SST interfaced PMSG based Off shore Wind Energy Conversion System:

Analysis and Comparison

Rishabh Shah1*, Ravi Botta2, Amit Sant3

1 *
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India
*rishabh.smtee16@sot.pdpu.ac.in

Abstract—This paper emphasizes more on the Solid State Transformer (SST) in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(PMSG) based grid connected off shore wind energy conversion system (WECS). SST mainly comprises of the isolated dc/dc
converter, inverter and the controlled/uncontrolled rectifier. Isolated dc/dc converter includes the two controlled/uncontrolled
converter isolated via high frequency transformer. In this paper a novel topology proposed for enhanced operation of grid connected
PMSG based wind energy conversion system for offshore applications. The proposed topology increases in the generation voltage
at the point of generation up to the transmission voltage in order to reduce transmission losses and also provides galvanic isolation
between the grid and the wind generator. Moreover, it maintains the dc link voltage constant against the variation in the generated
terminal voltage, which occurs due to the variation in the wind speed. Voltage control scheme is implemented to maintain the dc
link voltage constant in this proposed topology. Due to high frequency operation power density increases and hence the size is
reduced for the same VA rating of converter topology. Grid synchronization is done for the three phase VSI using the hysteresis
control technique. Furthermore, the different isolated dc/dc converters configurations i.e. Full Bridge (FB), Single Active Bridge
(SAB) and Dual Active Bridge (DAB) used in the design of SST deliberated with loss analysis using transfer function models for
dynamic load conditions and also the selection of converter configuration is discussed. For validation purpose, the proposed system
simulation is carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink and PSIM software environment by considering the practical switching
modules.

