
Comparative Refer chart 3 of Ind AS 1 for minimum and
material information.
information additional comparative information.
08 May 2019 The Chartered Accountant Student
3
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Information to m The balance sheet shall present line items m Where there is a breach of a material
be presented and additional line items (including by provision of a long-term loan arrangement
in the balance disaggregating the line items listed in on or before the end of the reporting period
sheet paragraph 54), headings and subtotals. with the effect that the liability becomes
m Presents current and non-current assets, payable on demand on the reporting date,
and current and non-current liabilities, as the entity does not classify the liability
separate classifications in its balance sheet. as current, if the lender agreed, after the
m It shall not classify deferred tax assets reporting period and before the approval
(liabilities) as current assets (liabilities). of the financial statements for issue, not to
demand payment as a consequence of the
breach.
Exception
An entity may present all assets and liabilities in Information Disclose sub-classifications of the line items
order of liquidity but shall disclose the amount to be presented, classified in a manner appropriate to
expected to be recovered or settled presented the entity’s operations.
(a) no more than twelve months after the either in the
reporting period, and balance sheet
(b) more than twelve months after the reporting or in the
period. notes
m An entity is permitted to present some of Statement m The statement of profit and loss shall
its assets and liabilities using a current/non- of Profit and present, in addition to the profit or loss and
current classification and others in order of Loss other comprehensive income sections:
liquidity when this provides information that (a) profit or loss;
is reliable and more relevant. (b) total other comprehensive income;
Current m Classify an asset as current when: (c) comprehensive income for the period,
assets (a) it expects to realise the asset, or intends to being the total of profit or loss and other
sell or consume it, in its normal operating comprehensive income.
cycle; m An entity shall not present any items of
(b) it holds the asset primarily for the income or expense as extraordinary items.
purpose of trading; m An entity shall present an analysis of
(c) it expects to realise the asset within expenses recognised in profit or loss using
twelve months after the reporting period; a classification based on the nature of
or expense method.
(d) the asset is cash or a cash equivalent m An entity shall present additional line items,
unless the asset is restricted from being headings and subtotals in the statement of
exchanged or used to settle a liability for profit and loss, when such presentation is
at least twelve months after the reporting relevant to an understanding of the entity’s
period.
financial performance.
m Classify all other assets as non-current.
Note: The term ‘non-current’ includes tangible, Information to m Present line items for the amounts for the
intangible and financial assets of a long-term be presented period of:
nature. in the other (a) items of OCI classified by nature and
Operating m It is the time between the acquisition of comprehensive grouped into those that:
cycle assets for processing and their realisation in income (OCI) (i) will not be reclassified subsequently
cash or cash equivalents. section to profit or loss; and
m When the entity’s normal operating cycle is (ii) will be reclassified subsequently
not clearly identifiable, it is assumed to be to profit or loss when specific
twelve months. conditions are met.
m The same normal operating cycle applies to (b) the share of OCI of associates and joint
the classification of an entity’s assets and ventures accounted for using the equity
liabilities. method, separated into the share of
items that:
Current m An entity shall classify a liability as current (i) will not be reclassified subsequently
liabilities when: to profit or loss; and
(a) it expects to settle the liability in its (ii) will be reclassified subsequently
normal operating cycle; to profit or loss when specific
(b) it holds the liability primarily for the conditions are met.
purpose of trading; m Disclose the amount of income tax relating to
(c) the liability is due to be settled within each item of OCI, including reclassification
twelve months after the reporting period; adjustments, either in the statement of profit
or and loss or in the notes.
(d) it does not have an unconditional right to m Present items of OCI either
defer settlement of the liability for at least (a) net of related tax effects, or
twelve months after the reporting period. (b) before related tax effects with one
m An entity shall classify all other liabilities as amount shown for the aggregate amount
non-current. of income tax relating to those items.
m An entity classifies some operating items m If an entity elects alternative (b), it shall
like trade payables and some accruals for allocate the tax between the items that
employee and other operating costs (part might be reclassified subsequently to the
of the working capital) as current liabilities profit or loss section and those that will not
even if they are due to be settled more than be reclassified subsequently to the profit or
twelve months after the reporting period. loss section.
5
FINANCIAL REPORTING
changes in revaluation surplus
gains and losses arising from translating the financial statements of a foreign
comprehensive income (OCI)
gains and losses from investments in equity instruments designated at fair value through OCI
Components of other
gains and losses on financial assets measured at fair value through OCI
the effective portion of gains and losses on hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge and the gains and losses
on hedging instruments that hedge investments in equity instruments measured at fair value through OCI
for particular liabilities designated as at FVTPL, the amount of the change in fair value that is attributable to changes in the
liability’s credit risk
changes in the value of the time value of options when separating the intrinsic value and time value of
an option contract and designating as the hedging instrument only the changes in the intrinsic value
changes in the value of the forward elements of forward contracts when separating the forward element
and spot element of a forward contract and designating as the hedging instrument only the changes in
the spot element, and changes in the value of the foreign currency basis spread of a financial instrument
when excluding it from the designation of that financial instrument as the hedging instrument
Its form and content shall conform to the It shall include, at a minimum, Entity shall present basic and
requirements of Ind AS 1 for a complete m Each of the headings and subtotals that diluted earnings per share for
set of financial statements. were included in its most recent annual that period.
financial statements.
m The selected explanatory notes as required
by this Standard.
m Additional line items or notes to avoid any
misleading of report.
