Alumínium Innovációk – ®

Zöld Energiatárolás és Végtelen

Körkörös Gazdaság
Dr. Babcsán Norbert

A Hálózati Anyag és Energia Gazdaság felé

Innobay: a cég és a modell
Az Innobay Hungary Kft. egy Független Integrált Innovációs Szolgáltató Cég.

Tevékenységi területeink:
• Bérfeltalálás
• Technológia és piackutatás
• Üzletfejlesztés
• Innovációs projektek auditálása
és menedzsmentje, innovációs
ökoszisztéma
• Anyagyártási és energiatermelési
folyamatok értéknövelő elemzése
• Innováció shop
• Start-up generálás

2
 Reális Zöldek Gondolatébresztése

Mindennek két oldala van.

Nincs tökéletes átalakulás egy körfolyamatban ezért kell hálózatban kapcsolni és több
ciklust összekapcsolni lásd természet.
3
Paksi Atomerőmű a hightech hajtóereje
A civilizációnk energia igénye egyre nő energia
forrásunk a Föld fosszilis raktárai helyett a Nap
atomenergia modellje irányába tolódik – (fúziós
és nukleáris) legyen az egyszerű begyűjtése a
napcellák, a szélerőművek és a vízerőművek
segítségével.

Az energiát az atomenergia tartalmazza a

legkoncentráltabban.

Elektromosság az energia leggyorsabb szállítási

és elosztási módja (hálózatos).

Paksi Atomerőmű a gazdaságunkban olyan

mint a természetben a Nap.
4
Alumínium a 3. leggyakoribb

C nincs rajta

Mg (2.33%)
Na (2.36%)

+ Energiahordozó
5
Aluminium Infinite Circular Economy
Geo
Water Solar Renewable + Wind Tide
Nuclear Energy
Scrap Carbon free Carbon free
melting smelting Al2O3

Hybrid Al

Materials Al block Energy Al Energy

Product Al hydroxide

Semi finished
product
Al battery 6
Hálózati Anyag és Energia Gazdaság

Szimbiotikus: (nem patogén nincsenek

elburjánzó egyedi folyamatok = egészséges)
• Organikus (anyagból energia és vissza)
• Smart (a kisebb lokális ciklusok is
érvényesülnek)

Tároljuk az anyagban Pl. alumínium az

energiát. A paksi felesleggel lehetne
alumíniumot előállítani.
7
GLOBÁLIS ÉS LOKÁLIS FOLYAMATOK

8
Fosszilisek kimerülnek – megoldás kell 2050-ig
Olajipar optimista: pl. Exxon

Exxon

Elfogy az olaj

“The world’s carbon budget is finite and

running out fast; we need a rapid transition
to net zero. We all want energy that is
BP reliable and affordable, but that is no longer
cselekszik enough. It must also be cleaner. To deliver
that, trillions of dollars will need to be
invested in replumbing and rewiring the
world’s energy system. It will require nothing
short of reimagining energy as we know it.”
BP CEO Bernard Looney (2018) 9
Folyamatok, válaszok
Csökkenthető energia Klímaváltozás
veszteség - rekuperációval
Pandemiális környezet

BEV (battery electric vehicle)

ICE – Internal Combustion Engine
(Petrol, Diesel, Hybrid).

2050-re az elektrifikációval az
olajtól az alternatív energiák felé
toljuk el a mobilitási
energiafelhasználást.
10
Globális: Olaj fogy – válasz: alternatív (megújuló)
energiák, elektrifikáció, dekarbonizáció

11
11
 Lokális: Olaj fogy – válasz: komplex hálózatosodás
Ultra HV és Smart Grid elektron logisztika

Electrical High Ways: UHV gridek + Decentralizáció: smart gridek

Termeszthető anyagok 12
családi struktúrák és KKV szektor és nagy cégek hálózatosodása
NOVEL ALUMINIUM: NA
AZ ÚJ ALUMÍNIUM
= HIBRID AL ÉS ENERGIA AL
13
ÚJ ANYAG: HIBRID ALUMÍNIUM

14
 Hybrid aluminiums as novel solutions

0x hybrid aluminium = base material: conventional aluminium alloy or aluminium waste.

1x hybrid aluminium: also known as aluminium matrix composite (AMC) or aluminium

MMC. Al2O3 can be made totally recyclable.

2x hybrid aluminium: such as stabilized aluminium foams. Currently, as a semi-finished

product, and part of vehicle bodies (especially in electric car weight and safety technology
as battery holder).

