205 Deformity of Rocka 2 so-onstant gui. It flows coninvously ata constant rate when a shear Stress applied suddenly and held constant. Figure 6.17 isa Kelino Voight ‘hod oF a two-consant sold. A suddenly applied constant shear ste causes sear strain at am exponentially decreasing fate, approaching Ze a8 1.085 ‘without bound Figures 6 [7cand show a three-constant gud and a thee constant soi, respectively. The former, termed a genralized Marvell ody. nally has an ‘exponential ate of shear strain, desying to Become asymptotic 10a constant fate of shear strain. The latter, termed a generalized Keun Body, shows an inal “instantaneous” strain lowed by shear strain at an exponentially de- teasing rate eventually tapering off completely Finally, Figure @7e shows s fourconstat guid termed the Burgers body, composed of a Maxwell and a Kelvin body i series. Its response t0 8 suddenly applied and sustained shear stress isa combination ofall the elements Wwe have seen in the previous models— inal “instantaneous” shear strain followed by shear strain st an exponentially decresing rae, becoming 4y™mp- tote to alin representing a constant ae of shear sa. In view ofthe form of the general crep curve, Figure 6.16 this the simplest mode that can be used to trace strain upto the onset of tertiary creep. More complicated models can be invoked by adding sdonal springs and dashpots, but the Burgers body ill ice ans preferable for many practical purposes. An informative com paso of varios spring-dashpat models and empirical formulations for creep fata was reported by Afrou and Harvey (978 for seientary rocks. Of the ‘spring dashpot models, the Burgers representation was consistently the Best DETERMINING VISCOELASTIC CONSTANTS FROM LagonTony vests ‘The simplest procedure for evaluating viscoelastic constants is tough uncon fined compression of elindrical rock specimens over prolonged periods. Ths requires constant stress and constant temperature and humidity over the whale test dation, which may be hours, weeks, or longer. Load may be applied by ‘ead weights acting through levers bearing direc o0 the specimen oF through an oil pressure. Servocoatoled hydraulic pressre systems and compressed Springs are alo used, Careful testing procedure insures correction of fod fo ‘anges i the cross sectional area ofthe specimen (ee for example, Rute. 1972) and measurement of strain without longterm di “The axial strain with time nin 8 Burgers body subjected to constant aa stesso, is oP Se SE Become See 62H he taftuence of Time on Hock Deformation 307 Pigure 6.18 Crp in aia compression af rock that baves ares Boy under evr ses bal 49 este Body “der rosa comprsion where K = Ei[3t ~ 25] the bulk modulus, assumed to be independent of lime! and nino Gi, and Gr ate properties of the rock to be evaluated 3s folows Fire 6.18 isa graph of versus orresponding to Equation 629. At = thee fe an intercept ns = 029K + 1303) whl stain tlre ¢ falls long the ine with intercept ay = 29K + 130, + 136) and slope o/s. Load ‘cannot be applied instantaneously and it may be preferable in pactice to ind sit allen th ly the heme te ie io208 Defrmabiiyof Rocks the intercept x by regression. Let equal the postive distance between the teepeurve nd the line asymptotic the secondary creep curve Figure 6.15). ‘Thee (620) ‘A soilog pla log 4 Versus has intercept 0/36, and lope ~Gy/2.3n dter- ‘mining Gy and lateral strains y are monitored as well as ail strains he volumetric strain is dotemined by AVIV ~ e, + 2y (se Equation 36) while the mean sto is o/3. Therefore can be calculated by Sq + 2a Cy and G; canbe eaeulated from Beanale 6) ‘Asan example, we wll id the Burgers constants for Indiana limestone using the dts fom creep tess by Hardy etl. (1970) presented in Figure 6.9. ‘The rock # homogeneous limestone with @ mean grain size of 1 mm and porosity of 17.25 The unconfined compresive strength 8 9000-1000, sl (dry) Cylinders of limestone, 112i. in diameter and 3.25 in, long, Were Foaded by dead weights on levers, in increments 50 that creep curves Were cbtined at diferent axial streses, Time dependency sas absent nts wih ‘axial stress less than 40% of gy, and secondary creep was unimportant when ‘was es than about 60% of gy. Table 6.3 summarizes the pertinent data for one specimen, Stuight ines were drawn asymptote to each eeep curve in Figure (G19, giving slopes doy and intercepts en. Regression analysis ona pocket caeulator determined the constants 821/36) and Gin (Semi plotting ‘ould have been ued instead) Te determined valves of K Gy, yy sm te given in Table 64. Not that Gy and he viscosity tems are large forthe fs {we increments when there was no time dependency ad become progressively Smaller asthe axial stress uments. Gz and Kare almost independent of stress, “This is nonlinear viseoelasticty ofthe type derived from the ition and ‘growth oferacks, Thee deformabity constants have real physical meaning: ‘Gulsthe lane shear modulus: Gy controls the amount of delayed last, ‘etermins the rate of delayed elatiy: and my describes the rae of eiscous Fo: ‘Table 6.3 meremental Creep of Indiana Limestone! sup an ‘ Sop of Asmptte |210 Deformabity of tock ‘igure 619 Ciep of ada lines