1. INTRODUCTION
Recent years, the energy demand increases rapidly due to
growth in the industrial sector and population. Electric power
generation is mainly achieved by use of fossil fuels, dams and
radioactive materials. Nearly 70-80% of the total generated
electrical power comes from the thermal power plant.
However due to depletion of fossil fuels rising concern about
the global warming, the focus has shifted towards the
renewable energy sources. Wind and solar energy based
electric power generation provides the free and abundant
ability of the raw material for the electric power generation.
As cost per unit of generated electric energy is considered
wind power per unit cost is 2.43 rupees where solar power per
unit cost is 3.22 rupees [1]. Wind Energy Conversion System
can be defined as the generating system that facilitates the
conversion of the kinetic energy of wind into regulated
electric power through wind turbine, electrical generators and
power electronics converter. The concept of Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS) is not a new idea. In 1931, first
commercialized wind turbine generator was developed [2].
Globally, wind energy based electric power generation is
increased from 74.1 GW in 2006 to 539.5GW in 2018.
Similarly, in India the wind energy based electric power
generation is increased from 7.8 GW in 2006-07 to 34GW in
2018 [3]. India’s electricity consumption accounts for 4% of
the total consumption of the world and it is growing at 8-10%
per year. From the different resources it is clear that the
percentage contribution of the coal fired thermal power plant
is going to reduce by 20% in 2031. The renewable energy
based electric power generation is expected to grow from
1.5% in 2009 to 7.7% in 2031 [4]. In WECS off shore wind
farms are preferred more than onshore wind farms because of
uniform wind velocity, larger sea area and remote from the
urban area. There are different kinds of generator system
available for the power generation from the wind energy like
as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG),
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), etc. Among DFIG,
SCIG and PMSG, PMSG is preferred due to its simple
construction and operation [5]. As PMSG operates on the full
range of variable wind speeds, its output voltage and
frequency may get varied in full range. PMSG can supply real
power for entire speed range with full rated power converters.
To make grid connection of PMSG based WECS there is a
need of power electronics interface between the grid and
PMSG. At present, PMSG is realized with the uncontrolled
3-phase rectifier, followed by the inverter. Generally, the
number of wind turbines and generators are put together to
increase the energy production of the system [6]. Block
diagram of conventional topology is shown in Fig. 1 (a) [7-
8]. In this, terminal voltage level of wind generator is quite
low due to insulation and space problem in off-shore wind
energy conversion system [9]. Also it has other disadvantage
like no galvanic isolation and harmonic isolation between the
grid and the PMSG [10]. These limitations can be eliminated
by using of the proposed topology shown in Fig.1 (b) for
offshore application. It also facilitates the viability of the DC
grid as well as AC grid at the point of the generation. SST is
isolated dc/dc converter which consists of the controlled
converter and uncontrolled rectifier isolated via high
frequency transformer. SST can be designed using different
isolated converter topologies as per the application
requirements [11]. In this paper different isolated dc/dc
converters configurations i.e. FB, SAB and DAB (shown
Fig.8) are considered for analysis. The loss analysis for
different converters is carried out using the transfer function
models. This whole system is made grid integrated using the
hysteresis control technique [12-14]. Different core materials
used for high frequency transformer are ferrite, alnico,
matglas, nano-crystalline etc. [15-18]. To maintain the
constant dc link voltage closed loop control of the isolated
dc/dc converter is implemented [19] by attaining the optimum
PI value of the controller using transfer function models for
the isolated dc-dc converter [20-23].
Wind
Turbine
Wind PMSG Machine side Grid side Transformer
VSC VSC
(a)
Wind
SST
Turbine
Single
Active
Bridge
Machine side Grid side
Wind
PMSG
VSC VSC
(b)
Fig. 1 (a) Block diagram of conventional PMSG based wind energy
conversion system (b) Block diagram of proposed topology.
In real time implementation of this proposed topology losses
of power electronics converter will become the main concern
