158, Planes of Weakness Rocke ‘To avoid a moment and rotation of one block relative othe other, the shear load may be inlined sigh, asin Figur 3.9; but ths prevents shear testing very low pormal lads. Rotation doing shear can curt the sear pp ‘atu shown in Fgute 8.9, where te reactions tothe normal and shat frees te supplied by cables. Aes in which rotations can occur during shearing tends to underestimate the shear strength compared to ane in Which rotations sre prevented, Both conditions of loading eit in nar. The stress condition ise the shear Box ae represented by the Motr itl in Figure 5.9. The normal stress, and shear stress ton the alae plane define point 4. The normal stesso, parallel 1 the joa s unknown and Boo Lxzzid) UNG Gh apse fring wi and shee d gure 5.9 Direct her tenng. 0) A portable shears mais ni fou {tes samples upto 5 by 11S mm Courtesy of Roce nc Pater NY. (ay Agroinaon abe ate sien he shew to dy re10 Panes of Weakness in Mocks ‘ure 5.19 asa testing with ited specimen. () Aran eno jm (0) Sess onto, 55 Jobo renting 104 Figure 5.10 Tail eting ih ind specimens) Amira ein in fate shin einted fora mlistage tal tt vtwed ae he te THe [eit wat nay eosed and ws opened bythe ian age. can range fom zero to large proportion of depending on the system used for fixing the specimen inside the shear box. Since the shear tess perpendicu lar to the joint plane must be equal or, the sess is epresented by the Mohr title wath diameter AA" (Figure 53d). This ea ie partly in the tena stress field fos smal. Accordingly, diect shear Is nota good way to test intact, specimens of rock or sol However, for siding of oats, the dct shear tests fdvantageous because normal and shear displacements during shearing can both be mensured easily and Because shearing can proceed fr long distances such that wear is developed and the stent falls fo its minimum value the later is termed the residual strength. The direct shear txt can also Be con ducted inthe eld by excavaling a joint lock in place. A series of direct shear ‘ests conducted at diferent confining pressures generate a series of points A, As, le trough which ajoit shea strength curve or ie wll be dawn “Ancther approach forint testing the triil compression fert cussed in Chapter 3 the joiat oriented at an angle y equal (0251040 with the direction of axial fad, as shown in Figure 5.10 the jin wil sp before the Tock has hada chance to fracture and the jit strength eiteron ean be estab~ lished, The stength esiteron fs nor an envelope tom seis of Mab circles an the ease of inact rock, becuse fare not ee to develop inthe most erica brictation buts constrained To occur along the jin et ange. Figure 5.102j i i : : 53. Jolnt Ting, 163 shows a simple construction to locate the relevant point onthe Mohr crcl ‘oem pressures wil el a series f points AA, ele through which oi failure criterion ean be draw. Pigare 5.12 Tangent ond nora plasements ing Sot hear ‘aroun164 Plamen of Weaken Roche the tana esti started at low confining pressure and the confining pressure is quickly raised afer the peak all stent is reached, it wil be possible to generate a seis of Mobr icles fr slip from «snl test. Such a Procedie is called “a mtisag est." Figure 511 shows a Mob cle amily ‘enerated from a multistage tet forthe jini graphite schist shown a Figure $ine- (A mulstage test can also be programmed indirect shear) If real rack joins ater than models are tested, identical specimens cannot be supplied for ‘seis of previously untested rough joints; but a mulistage test could be used to investigate the stength tron. Since wear wll develop at higher normal pressures, a multistage test wll mot give the same essa a serie of Metical ‘iin specimens tested at diferent normal pressures; however, some eompro- ges Fequted i actual rock sto be tested "Figure .12 shows the type of data obtained from the diet shea et. The shear displacement across the joint, Aa, i the diferene in displacements of the upper and lower blocks measured paral! othe joint plane. the jon s rough 4 mean joint plane is ecosnized, passing throveh hil and ovr valeys ‘ofthe joint surface, Because of these undulations, the jit wil ed thicken ‘or “lte™ during shearing. The dlataney Av is the ference Between the formal displacements ofthe upper and lower Sock 2 a result of shear dis Placement. Opening (hickenin) is eckoned as postive eltancy As the shear Stress builds, period of ajusiment with light iltancy is fllowed by rapid increase in the rate of ditancy: the dlatancy rat is greatest asthe peak heat stress the "shear strength") is atained. Thereafter, the shear tes alls con tinuously andthe joint lates continously uni ataning the residual displace rent, some millimeters or even centimeters beyond the peak. Inthe fel, with ‘very rough eit surfaces, residual displacement may be achieved only after as Imuch as ameter of movement The ditancy snd, oa considerable degre, the join strength are contre by the it roughness, 5 Joint Rox Imagine join suface with Meni axpertisriing at an ange tom the ‘mean jit lane gue 3.1) Lette ftom angle os smo jot A the momeat af peak sear sess, the resultant ore on thet hen vind at an angle, with he norma othe surface o which moon bout to osu sine this ura i ined & degrees ith te at plane, the jt fiction engl +! when rere tote eto of the mean int plane ‘The acoracy and willy of ths simple concept was demonstrated by Paton (66 Vales of have been reported hy many authors. A resonable vale appear to 0 with most luce internat." Byes (98) fod 24 ola Roughnens 105 igure 518 The bs for Paton’ afr ni shat seg 44. = 40" fa variety of rocks with saw cut or ground surface upto equals Kar ith) 0.5 + 0.60 Khar applicable st higher pressure—up 16 kbar) Frequently, can be much lower when mic, tal. chlorite, oF other sheet Slice minerals frm the sliding surface of when cla gouges present, There is litle opportunity for drainage of water from the pores of saturated clay locked in hetwesn joint walls ad Yales af as low as 6 have been reported for montmorillonite cayled shears. The roughness angie can be any valve from 010 40" or more at lw pressures as discussed later. Ifthe normal presses relatively large, it wl be ease (o shea the int, through the teeth longi surface than oi over them. Mobilizing some rock strength by ture trough the ee generates a shear strength intercept Sy 20d | ew friction ange eelaed to sing on surfaces broken through the rock {ind hus approniated bythe ress ition ange for inte! rok species. (Theresa ction angle the slope ofthe lear envelope toa series Of