An explanation of events and transactions that are significant Insignificant updates to the information that was reported in
to an understanding of the changes in financial position and the notes in the most recent annual financial report because
performance of the entity since the end of the last annual the user will have access to the most recent annual financial
reporting period. report carrying such information.
List of events and transactions for which disclosures would be required if they are significant:
(a) the write-down of inventories to net realisable value and the reversal of such a write-down;
(b) recognition of a loss from the impairment of financial assets, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, or other assets,
and the reversal of such an impairment loss;
(c) the reversal of any provisions for the costs of restructuring;
(d) acquisitions and disposals of items of property, plant and equipment;
(e) commitments for the purchase of property, plant and equipment;
(f ) litigation settlements;
(g) corrections of prior period errors;
(h) changes in the business or economic circumstances that affect the fair value of the entity’s financial assets and financial liabilities,
whether those assets or liabilities are recognised at fair value or amortised cost;
(i) any loan default or breach of a loan agreement that has not been remedied on or before the end of the reporting period;
(j) related party transactions;
(k) transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy used in measuring the fair value of financial instruments;
(l) changes in the classification of financial assets as a result of a change in the purpose or use of those assets; and
(m) changes in contingent liabilities or contingent assets.
Note: The list is not exhaustive.
Other Disclosures
Either Or
In the interim financial statements Incorporated by cross-reference from the interim financial statements to some other
statement (such as management commentary or risk report)
Statements should be available to users of the financial statements on the same terms as the interim financial statements and at
the same time otherwise the interim financial statements shall be considered as incomplete.
7
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Periods for which interim financial statements are required to be presented
Interim reports shall include interim financial statements (condensed or complete) i.e.
m as of the end of the m for the current interim period. m cumulatively for the m cumulatively for the
current interim m cumulatively for the current current financial year to current financial year to
period. financial year to date. date. date.
m a comparative balance m comparative statements m comparative statement m a comparative statement
sheet as of the end of profit and loss for the for the comparable year- for the comparable year-
of the immediately comparable interim periods to-date period of the to-date period of the
preceding financial (current and year-to-date) of immediately preceding immediately preceding
year. the immediately preceding financial year. financial year.
financial year.
Note: For an entity whose business is highly seasonal, financial information for the twelve months up to the end of the interim period and
comparative information for the prior twelve-month period may be useful.
Points to remember
Disclosure of If an entity’s interim financial report is in compliance with this Standard, that fact shall be disclosed.
compliance
with Ind AS An interim financial report shall be described as complying with Ind ASs when it complies with all of the requirements of
Ind ASs.
Materiality In deciding how to recognise, measure, classify, or disclose an item for interim financial reporting purposes, materiality
shall be assessed in relation to the interim period financial data.
It shall be recognised that interim measurements may rely on estimates to a greater extent than measurements of annual
financial data.
Disclosure If an estimate of an amount reported in an interim period is changed significantly during the final interim period of the
in annual financial year but a separate financial report is not published for that final interim period, the nature and amount of that
financial change in estimate shall be disclosed in a note to the annual financial statements for that financial year.
statements
An entity is not required to include additional interim period financial information in its annual financial statements.
Same accounting m Apply the same accounting policies in its interim financial statements as are applied in its annual financial
policies as annual statements, except for accounting policy changes made after the date of the most recent annual financial
statements that are to be reflected in the next annual financial statements.
m Measurements for interim reporting purposes shall be made on a year-to-date basis.
m The amounts reported in prior interim periods are not retrospectively adjusted. However, that the nature and
amount of any significant changes in estimates be disclosed.
Revenues received m Such revenues shall not be anticipated or deferred as of an interim date if anticipation or deferral would not be
seasonally, appropriate at the end of the entity’s financial year.
cyclically, or
occasionally m Some entities consistently earn more revenues in certain interim periods of a financial year than in other interim
periods. Such revenues are recognised when they occur.
Costs incurred Such costs shall be anticipated or deferred for interim reporting purposes if, and only if, it is also appropriate to
unevenly during anticipate or defer that type of cost at the end of the financial year.
the financial year
Use of estimates Preparation of interim financial reports generally will require a greater use of estimation methods than annual
financial reports.
Restatement A change in accounting policy, shall be reflected:
of previously (a) by retrospective application, with restatement of prior period financial data as far back as is practicable; or
reported interim
(b) if the cumulative amount of the adjustment relating to prior financial years is impracticable to determine,
periods
then under Ind AS 8 the new policy is applied prospectively from the earliest date practicable.
Interim Financial An entity shall not reverse an impairment loss recognised in a previous interim period in respect of goodwill.
Reporting and
Impairment
Objectives of Ind AS 7
To assess To require
the ability of the entity to the needs of the entity to the timing and certainty the provision of information about
generate cash and cash utilise those cash flows. of generation of cash the historical changes in cash and
equivalents. flows. cash equivalents of an entity.
Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Cash and cash equivalents
These are the Investing activities Financing activities Cash Cash equivalents
principal revenue- are the acquisition are activities that
producing activities and disposal result in changes
of the entity other of long-term in the size and It Are short-
than investing or assets and other composition of the comprises term, highly
financing activities investments not contributed equity cash on liquid
included in cash and borrowings of hand & investments
equivalents the entity demand
deposits Are readily
Reporting convertible
An entity shall report separately to known
major classes of gross cash amounts of
receipts and gross cash payments cash
arising from investing and
Under direct Under indirect financing activities
method method Are subject
to an
insignificant
risk of
Whereby major Whereby profit or loss is adjusted for changes in
classes of gross • non-cash transactions value
cash receipts • any deferrals or accruals of past
and gross cash or future operating cash receipts
payments are or payments Are not for
disclosed • items of income or expense investment
associated with investing or purposes
financing cash flows
has a short
maturity of,
Exception say, 3 months
or less from
Entities are encouraged to follow the direct method. The Equity investments are excluded the date of
direct method provides information which may be useful from cash equivalents acquisition
in estimating future cash flows and which is not available
under the indirect method.
9
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Cash flows arising from operating activities Cash flows arising from investing activities
Note:
1. Cash flows denominated in a foreign currency are reported in a manner consistent with Ind AS 21.
2. A weighted average exchange rate for a period may be used for recording foreign currency transactions or the translation of the cash
flows of a foreign subsidiary.
3. Ind AS 21 does not permit use of the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period when translating the cash flows of a foreign
subsidiary.
Important Points
1. Unrealised gains and losses arising from are not cash flows.
changes in foreign currency exchange rates
2. The effect of exchange rate changes on is reported in the statement of cash flows in order to reconcile cash and cash
cash and cash equivalents held or due in a equivalents at the beginning and the end of the period.
foreign currency is presented separately from cash flows from operating, investing and
financing activities and includes the differences, if any, had those cash flows
been reported at end of period exchange rates.
Shall be
separately Investments W h e n an investor restricts its reporting
disclosed Tax cash in accounted in the statement of cash flows
When it is flow is
Cash practicable subsidiaries, for by use of to the cash flows between itself
classified associates the equity or and the investee, for example, to
flows to identify as an
arising and joint cost method dividends and advances.
investing or ventures
from financing
taxes on When it is Shall be classified W h e n Includes in its statement of cash
impracticable as cash flows from activity as reporting its flows:
income appropriate
to identify operating activities interest in • the cash flows in respect of its
when impracticable an associate investments in the associate
to identify with or a joint or joint venture, and
financing and venture using • distributions and other
investing activities the equity payments or receipts between
Note: When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of method it and the associate or joint
activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed. venture.
11
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Interest and Dividends
Cash flows from interest and dividends received and paid shall
each be disclosed separately
Interest paid Interest and dividends Dividends paid Dividends Interest paid Interest and dividends
received paid received
Shall be classified as Shall be presented Shall disclose, in aggregate, during the period
investing activities separately
The total consideration The portion of the The amount of cash and cash The amount of the assets and
paid or received consideration consisting of equivalents in the subsidiaries liabilities other than cash or cash
cash and cash equivalents or other businesses over which equivalents in the subsidiaries
control is obtained or lost or other businesses over which
control is obtained or lost,
Cash flows arising from changes in ownership interests in a summarised by each major
subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control. category
Is to prescribe
The criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies The accounting treatment and disclosure of
Important Definitions
1. Accounting Specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an entity in preparing and presenting financial
policies statements.
2. A change in m It is an adjustment of the carrying amount of an asset or a liability, or the amount of the periodic
accounting consumption of an asset.
estimate m Change in accounting estimates result from new information or new developments.
m It is not corrections of errors.
m Effect of such a change is given prospectively.
3. Prior period m They are omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity’s financial statements for one or more prior periods
errors arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information
m Such errors include the effects of
mathematical mistakes,
mistakes in applying accounting policies,
oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and
fraud.
4. Retrospective It is applying a new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions as if that policy had always been
application applied unless it is impracticable to do so.
5. Retrospective It is correcting the recognition, measurement and disclosure of amounts of elements of financial statements as if a
restatement prior period error had never occurred.
Accounting Policies
Selection and application of accounting policies Changes in accounting policies (Refer Note 3)
When an Ind AS specifically When no Ind AS specifically If the change is If the change results providing reliable and
applies to a transaction, applies to a transaction, required by an more relevant information about the effects
other event or condition other event or condition Ind AS of transactions, other events or conditions
on the entity’s financial position, financial
performance or cash flows
The accounting policy(s) Management shall use its
applied to the item shall judgement in developing
be determined as per that and applying an accounting When an entity changes an accounting policy voluntarily, it
Ind AS policy (Refer Note 1) shall apply the change retrospectively, if specific transitional
provisions does not apply to that change. (Refer Note 4)
Exception
When it is impracticable to determine the period-specific effects of changing an accounting policy on comparative information for
one or more prior periods presented,
m apply the new accounting policy to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as at the beginning of the earliest period for
which retrospective application is practicable.
If it is impracticable to determine the cumulative effect, at the beginning of the current period, of applying a new accounting
policy to all prior periods,
m adjust the comparative information to apply the new accounting policy prospectively from the earliest date practicable.
13
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Notes:
1. For judgement, management may also first consider the most recent pronouncements of International Accounting Standards Board
and in absence thereof those of the other standard-setting bodies that use a similar conceptual framework to develop accounting
standards, other accounting literature and accepted industry practices.
2. An entity shall select and apply its accounting policies consistently for similar transactions, other events and conditions.