3x hybrid aluminium: metallurgically bounded aluminium foam core sandwich panel

materials and weight-reduced foam cored aluminium castings. 15
A természet anyagszerkezete
„Ha a modern ember épít nagy teherbíró
szerkezeteket tömör anyagokat használ:
acélt, betont üveget.”
„Ha a természet építkezik, habcellás
anyagokat használ: fát, csontot, korallt.
Biztos jó oka van rá.” 16
Prof. M.F. Ashby, Cambridge-i Egyetem
 Historical development of technologies and companies
Aluinvent (Aluhab, Beihai, Scytd, Rontec 2010 Havel Metal Foam
Designium)
Alcoa (Aluminair) Pohltec, ALM (AFS)
HKB (Metcomb) Foamtech, Anyfoam Alulight
2000
Cymat (Alusion),
Shinko Wire 1990 Fraunhofer Ges.
Alcan-Hydro
(Alporas)
1980
Ethyl Corp. 1970
Lor Corp United Aircraft Corp.
1960
Bjorksten Lab.
Food
Honeycomb
technology toffee Bread
analogues of Beer
closed cell Al Hydride or carbonate Hydride compaction
foam Gas injection with Al powder
dispersion in melt
technologies

Casting Powder metallurgy 17

Operating closed cell Al foam manufacturers on the world
• Aluinvent: www.aluinvent.com

• Cymat: www.cymat .com

• Foamtech Global: http://foamtechglobal.co.kr/

• Havel metal foam: http://havel-mf.com/

• Pohltec: https://www.pohl-facades.com/en/facade-
design/aluminum-metal-foam-afsr/

• Scytd: http://www.scytd.com/english/ 18
FÉMHAB TERMÉK
INNOVÁCIÓK

19
Ipari alkalmazási területek

Építőipar & Védelem & Gépipar &

Biztonságtechnika Járműipar
Design

Design falak és homlokzati Nagy szilárdságú Rezgéselnyelő

burkolatok, dekoráció. csomagolóanyagok, anyagok,
robbanásvédelem, szerkezeti
páncélanyagok, anyagok.
ütközőanyagok.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

21
Shading panels

22
Falburkoló elemek – DVTK Medical Miskolc

23
Shading panels

24
Audi showroom platform
2008. Sept. 5 /CNW/ - Cymat Technologies Ltd.,
additional orders from Isaria Corporate Design
GmbH for Cymat's architectural Alusion product
used in Audi dealer showroom's Highlight
Platforms. These orders, valued at $1.6 million,
are part of the continuing program to supply Audi
dealers worldwide with Highlight Platforms.

25
BMW showroom platform

26
Protestant Church, Terrassa Catalonia, Spain

Cost:122.782 € (659 m2) installation and transport

included. Alusion Large cell 2 side open 12,7 mm thick.

Fixing for the panels

Mallorca Congress Centre: 22000 m2 Al foam façade

28
Prada Façade - Milano

PRADA Museum, Milan, Italy (6,800 M2)

OMA Architects, the Netherlands – 6,000 M2
 Alusion Design from Cymat
Carillon
Parroquia
San
Vicente de
Paul, Bell
Tower, Hudson Valley Home, NY, USA
911 Memorial Library, NY, USA Chile Toshiko Mori Architect N.Y
Davis Brody Bond, LLP Architects and
Planners

Metro station
Barcelona, Spain
Vancouver Convention Center: LCD lit
feature wall clad
Alusion Design from Cymat

31
Alusion Design from Cymat

Butterfly Wall

Wall cladding

Furniture Ceiling 32
Sound absorption walls

Tunnel Swimming pool

33
Façade

34
Highway sound absorption panels

35
ART

36
Szobor

37
SAFETY & DEFENCE

38
Industry solutions 20

Battery box of the future

Rd
Structural rigidity
Advantages
End of the plateau
m
R130
Lightweight
Rplt

R70

Crash absorption

R20

e=0 e=0,2 e=0,4 Aplt-E e

Thermal conductivity Recyclable Crash behavior / Crash absorption

Standard DIN 50134
Compression test of metallic cell materials

Aluminum foam sandwiches between battery cells as Steel-aluminum foam- Aluminum foam (milled) with Battery box with welded
spacers and crash absorbers Sandwiches with steel pipes integrated pipes seams
embedded in the foam
Industry solutions 18

Protection against explosions, fire and ballistics

Areas of application Advantages
• SOC equipment
· Prevention / Protection measures
• Airports
• Power plants · Minimization of damage caused by
possible terrorism
• Central government institutions
• Embassies, consulates · Minimization of personnel and
equipment damage
• Logistics facilities in critical regions
• Security buildings, e.g. Control centers, police stations · Safety vests & helmets
• Military facilities
• Vehicles, e.g. armored vehicles