for their efficiency. To validate this topology loss analysis is
done for the system [24]. It compares the switching and the
conduction losses for the FB, SAB and DAB dc/dc converter.
SAB dc/dc converter is the extended version of the FB dc/dc
converter in which the filter inductance is transferred to
primary side of the transformer [25]. In this scheme, due to
high frequency operation of SAB dc/dc converter acquired
size of total assembly will be less. It also facilitates the
galvanic isolation between the grid and the PMSG. This paper
is organized as follow:
In section II the specification requirements of different
components in proposed topology is explained. Section III
explains the system modelling for the proposed topology.
Section IV explains the losses of the isolated dc/dc converter.
Section V explains the results and discussion for the proposed
work.
2. SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE
INTERFACED PMSG BASED WECS
PMSG operates at the variable wind speeds and multiple
converter stages are used to convert the variable voltage and
frequency into grid (i.e. constant voltage and constant
frequency with the objective of MPPT (Maximum Power
Point Tracking) on generator side converter and the
synchronization on grid side converter. In this paper, a 2MW
PMSG based WECS is considered for the simulation in steady
state conditions. So, there is a need of studying the output
characteristics of the wind turbine and PMSG to match the
rating of dc-dc converter. At present, main five manufactures
employ the PMSG for the offshore wind farm which are GE,
ABB, Gold-wind, Gamesa, and Dongfang.
2.1 Wind Turbine
The choice of the wind turbine has a great impact on the
operation of PMSG. Enercon E-82 is considered for study
which is the best suited wind turbine for the 2MW system.
Technical data for the wind turbine is in appendix A. MPPT
control is implemented to extract the maximum power from
the wind turbine [8].
2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
PMSG is the key element of the system for the generation of
the 2MW power [8]. Rated torque of the PMSG should match
the output torque of the wind turbine. For that, PMSG of the
GE of 1.90 MW power output rating is considered. The
technical specifications of the PMSG are enlisted in appendix
D.
2.3 Single active bridge dc-dc converter
AC Grid The input voltage of the SAB dc-dc converter is the output of
the uncontrolled rectifier. Output voltage of uncontrolled
rectifier is between the 900V to 960V and that input is given
to the controlled converter stage of the SAB dc-dc converter.
Here, input voltage for the dc-dc converter is between the
AC Grid
900V to 960V and the output voltage of the dc-dc converter
is around 9.3KV [7]. High Frequency Transformer is used to
step up the voltage at level of 9.3KV. Fig. 2 shows the block
diagram of SAB dc-dc converter which is part of the proposed
topology.
DC Grid DC Grid
DC link
voltage
Capacitor
Controlled H/F Uncontrolled
Converter Transformer Rectifier
Fig. 2 Block diagram of Single Active Bridge.
Due to the active bridge at input side of the dc-dc converter,
output voltage can be controlled in the wide range by varying
the duty cycle of the controlled switches.
TABLE 1: Specifications of proposed converter topology
I/P O/P Voltage I/P current O/P Power
Voltage current rating
900-960V 8000-9350V 2200-1600A 220-160A 2MW
High frequency transformer is utilized to reduce the size of
the system via achieving the high power density [15]. Ferrite
core is used to design the high frequency transformer due to
its high resistivity compared to CRGO and other materials.
Due to its high resistivity, eddy current and hysteresis losses
can be reduced significantly at the high frequency operation
of the transformer [16]. With the data mentioned in the
SAB appendix C, transformer is assumed to be operated with the
efficiency in range of 91-98%.
2.4 Grid tied 3-phase inverter
To connect the output of PMSG based off-shore WECS to the
grid, current controlled voltage source inverter is used. The
design specification of 3 phase grid tied inverter is mentioned
in appendix B. The grid connected voltage source inverter is
 shown in the Fig.3. The DC link voltage will decide the power 3.2 Steady state modelling of PMSG
balance between the grid and inverter. Fig.5 shows the d-q modelling of the PMSG. It consists of
Filter inductance is large enough to remove the current ripples the equivalent stator circuit in d-q frame.
Ld WeLqIsq Lq WeLdIsd
and thus make the current sinusoidal. Hysteresis control Isd Rs Isq Rs
technique is applied to control the injected current in the grid
[13]. Usd Usq
Weφm

