Unit III (The Internet and WWW)

Evolution of Internet
The precursor to the Internet was started in the early days of computing
history, in 1969 with the U.S. Defense Department's Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). ARPA-funded researchers developed
many of the protocols used for Internet communication today. This timeline
offers a brief history of the Internet’s evolution:
1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another
using packet-switching technology.
1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the
Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET
contract.
1969: On Oct. 29, UCLA’s Network Measurement Center, Stanford Research
Institute (SRI), University of California-Santa Barbara and University of Utah
install nodes. The first message is "LO," which was an attempt by student
Charles Kline to "LOGIN" to the SRI computer from the university. However,
the message was unable to be completed because the SRI system crashed.
1972: BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The Internetworking
Working Group (INWG) forms to address need for establishing standard
protocols.

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1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of
London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to
ARPANET. The term Internet is born.
1974: The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born with the introduction
of a commercial version of ARPANET, known as Telenet.
1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo said by many to be the Fathers of
the Internet) publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which
details the design of TCP.
1976: Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first email.
1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.
1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant to establish
the Computer Science Network (CSNET) to provide networking services to
university computer scientists.
1982: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the
protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for
ARPANET. This results in the fledgling definition of the Internet as connected
TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP remains the standard protocol for the Internet.
1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar .edu, .gov,
.com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming websites. This is easier to
remember than the previous designation for websites,
1984: William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to use the term
"cyberspace."
1985: Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in
Massachusetts, becomes the first registered domain.
1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected
supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical
dial-up computer modem. Over time the network speeds up and regional
research and education networks, supported in part by NSF, are connected
to the NSFNET backbone — effectively expanding the Internet throughout

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the United States. The NSFNET was essentially a network of networks that
connected academic users along with the ARPANET.
1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its
first router.
1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up
access to the Internet.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for
Nuclear Research, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This
technology continues to have a large impact on how we navigate and view
the Internet today.
1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.
1992: The first audio and video are distributed over the Internet. The
phrase "surfing the Internet" is popularized.
1993: The number of websites reaches 600 and the White House and United
Nations go online. Marc Andreesen develops the Mosaic Web browser at the
University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. The number of computers
connected to NSFNET grows from 2,000 in 1985 to more than 2 million in
1993. The National Science Foundation leads an effort to outline a new
Internet architecture that would support the burgeoning commercial use of
the network.
1994: Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a Web browser
for Windows 95.
1994: Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical
engineering graduate students at Stanford University. The site was originally
called "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web." The company was
later incorporated in March 1995.
1995: Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy begin to provide Internet
access. Amazon.com, Craigslist and eBay go live. The original NSFNET

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backbone is decommissioned as the Internet’s transformation to a
commercial enterprise is largely completed.
1995: The first online dating site, Match.com, launches.
1996: The browser war, primarily between the two major players Microsoft
and Netscape, heats up. CNET buys tv.com for $15,000.
1996: A 3D animation dubbed "The Dancing Baby" becomes one of the first
viral videos.
1997: Netflix is founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as a company
that sends users DVDs by mail.
1997: PC makers can remove or hide Microsoft’s Internet software on new
versions of Windows 95, thanks to a settlement with the Justice Department.
Netscape announces that its browser will be free.
1998: The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage
with the Internet.
1998: The Internet Protocol version 6 introduced, to allow for future growth
of Internet Addresses. The current most widely used protocol is version 4.
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses allowing for 4.3 billion unique addresses; IPv6,
with 128-bit addresses, will allow 3.4 x 1038 unique addresses, or 340
trillion trillion trillion.
1999: AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as
Napster arrives on the Internet, much to the displeasure of the music
industry.
2000: The dot-com bubble bursts. Web sites such as Yahoo! and eBay are
hit by a large-scale denial of service attack, highlighting the vulnerability of
the Internet. AOL merges with Time Warner
2001: A federal judge shuts down Napster, ruling that it must find a way to
stop users from sharing copyrighted material before it can go back online.
2003: The SQL Slammer worm spread worldwide in just 10 minutes.
Myspace, Skype and the Safari Web browser debut.