3. The following are not changes in accounting policies:
(a) the application of an accounting policy for transactions, other events or conditions that differ in substance from those previously
occurring; and
(b) the application of a new accounting policy for transactions, other events or conditions that did not occur previously or were
immaterial.
4. Early application of an Ind AS is not a voluntary change in accounting policy.
Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 10 : Events after the Reporting Period
Objective
Ind AS 10 prescribes
Carve Out: Where there is a breach of a material provision of a long-term loan arrangement on or before the end of the reporting
period with the effect that the liability becomes payable on demand on the reporting date, the agreement by lender before the
approval of the financial statements for issue, to not demand payment as a consequence of the breach, shall be considered as an
adjusting event.
Adjusting events after the reporting period Non-adjusting events after the reporting period
15
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Important points to remember
S. No. Item Timing Treatment Reason
1 Dividends Declared after the reporting m Do not recognise it as a No obligation exists at that time.
period but before approval of liability at the end of the
financial statements reporting period.
m Disclosed in the notes.
2. Going concern If management determines after m Do not prepare the financial The deterioration in operating
the reporting period either that statements on a going results and financial position
it intends to liquidate the entity concern basis; or after the reporting period may
or to cease trading m Make necessary disclosure be so pervasive that it may
of not following going require a fundamental change in
concern basis or events or the basis of accounting.
conditions that may cast
significant doubt upon the
entity’s ability to continue as
a going concern.
3. Date of approval Approved after the reporting Disclose the date when the Important for users to know
of financial period financial statements when the financial statements
were
statements for approved for issue and who gave
were approved for issue because
issue that approval. the financial statements do not
reflect events after this date.
4. U p d a t i n g Received information after the Update disclosures that relate to When the information does
disclosure about reporting period new information / conditions. not affect the amounts that
conditions at it recognises in its financial
the end of the statements, disclosures are
reporting period required.
Consider if the contract meets each of the five criteria to pass Step 1: Continue to assess the contract to
determine if the Step 1 criteria are met.
Have the parties approved the contract? (approval may be written, oral, or implied, as
long as the parties intend to be bound by the terms and conditions of the contract)
No Recognise consideration received
Yes
as a liability until each of the five
Can the entity identify each party's rights regarding the goods/services to be transferred? criteria in Step 1 are met or one of
No
Yes the following occurs:
Can the entity identify the payment terms for the goods/services to be transferred? 1. entity has no remaining
No performance obligations and
Yes
substantially all consideration
Does the contract have commercial substance? has been received and is non-
No
Yes refundable.
Is it probable that the entity will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will 2. contract is terminated
be entitled in exchange for the goods/services that will be transferred to the customer? and consideration is non-
No
Yes refundable.
Proceed to Step 2 and only reassess the Step 1 criteria if there is an
indication of a significant change in facts and circumstances.
Notes:
1. If at the inception of an arrangement, an entity concludes that the criteria below are not met, it should not apply Steps 2 through 5
of the model until it determines that the Step 1 criteria are subsequently met.
2. When a contract meets the five criteria and ‘passes’ Step 1, the entity will not reassess the Step 1 criteria unless there is an
indication of a significant change in facts and circumstances.
3. Two or more contracts may need to be accounted for as a single contract if they are entered into at or near the same time with the
same customer (or with related parties), and if one of the following conditions exists:
(a) The contracts are negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective;
(b) The amount of consideration paid in one contract depends on the price or performance in the other contract; or
(c) The goods or services promised in the contract are a single performance obligation.
Combining contracts
An entity is required to combine two or more contracts and account for them as a single contract if they are entered into at or near the same
time and meet any one of the following criteria:
Yes
Are the contracts negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective?
No
Whether goods or services promised in the contract are a single performance Yes
obligation?
No
17
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Accounting for the modification
Are both of the following true: Yes Account for the modification as a separate
m The scope of the contract increases because distinct promised contract.
goods or services are added to the contract.
m The consideration increases by the stand-alone selling price of the
added goods or services. Allocate the remaining transaction price
not yet recognised to the outstanding
No performance obligations. In other words,
Yes treat as a termination of the old contract
Are the remaining goods or services distinct from the goods or services and the creation of a new contract.
transferred on or before the date of the contract modification?
No
Account for the contract modification as
Are the remaining goods or services not distinct and, therefore, form Yes if it were a part of the existing contract—
part of a single performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the that is, the adjustment to revenue is made
date of the contract modification? on a cumulative catch-up basis.
No
Are some of the remaining goods or services distinct and others not Yes Follow the guidance for distinct and non-
distinct? distinct remaining goods or services.
Distinct
Readily available resource = Sold separately Significant integration No significant Not highly depedent or
customisation or interrelated
or customer has already obtained services not provided modification
Promise to This will be considered as single performance Multiple Element m If the goods or services are not considered
transfer a series obligation, if the consumption of those Arrangements/ as distinct, those goods or services are
of distinct goods Goods and combined with other goods or services
services by the customers is symmetrical
or services services that are under the contract till the time the entity
i.e. they meet both of the following criteria: not distinct identifies a bundle of distinct goods or
(a) each distinct good or service would meet services.
the criteria to be a performance obligation m The combination would result in
satisfied over time; and accounting of multiple goods or services
(b) In each transfer, same method is used to in the contract as a single performance
obligation.
measure the entity’s progress towards
m An entity may end up accounting for all the
complete satisfaction of the performance goods or services promised in a contract
obligation. as a single performance obligation if the
entire bundle of promised goods and
services is the only distinct performance
obligation identified.