d-axis equivalent q-axis equivalent

S1 S3 S5
R Ls Grid Fig.5 Equivalent circuit model of PMSG.
VC
The stator voltages are given by [9],
𝑑∅
𝑈𝑠𝑑 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑑 + 𝑠𝑑 − 𝜔𝑒 𝜑𝑠𝑞 (6)
𝑑𝑡
S4 S6 S2 𝑑∅𝑠𝑞
Three
𝑈𝑠𝑞 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑞 + − 𝜔𝑒 𝜑𝑠𝑑 (7)
𝑑𝑡
phase The stator fluxes are presented as,
load ∅𝑠𝑑 = 𝐿𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑑 + ∅𝑚 (8)
Fig. 3 Grid Tied Inverter.
∅𝑠𝑞 = 𝐿𝑞 𝐼𝑠𝑞 (9)

3. SYSTEM MODELLING Where, ∅𝑚 is the flux linkage by the permanent magnet and
In order to analyze the operation, the 2MW PMSG based SAB 𝜔𝑒 is the synchronous speed of the machine in rad/s.
interfaced WECS is considered for the simulation. It is Output torque of the PMSG is given by,
connected to the 6.6KV grid via grid tied inverter. In order to
analyze the performance of the system performance 𝜏𝑒 = 1.5*P((𝐿𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿𝑞𝑠 )𝑖𝑑 *𝑖𝑞 + 𝑖𝑞 *𝛹𝑓 (10)
characteristics such as wind turbine torque, PMSG output
3.3 High frequency transformer
current, dc-link voltage, grid voltage and current are studied.
The high frequency transformer operating at 10 kHz is
3.1 Wind turbine modelling considered for the 2MW WECS. Core size is achieved by the
The wind turbine recovers only a part of the power available equation expressed as [7],
in the wind speed and is given by [9],
2.825∗𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐴𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚4 (11)
1 2 4𝐾𝑤 𝐵𝑚 𝐽𝑓
𝑃𝑡 = 𝜌𝜋𝑅 𝑉𝑤3 𝐶𝑝 (1)
2
From the above equation it is clear that as the frequency
Where R is the radius of wind turbine, 𝜌 is the air density, 𝐶𝑝 increases the size of transformer will get decreases. Due to
is the power co-efficient and 𝑉𝑤 is the wind speed. operating at high frequency core losses will be more dominant
The power co-efficient is given by, if the CRGO or other material will be used. So, to reduce the
12.5
116 losses, ferrite core will be used. Due to high resistivity of the
𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) = 0.22 [ − 0.4𝛽 − 5] 𝑒 −𝜆 (2)
𝜆 ferrite core, core losses will be less at high frequency.
Where, 𝜆 is the tip speed ratio and 𝛽 is the pitch angle.
Considering the 𝛽=0, for finding the optimum tip speed ratio 3.4 Grid tied 3-phase inverter
can be find out. Current controlled voltage source inverter is used for the grid
𝑑𝐶𝑝(𝜆)
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 , =0 (3) integration. Hysteresis control is used for the controlling of
𝑑𝑡
the injected current in the grid. In hysteresis control the load
Solving the above equation we get, 𝜆 = 8.12.
𝜆 current is compared with the reference current generated from
Therefore, 𝐶𝑝 =0.4382 and 𝜔𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑤 (4) the Phase Lock Loop (PLL) [13]. In a basic implementation
𝑅
By knowing the power co-efficient and the optimum speed of the hysteresis current controller the switching signals are
the maximum power can be tracked from the wind. derived from the comparison of current error with a fixed
hysteresis band [14]. With the use of hysteresis control THD
The output torque in wind turbine is given by, can be limited under 5% as per the IEEE 519.
𝑃
𝜏𝑤 = 𝑤 (5) Hysteresis VSI Module
𝜔 Band S1
Ia*
+

- S4

S2
Ib*
+

Reference - S5
Value
S3
Ic*
+

- S6

Actual
Ic
value C
Ib B
Ia A

Controller
Unit Grid

Fig.4 MPPT Fig. 6 Hysteresis Control for grid tied Inverter

4. TRANSFER FUNCTION MODELLING OF FB DC-DC Above equation can be solved using the Laplace
CONVERTER transformation easily.
Full bridge isolated dc-dc converter is the derived topology of 1 −1
S+ 1
the buck converter. Its equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 7. 𝑖 [ RC L
]∗[L]Vin
𝑥 [ 𝐿] 𝑎𝑑𝑗[𝑆𝐼−𝐴]𝐹
1
S 0
𝑉𝑐 C
= = = S 1 (16)
Ls 𝑑 𝑑 det[𝑆𝐼−𝐴] S2 + +
Switch RC LC

So, the transfer function of the buck converter is given by,

Vin Vo/n 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑛 1

D1 = ∗ 𝑆 1 (17)
𝑑 𝐿𝐶 𝑆 2+ +
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶

Fig. 7 Equivalent circuit of FB converter To find the transfer function of the full bridge dc-dc converter
output voltage is multiplied by the turns ratio n of the
For power electronics interface, to derive the transfer function transformer. So transfer function of the full bridge dc-dc
of the FB dc-dc converter state space averaging technique is converter is given by,
generally used. The analysis starts from the condition when
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑛 1∗𝑛
the switch is on and later when switch is off. Assume that, = ∗ 𝑆 1 (18)
𝑑 𝐿𝐶 𝑆 2+ +
switch is on for duty D and switch is off for duty (1-D). So 𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶
the state space equation can be derived by considering on and
off state. With the use of transfer function, bode plot analysis can be
done for the stability of the full bridge dc-dc converter. To
𝑋̇=[𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑜𝑛 + (1 − 𝐷) ∗ 𝐴𝑜𝑓𝑓 ]𝑋 + [𝐷 ∗ 𝐵𝑜𝑛 + (1 − 𝐷) ∗ 𝐵𝑜𝑓𝑓 ] (12) determine the closed loop stability of the converter one should
find the gain margin and phase margin of the converter using
Here, X is the state variable, comprised of the inductor current the transfer function modelling of the converter. From the
and capacitor voltage. phase margin and gain margin three possibilities can be made
Case 1: When switch is on which is as below:
During Ton period switch is on. So the current flows from the TABLE 2: Stability criteria
path indicated by red color in Fig. 8. Sr. Gain Phase Stability
Ls No. Margin Margin
IGBT 1 Positive Positive Stable
2 Negative Negative Unstable
3 Zero Zero Critically
Vin D1 Vo/n stable