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2003: The blog publishing platform WordPress is launched.
2004: Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins. Mozilla
unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser.
2005: YouTube.com launches. The social news site Reddit is also founded.
2006: AOL changes its business model, offering most services for free and
relying on advertising to generate revenue. The Internet Governance Forum
meets for the first time.
2006: Twitter launches. The company's founder, Jack Dorsey, sends out the
very first tweet: "just setting up my twttr."
2009: The Internet marks its 40th anniversary.
2010: Facebook reaches 400 million active users.
2010: The social media sites Pinterest and Instagram are launched.
2011: Twitter and Facebook play a large role in the Middle East revolts.
2012: President Barack Obama's administration announces its opposition to
major parts of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the Protect Intellectual
Property Act, which would have enacted broad new rules requiring internet
service providers to police copyrighted content. The successful push to stop
the bill, involving technology companies such as Google and nonprofit
organizations including Wikipedia and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, is
considered a victory for sites such as YouTube that depend on user-
generated content, as well as "fair use" on the Internet.
2013: Edward Snowden, a former CIA employee and National Security
Agency (NSA) contractor, reveals that the NSA had in place a monitoring
program capable of tapping the communications of thousands of people,
including U.S. citizens.
2013: Fifty-one percent of U.S. adults report that they bank online,
according to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center.

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2015: Instagram, the photo-sharing site, reaches 400 million users,
outpacing Twitter, which would go on to reach 316 million users by the
middle of the same year.
2016: Google unveils Google Assistant, a voice-activated personal assistant
program, marking the entry of the Internet giant into the "smart"
computerized assistant marketplace. Google joins Amazon's Alexa, Siri from
Apple, and Cortana from Microsoft.

Advantages and Disadvantages of

Internet Advantages:

1. Information on almost every subject imaginable.

2. Powerful search engines
3. Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries.
4. Information at various levels of study. Everything from scholarly
articles to ones directed at children.
5. Message boards where people can discuss ideas on any topic. Ability to
get wide range of opinions. People can find others that have a similar
interest in whatever they are interested in.
6. The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone
in the country.
7. Platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video
conference with anyone in the world who also has access.
8. Friendships and love connections have been made over the internet by
people involved in love/passion over similar interests.
9. Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can have
readily available help for homework.
10. News, of all kinds is available almost instantaneously.
Commentary, on that news, from every conceivable viewpoint is also
available.

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Disadvantages:
1. There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post
anything, and much of it is garbage.
2. There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get un-
suspecting people in dangerous situations.
3. Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing
problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones.
4. Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily.
5. Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing, and
then realize far more time has passed than you realized. Internet and
television together of added to the more sedentary lifestyles of people
which further exacerbate the obesity problem.
6. Internet has a lot of "cheater" sites. People can buy essays and pass
them off as their own far more easily than they used to be able to do.
7. There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the
internet to take advantage of people.
8. Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer
and ruin valuable data.
9. Hackers can use the internet for identity theft.
10. It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just
how uneducated so many people have become in today's society.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

Domain Name Service (DNS) is the service used to convert human readable
names of hosts to IP addresses. Host names are not case sensitive and can
contain alphabetic or numeric letters or the hyphen.
What is the Domain Name System (DNS)?
Every time you visit a website, you are interacting with the largest
distributed database in the world. This massive database is collectively

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known as the DNS, or the Domain Name System. Without it, the Internet as
we know it would be unable to function. The work that the DNS does happen
so seamlessly and instantaneously that you are usually completely unaware
that it's even happening. The only time that you'll get linking about what the
DNS is doing is when you're presented with an error after trying to visit a
website. Learn more about what the DNS is, how it works and why it's so
critical by reading on below.
IP Addresses and Domain Names
In order to understand what the DNS is and how it works, you need to have
a basic understanding of IP addresses and domain names. An IP address, or
Internet Protocol address, is a complex string of numbers that acts as a
binary identifier for devices across the Internet. In short, an IP address is
the address that computers, servers and other devices use to identify one
another online. The vast majority of IP addresses are arranged into four sets
of digits - i.e., 12.34.56.78.
A domain name is the information that you enter into a web browser in order
to reach a specific website. When you input a URL like
www.example.com/index into a web browser, its domain name is
example.com. Basically, a domain name is the human-friendly version of an
IP address. Businesses vie for easy-to-remember domain names, since they
make it easier for people to remember how to find them online. If people
had to remember complex IP addresses in order to navigate the Internet, it
wouldn't be nearly as useful or enjoyable.
Translating Domain Names into IP Addresses
Although it's possible to enter an IP address into a web browser into order to
get to a website, it's a lot easier to enter its domain name instead. However,
computers, servers and other devices are unable to make heads or tails of
domain names - they strictly rely on binary identifiers. The DNS's job, then,
is to take domain names and translate them into the IP addresses that allow