19
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Variable consideration 6 Sale with m To account for the transfer of products with
1 Penalties m Accounted for as per the substance of the a right of a right of return (and for some services that
return are provided subject to a refund), an entity
contract.
shall recognise all of the following:
m Where the penalty is inherent in (a) revenue for the transferred products
determination of transaction price, it in the amount of consideration
shall form part of variable consideration. to which the entity expects to be
2 Estimating Estimate an amount of variable consideration entitled (therefore, revenue would
the amount by using either of the following methods: not be recognised for the products
of variable (a) Expected value - expected to be returned);
consideration It is the sum of probability-weighted (b) a refund liability; and
(c) an asset (and corresponding
amounts in a range of possible adjustment to cost of sales) for its right
consideration amounts. to recover products from customers
It will be appropriate if an entity has a on settling the refund liability.
large number of contracts with similar m Promise to stand ready to accept a
characteristics. returned product during the return
(b) Most likely amount – period shall not be accounted for as a
It is the single most likely amount in a performance obligation in addition to the
obligation to provide a refund.
range of possible consideration amounts
m For any amounts received (or receivable)
(i.e. the single most likely outcome of the for which an entity does not expect to be
contract). entitled, the entity shall not recognise
It will be appropriate, if the contract has revenue when it transfers products to
only two possible outcomes. customers but shall recognise those
An entity shall apply one method consistently amounts received (or receivable) as a
throughout the contract. refund liability.
m Subsequently, at the end of each
3 Refund m Recognise a refund liability if the entity reporting period, the entity shall update
liabilities receives consideration from a customer its assessment of amounts for which it
and expects to refund some or all of that expects to be entitled in exchange for
consideration to the customer. the transferred products and make a
m A refund liability is measured at the corresponding change to the transaction
amount of consideration received / price and, therefore, in the amount of
revenue recognised.
receivable for which the entity does not
m An entity shall update the measurement
expect to be entitled (i.e. amounts not of the refund liability at the end of
included in the transaction price). each reporting period for changes
m The refund liability shall be updated in expectations about the amount
at the end of each reporting period for of refunds. An entity shall recognise
changes in circumstances. corresponding adjustments as revenue
(or reductions of revenue).
4 Constraining Include in the transaction price some or all of
m An asset recognised for an entity’s right
estimates an amount of variable consideration estimated to recover products from a customer on
of variable only to the extent that it is highly probable settling a refund liability shall initially
consideration that a significant reversal in the amount be measured by reference to the former
of cumulative revenue recognised will not carrying amount of the product less any
occur when the uncertainty associated with expected costs to recover those products.
the variable consideration is subsequently m An entity shall present the asset separately
resolved. from the refund liability.
m Exchanges by customers of one product for
5 Reassessment At the end of each reporting period, account another of the same type, quality, condition
of variable for changes in the transaction price, if any. and price are not considered returns.
consideration m Return of a defective product in exchange
for a functioning product shall be
evaluated as warranties.
Warranties
Customer has option to purchase separately Customer does not have option to purchase separately
Distinct service, as the entity promises to provide service Warranty provides an assurance that the product complies
in addition to the product’s described functionality with agreed-upon specifications
Is the consideration payable to a customer a payment for a distinct good Yes Account for the consideration as a
or service from the customer? reduction of the transaction price.
No
Does the consideration exceed the fair value of the distinct goods or Yes Account for the excess as a reduction of
services that the entity receives from the customer? the transaction price.
No
Account for the purchase of the good or service in the same way that
the entity accounts for other purchases from suppliers.
21
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Allocation of aAllocate a discount proportionately to all performance obligations in the contract on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling
discount prices of the underlying distinct goods or services.
When to Allocate a discount entirely to one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract if all of the following
allocate criteria are met:
discount to (a) the entity regularly sells each distinct good or service (or each bundle of distinct goods or services) in the contract on a
‘less than all’ stand-alone basis;
performance (b) the entity also regularly sells on a stand-alone basis a bundle (or bundles) of some of those distinct goods or services at a
obligations? discount to the stand-alone selling prices of the goods or services in each bundle; and
(c) the discount attributable to each bundle of goods or services described in (b) above is substantially the same as the
discount in the contract and an analysis of the goods or services in each bundle provides observable evidence of the
performance obligation (or performance obligations) to which the entire discount in the contract belongs.
Note: – As a first step, always allocate the discount entirely to one or more performance obligations in the contract (if
applicable), and then as a second step, use the residual approach to estimate the stand-alone selling price of a good or service.
Allocation Variable consideration may be attributable to (1) the entire contract or (2) a specific part of the contract, such as either of
of variable the following:
consideration (a) one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract.
(b) one or more, but not all, distinct goods or services promised in a series of distinct goods or services that forms part of a
single performance obligation.
How to Allocate a variable amount (and subsequent changes to that amount) entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct
allocate good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation if both of the following criteria are met:
variable m the terms of a variable payment relate specifically to the entity’s efforts to satisfy the performance obligation or transfer
consideration? the distinct good or service (or to a specific outcome from satisfying the performance obligation or transferring the
distinct good or service); and
m allocating the variable amount of consideration entirely to the performance obligation or the distinct good or service
when considering all of the performance obligations and payment terms in the contract.