Uhconiped compression. (Data Pom Hay et asisro) ‘able 64 Burgers Body Constants Fito Dat of Table 3 neces! * Increment afer din (paid (0d pa) (pain) pal) ce o ee “ ‘ e te Re H ms 66 The Infuence of Time on Rack Deformation 214 DETERMINING VISCOELASTIC CONSTANTS PROM FIELD TESTS. Any field tes in which the load canbe sustained for days o Werks canbe used to evaluate viseoelstie constants of rock masses. Corrections might be noecy ‘ry for changes n environmental eandions fr tests coated onthe surface {est the plate-bearing test using cables) But in boreholes and in underground taller, temperate and humidity are often uring ‘The dilatometer reas convenient for creep tests, Unlike the laboratory compression text on rock cylinders, there iso change ia the mean tess when A iatometeris pressured and expanded against the borehole, Therefore, there ‘sao termin K influencing the time history of ada displacement, The award radial displacement a the wall ofthe boreble (r= a) ina Burgers mater ue = 225 PO PO cons 5 By 40 = 365" 3G, 3G, In co in which p isthe internal pressure inthe datomet "The displacement with time follows a curve, Figure 6.20, ke tht for he ‘compression test and the analysis ofthe datas as previously dsessed except thatthe intercepts and slopes have diferent values. At = 0, the rad die placement i -fe 3 = fe 6330) The asymptote wo the diplacementtime curve as intercept 1,4) n= 00 (se + 35) (6336) ‘and slope pai2y. Again ting 4 equal the postive vertical distance between the asympote and the dsplacement-ime carve at anytime, pa Gi toga = oe £2 ~ 5S ‘Thus seis of sustained pressure increment in dilatometer test wll lew the constants Gi. Gs) and so be determined. ‘The pate bearing tex ean als be conducted fo yield the viscosa com stans. Now, however, there ar terms withthe bulk modus Keeause the tein pressure ne wel asthe devitoricsrese changes when the pressure 1 ‘pplied. Fora constant presse p applied suddenly toa exiie Daring lat of212 Defermaiiy of Rocke ure 20 Crepcespnse oa ameter or lyst the at haves an po oy ae evn ste cieclar shape and radius a, he mean displacement varies with time aceon ing to ibe (Lede Ly La eon *Grm* KOK FG)’ wo ‘Asa simplifcation, it may be acceptable to assume that the rocks ncompress- ile = =, 4 =f). Inti instance, (634) reduces 10 1pe (Ly teha—eem) Gea {8 The Inuenceof Tine on Rock Deformation 213 ‘The initial displacement is then ap ~ (1-Opa/4.1Gi) and after the delayed lascity has occurred, the seftlement of the pate tends tothe ine re a Gate (34) ‘An analysis of the Bld test results iain that performed forthe creep test will therefore yield valves for Gi, Gry. and mF Vis Tes than 0, ll bul wil be in ero) Fora test with rig bearing plate its tempting to eplace the factor 1.70, by #2, in analogy to the ease case, However, this Mould not be silly ‘cores inthe vissocastis case ata from long-term pat-bearing tests in schists and sandstones are pre- seed by Kubetsky and Erisiov (1920, ‘TERTIARY CREEP Secondary creep at stresses approaching peak values wil end with tertiary ceep and rupture, possibly violent Figure 6.16 Recling Figure 13, the key parameter entiying the time when tertiary creep begins i the accumulated Sain, for when the sess and cumulative tain define pot on the rie side ofthe complete sressstran curve, rapture will cc. Data by John (1974) for ‘ott, a base igneous intrusive rock, demonstrate this princi. Crep tests Were run from differeat starting stresses in unconfined compression. Figure (62a presents plots of axial stess versus log te. The horizontal lines, show ing the paths of creep tess, terminate in points along negatively inlined locas, Stain varies with ime (although noanifomly ovr the fay of eeep ‘ess, 50 Figure 6.21 can Be mapped ino stress-strain space. _Errecr oF srmess nave Figure 6.2 also shows tat the strength of ort falls when the sess rates Slowed. A specimen loaded to peak stess at 21 MPals (over about 100 hr) ‘eveloped about two-thirds ofthe srength ofa specimen loaded to peak sires M18 10° MPa/s over about atwentet ofa second) Figure 6.20, als from John shows sires stain curves for unconfined compression of noite at fe ‘et stess rates, demonstrating redoction in bess When the sires rate is lowered. Not thatthe laste modus (the lope ofthe axial sires ers axial sain curve) is unaffected by stress rat ut arta sess hasbeen reached and thereafter there is pronounced curvature and apparent yielding before pau rte points aren shown, These observations canbe explained DY ‘scocasticty theory214 Defra of hocks 8 i { | i. | igure 621 Resi fda tts. Bre by ME John (194) 0) Sess istry ‘es nig ath) tri esl os ee Bee aed gh ee x Wh) 22 1.) 391 Ld Toh and @)= 28 «1 26 The mpuence of tie on Hock Deformation 215, Yen conan ireing ea et apd toa re eho Brg bes Sansa ae ar Sle conpenon hea sn 1, 2) bmg — enone 4 tt erro de +55; ag) ~ Ba - eemens tt Goa ‘The sretsataineon shen dagen on. For ame, coe Inds tn wing ly oan sn Sa mes eh Infant 03 voce cent ees the constants Gan Kappa ltl fon Tae adel pst abe 6 gree esa es pte ncrmenaly dfn sev san ut 108 ta O re [Baro ete rly set lve etapa sane ate soot arses cave bs wou lie Staed re 38 Seas erin cies nda ion cn