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machines to communicate with one another. Every domain name has at
least one IP address associated with it.
Top Level Domains, Root Servers and Resolvers
The DNS is a remarkable database. It doesn't perform its work alone,
though. Things called Top Level Domains (TLDs) and root servers do a lot of
the heavy lifting for the DNS. A Top Level Domain refers to the part of a
domain name that comes after the period. For instance, the TLD of
example.com is COM. While there's an ever-expanding number of domain
names, there's a relatively static number of Top Level Domains; .com, .edu
and .org are just a few key examples.
Specialized computers called root servers store the IP addresses of each Top
Level Domain's registries. Therefore, the first stop that the DNS makes when
it resolves, or translates, a domain name is at its associated root server.
From there, the requested domain name is sent along to a Domain Name
Resolver, or DNR. Domain Name Resolvers, or resolvers, are located within
individual Internet Service Providers and organizations. They respond to
requests from root servers to find the necessary IP addresses. Since the root
server already recognizes the .com, .edu or other part of the equation, it
simply has to resolve the remainder of the request. It usually does this
instantly, and the information is forwarded to the user's PC.
The DNS: A Huge Distributed Database
Millions of people make changes to the DNS every day, through new domain
names, changes to IP addresses and other requests. The unique structure of
the DNS, though, keeps everything straight. Duplicate domain names cannot
exist within domains, but they can exist across them - for instance,
example.com and example.gov could be two separate locations online.
Otherwise, the highly organized and efficient nature of the DNS ensures that
you never have to worry about arriving at two different places each time you
input a domain name. When you enter a domain name, its IP address will be

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resolved and you'll always arrive at the same place. Without the DNS, the
Internet wouldn't be useful, practical or enjoyable.

Internet Organization
The Internet, a loosely-organized international collaboration of autonomous,
interconnected networks, supports host-to-host communication through
voluntary adherence to open protocols and procedures defined by Internet
Standards. There are also many isolated internets, i.e., sets of
interconnected networks, which are not connected to the Internet but use
the Internet Standards. (RFC 1602)
Nobody really owns or controls the Internet. Rather, participation in the
Internet derives from voluntary participation in Internet Standards. Many
Internet providers not only adhere to these standards, but make access to
their networks available to the public. It is the voluntary interconnection and
cooperation of these providers that forms the global Internet. Currently
(early 1996), approximately 300 service providers are interconnected to
form the Internet.
Internet Society (ISOC)
The Internet Society (ISOC) is a professional society that is concerned with
the growth and evolution of the worldwide Internet, with the way in which
the Internet is and can be used, and with the social, political, and technical
issues which arise as a result. The ISOC Trustees are responsible for
approving appointments to the IAB from among the nominees submitted by
the IETF nominating committee. (RFC 1718)
ISOC maintains a web page at http://www.isoc.org/. The ISOC Executive
Directory can be contacted at amr@isoc.org.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is a technical advisory group of the
ISOC. It is chartered to provide oversight of the architecture of the Internet
and its protocols, and to serve, in the context of the Internet standards
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process, as a body to which the decisions of the IESG may be appealed. The
IAB is responsible for approving appointments to the IESG from among the
nominees submitted by the IETF nominations committee. (RFC 1718) The
IAB can be contacted at iab-contact@isi.edu.
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)
The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is responsible for technical
management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process. As part
of the ISOC, it administers the process according to the rules and
procedures which have been ratified by the ISOC Trustees. The IESG is
directly responsible for the actions associated with entry into and movement
along the Internet "standards track," including final approval of
specifications as Internet Standards.
The IESG can be contacted at iesg@cnri.reston.va.us.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a loosely self-organized group
of people who make technical and other contributions to the engineering and
evolution of the Internet and its technologies. It is the principal body
engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications. Its
mission includes:
 Identifying, and proposing solutions to, pressing operational and
technical problems in the Internet;

 Specifying the development or usage of protocols and the near-term
architecture to solve such technical problems for the Internet;

 Making recommendations to the Internet Engineering Steering Group
(IESG) regarding the standardization of protocols and protocol usage
in the Internet;

 Facilitating technology transfer from the Internet Research Task Force
(IRTF) to the wider Internet community; and