Yes
Control is transferred
Control is over time
transferred at a No
point in time
Recognise as an asset
Recognise as under this standard if WITHIN THE SCOPE OF
an asset the costs: APPENDEIX
incremental
costs to obtain Operator does not recognise
a contract that All infrastructure as property, plant and
are expected to equipment or as a leased asset
be recovered.
Directly relate
to a contract (or
anticipated contract),
such as direct labour Does the Does the
and materials, indirect operator operator
costs of production, have a have a
etc. contractual contractual OUTSIDE
right to right to THE
receive cash No charge users No SCOPE OF
or other of the public APPENDIX
financial services as SEE
asset from or described in PARAGRAPH
Generate or enhance at direction paragraph 27 OF
resources that will of the 17 of APPENDIX
be used to satisfy grantor as Appendix?
performance described in
obligations in the paragraph 16
future, AND of Appendix?
Yes Yes
23
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Final (new course) Paper 1 - Financial Reporting: A Capsule for Quick Revision
In a pursuit to provide quality academic inputs to the students to help them in grasping the intricate aspects of the subject,
the Board of studies bring forth a crisp and concise capsule on Final new course Paper 1: Financial Reporting. This capsule
is third in the series of capsules on paper on Financial Reporting.
The syllabus of this paper covers almost all Indian Accounting Standards. Many of the Ind AS have already been covered
in the capsules on Financial Reporting published in July, 2018 and May, 2019 issues of this Journal. Therefore, for a
comprehensive revision of the Ind AS, students should also refer to these capsules along with the amendments notified
after their release, if any.
In this capsule we have covered Ind AS 20, 105, 41, 24 and 33. Significant provisions of these Ind AS have been presented
through pictorial/tabular presentations for better understanding and quick revision.
Students are advised to refer the study material or bare text of these Ind AS for comprehensive study and revision. Under
no circumstances, does this capsule substitute the detailed study of the material provided by the Board of Studies. Further,
students are advised to enhance their ability to address the issues and solve the problems based on Ind AS by working out
the examples, illustrations and questions given in the study material, revision test papers and mock test papers.
Overview of Ind AS 20
Scope
(a) To special problems arising in accounting for government grants reflecting the effects of
In accounting for In disclosure of changing prices or supplementary information of a similar nature.
(b) To government assistance that is provided for an entity in the form of benefits that are
available in determining taxable profit or tax loss, or are determined or limited on the basis of
income tax liability.
Examples: Income tax holidays, investment tax credits, accelerated depreciation.
Government grants Other forms of (c) To government participation in the ownership of the entity.
government assistance (d) To government grants covered by Ind AS 41, Agriculture.
24
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Entity will comply with the conditions of the grant
Only when
Recognition
of government
there is
reasonable
+
grant
assurance that Grant will be received
Note:
Or
Reduce the deferred income balance by the amount payable
Disclosure
26
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Classification of non-current assets (or disposal groups) as held for sale or held for distribution to owners
An entity shall classify a non-current asset (or disposal group) as held for sale if its carrying amount will
be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use
* Sale transactions include exchanges of non-current assets for Measurement of non-current assets (or disposal
other non-current assets when the exchange has commercial groups) classified as held for sale
substance
**If the entity remains committed to its plan to sell the asset Fair value less
(or disposal group), events or circumstances beyond the costs to sell
Value of
entity’s control may extend the period to complete the sale non-current
beyond one year asset (or
Lower of disposal
***Not applicable for non-current assets held for distribution Carrying both group)
to owners amount classified as
held for sale
Note: Note:
If the asset (or disposal group) is acquired as part of a business
S. No. Particular Details
combination, it shall be measured at fair value less costs to sell.
Presentation and Disclosure of a non-current asset (or disposal group) classified as held for sale
• Present a non-current asset classified as held for sale separately from other
assets in the balance sheet.
• Present the liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale separately
from other liabilities in the balance sheet. Those assets and liabilities should not
be offset and presented as a single amount.
• Separate disclosure is required for major classes of assets and liabilities
classified as held for sale.
Presentation • Present separately any cumulative income or expense recognised in OCI
relating to such non-current asset classified as held for sale.
• Comparative amounts are not reclassified or re-presented to reflect the
classification in the balance sheet for the latest period presented.
• Any gain or loss on the remeasurement does not meet the definition of a discontinued
operation shall be included in profit or loss from continuing operations.
28
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Discontinued operations
represents
a separate
major line of
business or
A component of geographical
an entity* operations; or
that has
Discontinued
either been operations
disposed of is a subsidiary is part of a single
acquired co-ordinated
exclusively with plan to dispose of
or classified as a separate major
a view to
held for sale resale; or line of business
or geographical
operations
* A component of an entity will have been a cash-generating unit or a group of cash-generating units while being held for use
Scope of Ind AS 41
Non-Applicability
Applicability
30
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Measurement of change - The change in quality (for example, genetic merit, density,
ripeness, fat cover, protein content, and fibre strength) or quantity (for example, progeny,
weight, cubic metres, fibre length or diameter, and number of buds) brought about
by biological transformation or harvest is measured and monitored as a routine
management function
Note: Harvesting from unmanaged sources (such as ocean fishing and deforestation) is not agricultural activity.