Fig. 8 Current flow path when switch is on (IGBT on) Now, in forward section results and its analysis will be
So at that time state space equation is represented by, discussed for the closed loop operation of the full bridge dc-
dc converter with the consideration of same system.
−1
𝑖𝐿̇ 0 𝑖𝐿 1
𝐿
[𝑉 ] = [ 1 −1] [𝑉 ] + [ 𝐿 ] ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (13) 5. LOSS ANALYSIS FOR ISOLATED DC/DC CONVERTER
𝑐 𝑐 0
𝐶 𝑅𝐶
To determine the efficiency of the different isolated dc/dc
converter loss analysis is made done for the same system by
Case 2: When switch is off considering some sub-module each having the capacity of
During this period switch is off and diode will complete the 3KW. In any power electronics converter mainly two kinds
circuit during this period as shown in Fig. 9. of losses take place during that power electronics converter
IGBT Ls operation. That main two losses are switching losses and
conduction losses. To determine losses thermal modules used
in the PSIM simulation environment. In thermal module on
D1 semiconductor IGBT module of series HGTG20N60A4D
Vin Vo/n
and diode of series ISL9R3060G2 is used. The hierarchy of
the loss in the IGBT module is given as under:
Fig. 9 Current flow path when switch is off (IGBT off)

so at that time state space equation is represented by, 5.1 IGBT loss calculation
As categorized above, IGBT losses can be segregated in
−1 mainly two parts like, conduction loss and switching loss.
𝑖𝐿̇ 0 𝑖𝐿 0
𝐿
[𝑉 ] = [ 1 −1] [𝑉 ] + [ ] ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (14) Energy loss mainly occurs at the time of on and off of the
𝑐 𝑐 0 IGBT. Total switching energy losses during on and off can be
𝐶 𝑅𝐶
obtained from the datasheet of the respective IGBT.
By using equation 4, equation 5 and 6 can be written
combined as below: 𝐸𝑠𝑤 = 𝐸𝑜𝑛 + 𝐸𝑜𝑓𝑓 (19)

0
−1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 So, total switching losses of the IGBT can be calculated by
𝑖𝐿̇ 𝑖𝐿
[𝑉 ] = [ 1 𝐿 using following equation:
𝑐 −1] [𝑉 ] + [ 𝐿 ]∗𝑑 (15)
𝑐 0
𝐶 𝑅𝐶
 Ls
(𝐸𝑜𝑛 +𝐸𝑜𝑓𝑓 )∗𝐼𝑝𝑘 ∗𝑓𝑠𝑤 ∗𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑃𝑠𝑤−𝐼𝐺𝐵𝑇 = (20)
𝜋∗𝐼𝑛𝑜𝑚∗𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑚
S1 D1 D3
S3
R
Switching losses depends upon the switching frequency, 1:n Cout

Vin
junction temperature, dc link voltage and load current.
Switching losses typically contribute the significant amount
S2 S4
to total system losses. Eq. 20 can be considered for any D2 D4

application with the normal values of datasheet. (a)

S1 D1 D3
S3
Ls 1:n R
Cout
IGBT losses Diode Losses Vin

S2 S4
D2 D4

(b)
Conduction Conduction
S1 S3 S6
S5
Ls
1:n
R
Switching Vin C load Vout

Reverse
•Turn on Recovery S2
S7 S8
S4
•Turn off
(c)
Conduction losses for the IGBT is given by the product of the Fig.10 (a) FB dc/dc converter, (b) SAB dc/dc converter, (c) DAB dc/dc
current flowing through the collector and saturation voltage converter
over the conducting period. Conduction losses mainly
5.2 Diode loss calculation
depends upon the duty cycle, load current and the junction
temperature. Conduction losses are independent of the Total loss in the diode is given as the sum of conduction loss
switching frequency. The average power dissipated plus the reverse recovery loss. Conduction loss in the diode is
(conduction loss) by the IGBT is given by, given by the,