Page 11 of 25
  Providing a forum for the exchange of information within the Internet
community between vendors, users, researchers, agency contractors
and network managers.
The IETF is divided into eight functional areas. They are: Applications,
Internet, Network Management, Operational Requirements, Routing,
Security, Transport and User Services. Each area has one or two area
directors. The area directors, along with the IETF/IESG Chair, form the IESG.
Each area has several working groups. A working group is a group of people
who work under a charter to achieve a certain goal. That goal may be the
creation of an Informational document, the creation of a protocol
specification, or the resolution of problems in the Internet. Most working
groups have a finite lifetime. That is, once a working group has achieved its
goal, it disbands. As in the IETF, there is no official membership for a
working group. Unofficially, a working group member is somebody who is on
that working group's mailing list; however, anyone may attend a working
group meeting. (RFC 1718)
IETF and its various working groups maintain numerous mailing lists. To join
the IETF announcement list, send a request to ietf-announce-
request@cnri.reston.va.us. To join the IETF discussion list, send a request to
ietf-request@cnri.reston.va.us.
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA)
Many protocol specifications include numbers, keywords, and other
parameters that must be uniquely assigned. Examples include version
numbers, protocol numbers, port numbers, and MIB numbers. The IAB has
delegated to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) the task of
assigning such protocol parameters for the Internet. The IANA publishes
tables of all currently assigned numbers and parameters in RFCs titled
"Assigned Numbers". (RFC 1602)

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The IANA maintains a web page at http://www.isi.edu/iana/ and can be
contacted at iana@isi.edu.
RFC Editor
Each distinct version of a specification is published as part of the "Request
for Comments" (RFC) document series. This archival series is the official
publication channel for Internet standards documents and other publications
of the IESG, IAB, and Internet community. RFCs are available for
anonymous FTP from a number of Internet hosts.
The RFC series of documents on networking began in 1969 as part of the
original ARPA wide-area networking (ARPANET) project (see Appendix A for
glossary of acronyms). RFCs cover a wide range of topics, from early
discussion of new research concepts to status memos about the Internet.
RFC publication is the direct responsibility of the RFC Editor, under the
general direction of the IAB. (RFC 1602)
The RFC Editor maintains a web page at http://www.isi.edu/rfc-editor/ and
can be contacted at rfc-editor@isi.edu.
InterNIC
InterNIC, the Internet Network Information Center, has two major
components. AT&T provides Directory and Database Services, most
importantly the Internet White Pages, used by the Who is program to locate
people, networks, and domains. Network Solutions, Inc. provides
Registration Services, including domain name registration. Originally funded
by NSF, InterNIC is becoming self-sufficient.

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Types of Communication Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

It is also called LAN and designed for small physical areas such as an office,
group of buildings or a factory. LANs are used widely as it is easy to design
and to troubleshoot. Personal computers and workstations are connected to
each other through LANs. We can use different types of topologies through
LAN, these are Star, Ring, Bus, Tree etc.
LAN can be a simple network like connecting two computers, to share files
and network among each other while it can also be as complex as
interconnecting an entire building.
LAN networks are also widely used to share resources like printers, shared
hard-drive etc.

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 Characteristics of LAN
 LAN's are private networks, not subject to tariffs or other regulatory
controls.
 LAN's operate at relatively high speed when compared to the typical WAN. 

 There are different types of Media Access Control methods in a LAN, the
prominent ones are Ethernet, Token ring.

 It connects computers in a single building, block or campus, i.e. they work
in a restricted geographical area.
Applications of LAN
 One of the computers in a network can become a server serving all the
remaining computers called clients. Software can be stored on the server
and it can be used by the remaining clients.

 Connecting locally all the workstations in a building to let them
communicate with each other locally without any internet access.

 Sharing common resources like printers etc are some common
applications of LAN.
Advantages of LAN
 Resource Sharing: Computer resources like printers, modems, DVD-ROM
drives and hard disks can be shared with the help of local area networks.
This reduces cost and hardware purchases.

 Software Applications Sharing: It is cheaper to use same software over
network instead of purchasing separate licensed software for each client a
network.

 Easy and Cheap Communication: Data and messages can easily be
transferred over networked computers.

 Centralized Data: The data of all network users can be saved on hard
disk of the server computer. This will help users to use any workstation in
a network to access their data. Because data is not stored on workstations
locally.

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 Data Security: Since, data is stored on server computer centrally, it will
be easy to manage data at only one place and the data will be more
secure too.

