CALCULUS Fae THE REAL NUMBERS (Lecture 2) eens September 23, 2020 Main Discussion: — Absolute Value Equations | = Absolute value Inequalities = )Relations & Functions (Parts 1) UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA222 Theorem (a) jab| = |allbl foralla, b € R. () fal? =a? forallaeR. ———? (©) Me 0, then lal 0, > 0, then ab > 0, so that jab! = ab = |a'|b|. Ifa > 0,6 <0, then ab < 0, so that Jabl = ~ab = a(—b) = |allb|. The remaining cases are treated similarly. (6) Since a? > 0, we have a? = |a*| (6) If fal 0, which is equivalent to saying that a and 6 have the same sign. (See Exercise 2.) There are many useful variations of the Triangle Inequality. Here are two. 2.4 Corollary jfa,b € R, then (a) |la{— [bl] < le - b1, (b) la —bI < lal +61 Proof. (a) We write a =a —b +b and then apply the Triangle Inequality to get Jal == K(a = b) +b) < Ja — b| + |b]. Now subtract [b| to get Jal = [01 < la ~ bi. Similarly, from [b| = |b ~ a +a] = |b — a} + Jal, we obtain —Ja — b| = —|b — al < Ja! — |b}. If wecom: bine these two inequalities, using 2.2.2(c), we get the inequality in (a). (b) Replace b in the Teiangle Inequality by —b to get la — bl < [al +| —bI.Since | ~ b| = |b| we obtain the inequality in (b). QEDA straightforward application of Mathematical Induction extends the Triangle Inequal- ity to any finite number of elements of R. 2.2.5 Corollary Ifa,.a,.---,a, are any real numbers, then a, +a, +--+ a,) < lay + lag) +--+ + LayExercises for Section 2.2 4G Fi ax @ hat atisty the following inequalis (a) [4x — 5] < 13, ) b?-1/ <3. 7, Bind all x © & that satisfy the equation |x +11 + lx — 21 J 8, Find all x e R tna satisty the following inequalities. @) ix-U> let], (b) Ix} +ie4+ <2 @ sketch he graph ofthe equation 410. Find ali x € R that satisfy the inequality 4 < |x +2)+|x— 1] <5. 4-11, Find allx © that sais both [2e — 3] < Sand x + 1] > 2 simultaneously bel= b=jen = (Re (Teale aya) ¥e-4 Zoe, x S% — M2, RD XH KZA (eal \ portal ea eee > tase write be odhet Ce) +0) = (ea 4 (2-¥) 2 aera prarceey GAN (y-)=} oy ae Bet Ay-1 2 - axe ye aCeal @=13>° Exercises for Section 2.2 a 14|<@ =» _@ -54 1 6. Find a (6 & chat satsty the following nequaliis “13 let], (b) ix] +ie4 <2 2 9, Sketch the graph of the equation y = |x| — |x — 1h, z re 1 don & 10. Find all x € R that satisfy the inequality 4 < |x + 2+ |x — 1] <5. S57 { xe Z 11, Find all x @ R that satisty both [2x — 3] < Sand [x +1] > 2 si 4 & & v10. Find all x € that satisfy the inequality 4 < |x + 21+ Ix = ll <5 ec \ RA, A120 \4 K-20 Fy a - SS (x) 412044 4), aco Ge» xti2t CN cemg BRBE mn, x2-2 = x40 2 \rt|= Z &) *2\ = fen), 42 ewet, KSo? x1 Ze ex Goyette th mec eon “ees =10. Find all x € R that satisfy the inequality 4 < |x + 2|+ |x — 1] <5. yal. ("7") "2? RE 1-9 af xel \a -2 o* 41 Soa oe 2 poate f in 4 cCa-t) HFEF yc ds eed ex dies yey wes Tei 3 < 2xe4 PLEAS uk true bee? eho Sta $ ed Th at rf an fo the inegudltty by SS, % Ee yt 3s (3, 2)uR2 $5, -(2 2) A4 < xt S5=(3,-2)UC4,2) > inkervrot =3¢x% 67% =3 = Ce -) = Premiac<-$ } GB, a)afxeR:4 exez} REoa as = 2 iS c oo at GOES iy CoE 9 Wal, Cah Rhead,t2lea} \2R Acad, Cn, oN prA>B , eA, ye8 is a fumeton if fers a i eas ER rs re) pe ee te ea Ce Oa CR Coal [Cin COCO ORR SS SS Ry we a fwrdtion 7 Yes, th 12 Neer tec — i ch ey cos Pa) [es i Gaaeel Oe ee mee ena ik fe eeeShae m4 c mead on CSS re ac Pas on) j risky ener es \n@d, a See Ce as Pear Ns PREC ae f cr aha sai Me PaCS y= va Pare fi wot Tajeetive Pee can ty erg as aadPen eae orem ad 4 a Pa Rada le 2Py 9% ra ZaNaS CoE LOCALLY ROOTED, GLOBALLY RESPECTED I UUGM ACID ll OL