Biological Assets
Biological Transformation
Recognition Measurement
(when and only when)
is a processes of (causing qualitative
or quantitative changes in a biological
asset) the it is the fair initial at the end
entity probable value or recognition of each
controls that future cost of reporting
the economic the asset period
Growth Degeneration Production Procreation asset as benefits can be
a result associated measured
of past with the reliably
events asset will at its fair value less
An increase A decrease in Of flow to the costs to sell
in quantity or the quantity or agricultural Creation of entity
improvement deterioration produce such additional
in quality of in quality of as latex, tea living animals Exception
an animal or an animal or leaf, wool, and or plants
plant plant mik
32
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 24 - Related Party Disclosures
Objective, Related Party (RP) Scope of Ind AS 24
Scope and
Purpose of
related party Related party
disclosures transactions The Standard has to be applied in:
Overview of
Ind AS 24
Identification Party that are not
of related Identifying related party relationships
Irrespective of RP
transactions Identifying outstanding balances between an
entity and its related parties
Only when there is
Disclosures RP transactions
Identifying commitments between an entity and
its related parties
Exemption from
disclosures to
Government related Identifying the circumstances in which
entitites
disclosures of above items are to be made
Disclosures
To ensure that the To draw attention to the
financial statements possibility that financial
contain necessary position and profit or loss
disclosures with respect to may have been affected by Disclosures not
Disclosures are to be
made in required when
Entity is prohibited
by the statute,
Outstanding balances Intra-group related regulator or
with related parties party transactions similar competent
and outstanding authority to
balances are disclose certain
eliminated in information
Commitments with preparation of CFS
related parties
Exception:
If above items (occurred between investment
entity and subsidiaries) are measured at FVTPL,
then not eliminated
the reporting Both entities are joint ventures of the same third party
entity or
34
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Important definitions:
Control Power over the investee when it is exposed or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the
investee and has the ability to affect those returns
Joint Control Contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement which exists only when decisions about the
relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control
Significant Power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee, but is not control of those
influence policies
Key management Persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the
personnel (KMP) entity, directly or indirectly, including any director (whether executive or otherwise) of that entity
Close members Close members of the family of a person are those family members who may be expected to influence, or
of the family of a be influenced by, that person in their dealings with the entity including:
person (a) that person’s children, spouse or domestic partner, brother, sister, father and mother;
(b) children of that person’s spouse or domestic partner; and
(c) dependants of that person or that person’s spouse or domestic partner.
Unrelated Parties
Disclosure
Mandatory disclosure of relationship, where Disclosure required only when there are related
control exists between a parent and its subsidiaries party transactions
Disclosures are must even when there are Compensation to key Related party
no related party transactions management personnel transactions during
- In total the year
- And for each category of:
Disclosures:
- Name of its parent and, if different, the
ultimate controlling party
- Nature of related party relationship
Short-term Post- Other Termination Share-
employee employment long-term benefits based
Disclosure requirements here are in addition benefits benefits benefits payment
to Ind AS 27 and Ind AS 112
(a) The nature of At minimum, disclosures include: Disclosures shall be made Provision of key
the related party (a) Amount of transactions separately for each of the management
relationship (b) Amount of outstanding following categories: personnel services
(b) Information balances, including (a) The parent that are provided
about: commitments, and: (b) Entities with joint control by separate
- Related party - Their terms and conditions of, or significant influence management
transactions (including secured/unsecured over, the entity
- outstanding and nature of consideration (c) Subsidiaries
balances paid in settlement) (d) Associates
including - Guarantees given or received (e) Joint ventures in which the
commitments (c) Provisions for doubtful debts entity is a joint venturer
(d) Expense recognized during (f ) Key management personnel
the period in respect of bad or of the entity or its parent
doubtful debts (g) Other related parties
f Transfers under licence agreements k Management contracts including for deputation of employees
Note:
• A related party transaction is a transfer of resources, services or obligations between a reporting entity and a related party, regardless of
whether a price is charged.
• If an entity obtains key management personnel services from another entity (the ‘management entity’), the entity is not required to apply the
requirements to the compensation paid or payable by the management entity to the management entity’s employees or directors.
• Related party transactions of a similar nature may be disclosed in aggregate by type of related party except when separate disclosure is
necessary.
• Disclosures that related party transactions were made on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm’s length transactions are made only if
such terms can be substantiated.
• Participation by a parent or subsidiary in a defined benefit plan that shares risks between group entities is a transaction between related
parties.
Reporting entity is exempt from the disclosure If a reporting entity applies the exemption, it
requirements in relation to shall disclose the following about
(i) Related party transactions (i) The transactions and
(ii) Outstanding balances and (ii) Related outstanding balances
(iii) Commitments with
For each individually significant transaction: For other transactions that are collectively significant
-Its Nature -Its Amount -A qualitative or quantitative indication of their extent
Reporting entity shall consider the closeness of the related party relationship and other factors relevant in establishing the
level of significance of the transaction such as whether it is:
(a) Significant (b) Carried (c) Outside (d) Disclosed (e) Reported (f ) Subject to
in terms of out on non- normal to regulatory to senior shareholder
size market terms day-to-day or supervisory management approval
business authorities
operations
Note:
• Government refers to government, government agencies and similar bodies whether local, national or international.
• A government-related entity is an entity that is controlled, jointly controlled or significantly influenced by a government.