1 𝑇 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 ∗ 𝐼𝑑 (25)
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. = ∫ [𝑉 (𝑡)
𝑇 0 𝑐𝑒
∗ 𝐼𝑐𝑒 (𝑡)] (21)
Switching losses in diode mainly comprises of the on state
Collector to Emitter saturation voltage can be calculated losses plus off state losses. In general turn on losses are
using the equation 22. neglected in diode as they are very small compared to others.
Turn off losses in the diode is given by,
𝑉𝑐𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐𝑒0 + 𝑅0 ∗ 𝐼𝑐 (22)
1
𝑃𝑜𝑓𝑓 = ∗ 𝑄𝑟𝑟 ∗ 𝑉𝑅 ∗ 𝑓 (26)
Where, 4
𝑉 −𝑉
𝑅0 = 𝑐𝑒2 𝑐𝑒1 , called as the output circuit resistance.
𝐼𝑐2 −𝐼𝑐1 So total loss in the diode is given by,

𝑅0 can be easily calculated from the IGBT characteristics 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. + 𝑃𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑜𝑓𝑓 (27)
curve, which is given in datasheet.
Total losses in proposed three converters in Fig. 8 are listed
So the total losses in the IGBT is given by, in table 3 with varying load condition.

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑆𝑊 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑. (23)

TABLE 3: Total losses of single module (3KW)
The total average conduction losses can be computed by Sr. Load FB losses SAB losses DAB losses
integrating all the values of the power loss over a period of No. (P.U.) (W) (W) (W)
time. 1 0.1 30 60 28
The junction temperature is given by the equation 24 as: 2 0.2 50 100 45
3 0.3 63 140 60
𝑇𝑗 = 𝑃 ∗ (𝑅𝑗𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐𝑠 + 𝑅𝑠𝑎 ) + 𝑇𝑎 (24)
4 0.4 80 170 68
Where, 5 0.5 95 193 75
𝑇𝑗 = 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 6 0.6 105 210 85
𝑇𝑎 = 𝐴𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 7 0.7 115 225 95
𝑅𝐽𝐶 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 8 0.8 140 270 120
𝑅𝐶𝑆 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 9 0.9 160 327 148
𝑅𝑆𝐴 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 10 1.0 180 350 160
TABLE 4: Total losses of the proposed topology (2MW)
Sr. Load FB losses SAB losses DAB losses
No. (P.U.) (W) (W) (W)
1 0.1 1800 3600 1680
2 0.2 3000 6000 2700
3 0.3 3780 8400 3600
4 0.4 4800 10200 4080
5 0.5 5700 11580 4500
6 0.6 6300 12600 5100
7 0.7 6900 13500 5700
8 0.8 8400 16200 7200
9 0.9 9600 19620 8880
10 1.0 10800 21000 9600