 Internet Sharing: Local Area Network provides the facility to share a
single internet connection among all the LAN users. In Net Cafes, single
internet connection sharing system keeps the internet expenses cheaper.
Disadvantages of LAN
 High Setup Cost: Although the LAN will save cost over time due to
shared computer resources, but the initial setup costs of installing Local
Area Networks is high.

 Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator has the rights to check
personal data files of each and every LAN user. Moreover he can check the
internet history and computer use history of the LAN user.

 Data Security Threat: Unauthorized users can access important data of
an organization if centralized data repository is not secured properly by
the LAN administrator.

 LAN Maintenance Job: Local Area Network requires a LAN Administrator
because, there are problems of software installations or hardware failures
or cable disturbances in Local Area Network. A LAN Administrator is
needed at this full time job.

 Covers Limited Area: Local Area Network covers a small area like one
office, one building or a group of nearby buildings.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

It was developed in 1980s.It is basically a bigger version of LAN. It is also
called MAN and uses the similar technology as LAN. It is designed to extend
over the entire city. It can be means to connecting a number of LANs into a
larger network or it can be a single cable. It is mainly hold and operated by
single private company or a public company.

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 Characteristics of MAN
 It generally covers towns and cities (50 km)

 Communication medium used for MAN are optical fibers, cables etc.

 Data rates adequate for distributed computing applications.

Advantages of MAN

 Extremely efficient and provide fast communication via high-speed
carriers, such as fiber optic cables.

 It provides a good back bone for large network and provides greater
access to WANs.

 The dual bus used in MAN helps the transmission of data in both directions
simultaneously.
 A MAN usually encompasses several blocks of a city or an entire city.

Disadvantages of MAN

 More cable required for a MAN connection from one place to another.

 It is difficult to make the system secure from hackers and industrial
espionage (spying) graphical regions.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

It is also called WAN. WAN can be private or it can be public leased network.
It is used for the network that covers large distance such as cover states of
Page 17 of 25
 a country. It is not easy to design and maintain. Communication medium
used by WAN are PSTN or Satellite links. WAN operates on low data rates.

Characteristics of WAN
 It generally covers large distances (states, countries, continents).

 Communication medium used are satellite, public telephone networks
which are connected by routers.
Advantages of WAN
 Covers a large geographical area so long distance business can connect on
the one network.

 Shares software and resources with connecting workstations.

 Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone else on the network. These
messages can have picture, sounds or data included with them(called
attachments).

 Expensive things (such as printers or phone lines to the internet) can be
shared by all the computers on the network without having to buy a
different peripheral for each computer.

 Everyone on the network can use the same data. This avoids problems
where some users may have older information than others.

Page 18 of 25
 Disadvantages of WAN
 Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders from entering and disrupting the
network.

 Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and complicated. The
bigger the network the more expensive it is.

 Once set up, maintaining a network is a full-time job which requires
network supervisors and technicians to be employed.

 Security is a real issue when many different people have the ability to use
information from other computers. Protection against hackers and viruses 
adds more complexity and expense.
Wireless Network
Digital wireless communication is not a new idea. Earlier, Morse code was
used to implement wireless networks. Modern digital wireless systems have
better performance, but the basic idea is the same.
Wireless Networks can be divided into three main categories:
1. System interconnection
2. Wireless LANs
3. Wireless WANs
System Interconnection
System interconnection is all about interconnecting the components of a
computer using short-range radio. Some companies got together to design
a short-range wireless network called Bluetooth to connect various
components such as monitor, keyboard, mouse and printer, to the main
unit, without wires. Bluetooth also allows digital cameras, headsets,
scanners and other devices to connect to a computer by merely being
brought within range.
In simplest form, system interconnection networks use the master-slave
concept. The system unit is normally the master, talking to the mouse,
keyboard, etc. as slaves.

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 Wireless LANs
These are the systems in which every computer has a radio modem and
antenna with which it can communicate with other systems. Wireless LANs
are becoming increasingly common in small offices and homes, where
installing Ethernet is considered too much trouble. There is a standard for
wireless LANs called IEEE 802.11, which most systems implement and
which is becoming very widespread.

Wireless WANs
The radio network used for cellular telephones is an example of a low-
bandwidth wireless WAN. This system has already gone through three
generations.
 The first generation was analog and for voice only.

 The second generation was digital and for voice only.

 The third generation is digital and is for both voice and data.

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Inter Network
Inter Network or Internet is a combination of two or more networks. Inter
network can be formed by joining two or more individual networks by means
of various devices such as routers, gateways and bridges.