36
FINANCIAL REPORTING
INDIAN ACCOUNTING STANDARD (IND AS) 33 - EARNINGS PER SHARE
Overview of Ind AS 33
Effect of
discounts, Options, warrants and their equivalents
premiums related
to preference
shares Employee stock options
Purchased options
Different entities in the Different reporting periods Deduct Deduct When When In case of
same reporting period for the same entity after-tax after-tax preference preference an early
amount of amount of shares are shares are conversion
preference preference issued at repurchased of
Scope of Ind AS 33 dividend of dividend discount or under an convertible
the period from Profit premium entity’s preference
from Profit and Loss, to provide tender shares
Apply to companies that have issued ordinary shares and Loss whether or for a low or offer to the
(equity shares in Indian context) only when not dividend high initial holders
declared is declared dividend
Entity that discloses EPS shall calculate and disclose respectively
EPS in accordance with this Ind AS 33 to
compensate
When an entity is required to present both an entity for
consolidated financial statements and separate Any original issue selling the
financial statements then discount or premium preference
on increasing rate shares at a
preference shares is discount or
Disclosure required by this An entity shall present EPS in amortised to retained
Standard shall be presented CFS based on the information premium
earnings using the (referred as
in both consolidated financial given in CFS only. effective interest
statements (CFS) and increasing
Similarly, EPS in SFS should method and treated as a rate
separate financial statements be based on the information preference dividend
(SFS) separately preference
given in SFS only. shares)
38
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Weighted average number of shares (For calculation of Basic EPS) Important points:
For the purpose of calculating basic earnings per share, the number of 1. Contingently issuable shares are treated as outstanding and are
ordinary shares shall be the weighted average number of ordinary shares included in the calculation of basic earnings per share only from the
outstanding during the period. date when all necessary conditions are satisfied (i.e. the events have
occurred).
Weighted average number of equity shares: 2. Shares that are issuable solely after the passage of time are not
Ordinary shares outstanding at the beginning xxxx contingently issuable shares, because the passage of time is a
certainty.
Less: Ordinary shares bought back multiplied by time- 3. Outstanding ordinary shares that are contingently returnable (i.e.
weighting factor* xxxx subject to recall) are not treated as outstanding and are excluded
Add: Ordinary shares issued multiplied by time- from the calculation of basic earnings per share until the date the
shares are no longer subject to recall.
weighting factor * xxxx
Ordinary shares outstanding during the period xxxx Where,
Contingently issuable ordinary shares are ordinary shares issuable for
*The time-weighting factor is the number of days that the shares are little or no cash or other consideration upon the satisfaction of specified
outstanding as a proportion of the total number of days in the period. conditions in a contingent share agreement.
The formula can be mathematically expressed as follows: Test for determining whether potential ordinary shares are
Dilutive or Antidilutive
Profit/Loss attributable to Equity share holders
when dilutive potential shares are converted into
Diluted ordinary shares
EPS = Weighted average number of existing Equity shares Will EPS decrease or loss per share increase due to
+ Weighted average number of dilutive potential conversion of potential ordinary shares
ordinary shares
40
FINANCIAL REPORTING
Treatment of options, warrants and their equivalents Contracts that may be settled in ordinary shares or cash
If it is a contract to issue a
If it is a contract to issue Either Or
certain number of ordinary
remaining ordinary shares for
shares at their average market
no consideration
price during the period
Through ordinary shares Through cash
Note: Yes No
• Options and warrants have a dilutive effect only when
the average market price of ordinary shares during
the period exceeds the exercise price of the options or
warrants (i.e. they are ‘in the money’). Consider in the
calculation of diluted Ignore
• Previously reported earnings per share are not retroactively EPS
adjusted to reflect changes in prices of ordinary shares.
• Employee share options with fixed or determinable terms
and non-vested ordinary shares are treated as options in Note:
the calculation of diluted earnings per share, even though
they may be contingent on vesting. They are treated as When an issued contract that may be settled in ordinary
outstanding on the grant date. shares or cash at the entity’s option may give rise to an asset
• Performance-based employee share options are treated or a liability, or a hybrid instrument with both an equity and a
as contingently issuable shares because their issue is liability component under Ind AS 32, the entity should adjust
contingent upon satisfying specified conditions in addition the numerator (profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity
to the passage of time. holders) for any changes in the profit or loss that would have
resulted during the period if the contract had been classified
Contingently issuable shares wholly as an equity instrument.
» Contingently issuable ordinary shares are ordinary shares
issuable for little or no cash or other consideration upon
Settlement of a contract at the holder’s option
the satisfaction of specified conditions in a contingent
share agreement.
» A contingent share agreement is an agreement to issue Either Or
shares that is dependent on the satisfaction of specified
conditions.
» In the calculation of basic earnings per share, Through ordinary shares Through cash
contingently issuable ordinary shares are treated as
outstanding and included in the calculation of diluted
earnings per share if the conditions are satisfied (i.e. the
events have occurred).
The more dilutive of following shall be considered in calculating
» Contingently issuable shares are included from the Diluted EPS
beginning of the period (or from the date of the
contingent share agreement, if later).
» If the conditions are not satisfied, the number of
contingently issuable shares included in the diluted
earnings per share calculation is based on the number of Cash settlement Share settlement
shares that would be issuable if the end of the period is
the end of the contingency period
Retrospective adjustments
Disclosure as per Ind AS 33
If the number of ordinary or potential ordinary
shares are outstanding
42