From table 3 depicts the losses of single sub-module of 3kW Fig. 11 3-phase generated voltage
capacity which indicates that the SAB has the higher losses
compared to FB converter for the same load condition due to
high rate of change of current through the primary side
inductor. Here, table 4 describes the total losses occurred in
the different isolated dc-dc converters for the 2MW proposed
system. By analyzing the table 3 deeply, it can be envisaged
that each module can be operated at higher efficiency around
91-96% independently. Here, it may be noted that, in step-up
configuration, size of the filter inductance will be reduced by
the square of the turns ratio of the transformer when it is
transferred to primary side. From table 3, among three
isolated dc/dc converter DAB has the less losses compared to
other isolated dc/dc converter. Total losses of the proposed Fig. 12 3-phase line to line current
topology is also compared with 50Hz transformer which is in 6.2 Variable wind speed
the conventional topology as in proposed topology the same
In variable wind speed case wind speed variation is considered
transformer is replaced by the isolated dc-dc converter (Refer
as from 8m/s to 12.5 m/s with an interval of an 2sec to fetch
Fig. 1). Detailed analysis of losses and efficiency between the behavior of the system with the variable wind speed. Wind
isolated dc-dc converter and the conventional 50Hz speed variation is shown in Fig. 13.
transformer is carried out in subsequent result and analysis
section.
6. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
For the validation of a concept, a 2MW PMSG based WECS
interfaced to grid through SAB converter as shown in Fig.1(b)
is considered for the simulation. Loss analysis is also carried
out in PSIM simulation environment using thermal modules
of switches for different converters for proposed system. At
last the comparison of the losses and efficiency is carried out
Fig. 13 variable wind speed
for the both conventional transformer and isolated DC-DC
converter.
6.1 constant wind speed
To validated the considerd parameters of the wind turbine and
PMSG operation of the system is carried out at the rated
constant speed. For the constant wind speed case rated wind
speed of 12m/s is considered. Cut in and cut out speed are
considered as 3m/s and 25m/s respectively. At rated wind
speed results are obtained as below:
At the rated wind speed, the generated voltage is 690V and
line to line current is 1560A is obtained which is shown in
Fig.14 Variable wind power
Fig. 10 and Fig.11 respectively. In this case, it can be
observed that at 12m/s speed, rated torque and rated power of As per eq. 5 turbine torque and turbine power are the function
the wind turbine obtained is -8.88MN*m and 2MW of wind speed, as the wind speed varies, torque and power will
respectively. As whole system is considered as the gearless also get varied and variation of the same is shown in the Fig
system, same torque is transferred to the PMSG. 14 and 15. MPPT algorithm is applied to fetch the maximum
power from the turbine in variable wind speed situation.
 Fig.19 DC link current
Fig. 15 Variable wind torque
As per the proposed scheme, the dc voltage is then apply to
As the wind speed is varying output torque and power of the the input of the single active bridge and its results are shown
wind turbine also get varied. So in absence of the gear output in the Fig. 20 and Fig. 21.
voltage and current will also get varied from 600V to 900Vand
900A to 2100A respectively. Variable voltage and current for
the variation in the wind speed is shown in Fig. 16 and Fig. 17.

Fig.16 PMSG variable voltage

Fig. 20 H/F transformer Primary voltage

Fig.17 PMSG variable current

As uncontrolled rectifier is connected at the output terminal of

PMSG, Dc link voltage will try to remain in range of 900V to
970V due to higher value of capacitance (i.e. 10,000 micro-
farad) and it is shown in Fig. 18. At that time current delivered
to the load will be varied as the wind speed get varied. The
variation in the current with the variation in wind speed is
shown in Fig.19. High frequency transformer will step up the
voltage from 975V to 8500-9250V at frequency of 10khz.Due
to increase in voltage the current capability of the conductor
will get decrease and due to the dc nature less number of
conductors are required for the power transmission.
Fig.21 H/F Transformer secondary voltage

Fig. 18 DC link voltage

Fig. 22 DC link current

Whole system is grid tied using the 3 phase current controlled

voltage source inverter (VSI). Hysteresis control technique is
applied as the switching scheme for the VSI. The main
advantage of the hysteresis control is that it is inherently stable
and current injection in the grid can be controlled in this
control scheme. Fig.23 shows the injected current by 3 phase
VSI into the grid.