Internet service provider (ISP)

An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides individuals and
other company’s access to the Internet and other related services such as
Web site building and virtual hosting. An ISP has the equipment and the
telecommunication line access required to have a point-of-presence on the
Internet for the geographic area served. The larger ISPs have their own
high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the
telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their
customers. Among the largest national and regional ISPs are AT&T
WorldNet, IBM Global Network, MCI, Netcom, UUNet, and PSINet.

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REGISTERED INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS in Nepal

Mercantile Communications Private Limited

Net Max Technologies Pvt Ltd
 Net Max Technologies Pvt Ltd

Worldlink Communications Private Limited
Website: http://www.wlink.com.np
Global Internet Services Private
Limited Website: http://www.gispl.com
 Eastern Networks Pvt Ltd

Himalayan Online Services Private Limited
Website: http://www.hons.com.np
 Logic Information Business Pvt ltd

 I Plus Pvt Ltd

Everest Net Private Limited
Website: http://www.enet.com.np
 Infocom Private Limited

Website: http://www.info.com.np
Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited
Website: http://www.ntc.net.np
Via Net Communications Private Limited
Website: http://www.vianet.com.np
Access Net Communication Pvt. Ltd.
Website: http://www.accessnet.com.np
Websurfer Nepal Communications Private
Limited Website: http://www.websurfer.com.np
Himal Technologies Private Limited
Website: http://www.himaltech.com
Subisu Cablenet Private Limited
Website: http://www.subisu.net.np


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 Japan Nepal Information communication Technology Private Limited
Website: http://www.jnict.com.np
Netplus Technology Private Limited
Website: http://www.netplus.com.np
 Health Net Nepal Private Limited

 Buddha Net Private Limited

Namche Networks Private Limited
Website: http://www.namche.com
 Spice Nepal Private Limited

Broadlink Network and Communications Private
Limited Website: http://www.broadlink.com.np
Radius Communications Private Limited
Website: http://www.radiusnp.com
Nepal Net Sanchar Private Limited
Website: http://www.nns.com.np
Mitra Network Private Limited
Website: http://www.mitra.net.np
Sustainable Network Private Limited
Website: http://www.susworks.net
Hotlink Nepal Private Limited
Website: http://www.hlink.com.np
 Classic Tech Pvt. Ltd.

Integrated Business Solution (IBSYS) Nepal Pvt Ltd
Website: http://www.ibsysnepal.com.np
STM Telecom Sanchar Pvt Ltd Website:
http://www.stmtelecom.com
Allied Netlink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Website: http://www.ant.com.np




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  United Telecom Limited

Website: http://www.utlnepal.com
 Satelink Nepal Pvt Ltd

Website: http://www.satelinknepal.com.np
 Zentech Pvt Ltd

Website: http://www.zentechintl.com
 Namaste Asia Link P. Ltd

 Fiber Online P. Ltd

Website: http://www.fol.com.np
 Surf In P. Ltd

 Pokhara Inernet P.Ltd

 Telenet Pvt. Ltd.

 Cherry World Communication Pvt. Ltd.

 Betal Networks Pvt. Ltd.

 Aastha Network Pvt. Ltd.


World Wide Web (www)

The term World Wide Web (www) refers to the collection of public Web sites
connected to the Internet worldwide, together with the client devices such as
computers and cell phones that access its content. For many years it has
become known simply as "the Web."

Origination and Early Development of the World Wide Web

Researcher Tim Berners-Lee led the development of the World Wide Web in
the late 1980s and early 1990s.

He helped build prototypes of the original core Web technologies and coined
the term "WWW." Websites and Web browsing exploded in popularity during
the mid-1990s and continue to be a key usage of the Internet today






Page 24 of 25
About Web Technologies
The WWW is just one of many applications of the Internet and networks.
It is based on these three core technologies:
 HTML - Hypertext Markup Language: HTML originally supported
only text documents, but with enhancements during the 1990s grew
capable of handling frames, style sheets and plugins for general
purpose Website content publishing.

 HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol: HTTP finally made it to version
2.0 after 20 years, indicative of how well the protocol accommodated
the Web's growth.

 Web servers and Web browsers: The original Netscape has given
way to many other browser applications, but the same concepts of
client-server communication still apply.
Although some people use the two terms interchangeably, the Web is built
on top of the Internet and is not the Internet itself.

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