Fig. 23 Injected current to the grid
Fig. 24 Source current
For the assumed constant load in the grid, inverter is get
connected to the grid at t=0.1sec. From the Fig.24 it is clear
that after t=0.1sec, current feed by other source get reduces as
the inverter starts feeding to the load.
Fig. 25 Injected power
Fig.26 Source power
The active power balance is made possible between the grid
and the PMSG and it is cleared from the above Fig.25 & 26.
Fig. 27 Grid frequency
From the Fig.27 it is clear that, there is a small variation in the
grid frequency at the time of connection of inverter with the
grid.
6.3 Closed loop control of isolated dc/dc converter
To maintain the DC link constant closed loop control is done
for the isolated dc/dc converter. For isolated dc/dc converter
PI is tuned on P=10 and I=0.1 for the voltage control mode
operation of the isolated dc/dc converter. From Fig. 28 and 29,
it is clear that with this PI tuning desired value of DC link
voltage maintain obtained. (i.e. constant at 9000V for the
variation in the input voltage from 800v to 950V.)
Fig.28 Variable I/P voltage
Fig. 29 DC link voltage
Fig. 30 Bode plot for Full Bridge Transfer Function
6.4 Loss analysis of isolated dc/dc converter
To analyze the different losses occurs in the isolated dc/dc
converter, loss analysis is made done for three proposed
isolated dc/dc converter. Fig. 31 shows total losses occurred in
the three isolated dc-dc converters (i.e. FB, SAB and DAB)
with varying load condition from 0.1P.U. to 1 P.U. From Fig.
31 it is clear that SAB has little higher losses than other two.
Efficiency of the three different isolated dc-dc converter with
varying load condition is analyzed from the Fig. 32. To
investigate the features of the proposed topology (Fig. 1b) with
the conventional topology (Fig. 1a) which consist of normal
50Hz power transformer, loss analysis of the 50Hz power
transformer is compared with the SAB losses. From Fig. 33 it
can be concluded that the there is a slight higher loss in the
SAB dc-dc converter than the conventional 50Hz power
transformer which indicate there is not much variation in
efficiency of both topologies. From Fig. 34 it can be depicted 100.0%
that efficiency of the SAB is very close to the conventional
transformer efficiency. Fig. 35 describes the core size 98.0%
requirement for the 2MW transformer operating at different 96.0%
frequency. It is understood from the Fig. 35 that as the 94.0%

Efficiency
frequency increases core size decreases for the same VA
92.0%
rating. So SAB is more suitable for the low space application
90.0% SAB_Efficiency
than conventional transformer as it acquires less space than
conventional transformer. 88.0%
Efficiency
86.0%

25000 84.0%
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
FB_Loss(W)
Load (P.U.)
20000
SAB_Loss(W) Fig. 34 Comparison of Efficiency of SAB and conventional transformer

15000 DAB_Loss(W) 45,000

Losses (W)

40,000

10000 35,000

Core Area (mm^4)

30,000

25,000
5000
20,000

15,000
0
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 10,000
Load (P.U.)
5,000
Fig. 31 Losses in isolated dc/dc converter with varying load condition 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Frequency (Hz)
100.0%
Fig. 35 Transformer core area as a function of frequency
98.0%
7. CONCLUSION
96.0%
In this paper, a novel converter topology is proposed for
94.0%
enhanced operation of grid connected PMSG based off shore
Efficiency

92.0% wind energy conversion system which is known as SST

90.0% interfaced WECS. Specifications selection for 2MW WECS
FB_efficiency is explained in detail. The operation of this proposed topology
88.0%
SAB_efficiency is simulated for dynamic wind speed conditions in open and
86.0% closed loop mode. To obtain the DC link constant for the
DAB_efficiency variable input voltage PI is tuned for the voltage control mode
84.0%
operation of the isolated dc/dc converter. By using this
82.0%
topology in the off shore wind conversion system, DC link
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 can maintain constant at 9KV irrespective of the variation in
Load (P.U.) wind speeds which is the highest DC link voltage available
Fig. 32 Efficiency of isolated dc/dc converter with varying load condition and hence the generation voltage stepped up at the point of
common coupling using the SST. This topology also provides
25000 the galvanic isolation can be provided between the grid and
Losses_50Hz transformer (W)
the PMSG. The analysis of the losses in the different isolated
20000 dc/dc converters topologies in SST is done for selection
proper topology in PSIM simulation environment using the
SAB_Loss(W)
Losses(W)

15000 thermal modules of IGBT and diode for the system. All the
results are explained with dynamics loading conditions and
10000 the results were found to be encouraged with the efficiency of
isolated dc/dc converter around 92-95%. From the results it is
5000 concluded that the proposed topology can be useful in large
offshore wind form applications.
0
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 8. References
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