Classifications
Non-combustible, meets fire safety standard DIN EN 45545-2

No toxic gases DIN EN 45545-2

Achieves various fire resistance classes e.g. E30 DIN EN 13501-2

DIN EN 1363-1

Transport packaging of explosives UN 6A, 6B, 6C

Armour - Ballistic protection
Alumina Ceramic

Aluminum Foam

Fiber reinforced polymer

Military Vehicles
Structural and
Survivability Weight
Reduction

Internal Energy
Management
Elements

V-Hull Under Belly

Protection

42
Military and Defense – Vehicle Blast Protection

• Underbody IED Blast Protection

• Composite Floor Systems
• Protection of Engine and Drive Train
• Side Blast Panels
• Seating Systems

43
Crash Element

600 mm

Aluminium foam part for a front crash

Schunk – Siemens - Hübner element of Combino city trams (Alulight
International) 44
Crash absorber box

a) b)
a) Crash absorber box of the electric car prototype in the frame of the European project
Evolution made with rectangular Al-profiles filled with Al-foam; and (b) CAD design of the body in
white (courtesy of Cidaut, Valladolid, Spain, Pinningfarina, Cambiano, Italy and Pohltec metal foam,
Collogne, Germany)
45
Safety parts in car
a) Small crash energy absorbing
element for the AUDI Q7 SUV
passenger car in the safety
net for the protection of the
passengers and the load,
serial production started in
2006 (with meanwhile more
than 250.000 parts
produced), automated
production line with a
capacity of over 100.000 parts
per year

b)

Serial production of safety relevant part in Audi Q7 “pikes peak” Limits forces to 1.5 kN at
50% deformation (of 73 mm). Casted ALUHAB-s: a) Replication of ALULIGHT car parts from
Auinvent, b) tomography images of the casted tubes, tube diameter 18 mm at the edge.
Guardrail Shock Absorber
Al foam prototypes for ESA
1. MICROMETEOROIDE AND ORBITAL DEBRIS PROTECTION PANEL

4 mm
10 mm

Metallurgically bonded Al plate Natural skin Al foam

48
 Other possible application on energy absorption

• Nuclear Waste Storage Protection

• Crash Box Applications
• Fuel Cell Protection in Vehicles
• Infrastructure Protection
• Blast protection of fuel storage
• Aircraft Doors & Interior

49
Unprotected Protected
ENGINEERING & MOBILITY

50
Al as a structural material for electric vehicles

From Morgan Stanley Research 2017 51

SmartMetalTM Applications – Automotive

52
Motorbike

53
 IFAM Bremen
Gear-wheel

Gear-wheel with an anti-vibration layer of aluminium foam

Vibration damping and sound absorption for cars

Target product: Engine Mount Bracket

Target product: car wheel

Low pressure die casted METCOMB part from AIT-LKR and HKB, Austria.
Stiffener in door sill

High premium cars Ferrari 360 and 430

Spider: addition of aluminium foam into the
door sill increased stiffness as well as the
behavior in case of a side crash. Production
from 1999 until 2009 with appr. 5000 pieces
per year.
Al foam prototypes for ESA
2. MIRROR DEMONSTRATOR

Glued Al plate
28 mm

Metallurgically bonded Al plate

3. DIRECTED HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY PANEL

82 mm

Cut blocks from the panel 57

Ariane rocket cone

Solution is aluminium foam sandwich panel.

Product solutions 11

Havel Lite® AFP

Pure Aluminum Foam Panels

• Manufacturing from a height of a few

millimeters up to a thickness of 75 mm
possible

• Aluminum foam panels with steel mesh

inserts are very tensile and less brittle

• Lighter than sandwiches and far more

Pure aluminum foam panel with cast skin as outer layer favorable than e.g. carbon

Steel wire mesh improves the Very high Aluminum foam panel Coated Aluminum foam panel
tensile strength of the foam
Product solutions
Havel Lite® Sandwiches
Production technology:
directly embedded fasteners
12
Verschweißte Aluminum-Aluminum foam-Sandwiches
Aluminiumschaum-
Sandwiches AAS
Havel Lite® Aluminum foam
with aluminum sheet cover layers
Steel-Aluminum foam-Sandwiches
SAS
Havel Lite® Aluminum foam
with steel sheet cover layers
• Metallic bond
• Non-flammable
• 100% recyclable
• Repairable
• Strong vibration damping
• Different alloys / coatings possible
(e.g. paint, high-pressure laminate, wood)
• Embedding of fasteners, rails or threaded inserts
Processing options: Production possibility: (only with SAS)
Drilling, Welding, Milling Laminated sandwich • Copper sheet cover layers are also possible
Product solutions 13

Havel Lite® Foam-filled profiles

• Excellent damping properties, while

reducing weight

• Filling of profiles and cavities with metal

foam
Ausgeschäumte
Foam-filled steel profiles
Aluminiumprofile • Improved vibration damping properties
for fast moving components

• Higher accuracy and speed during

further processing

Foam-filled profiles Foam-filled aluminum profiles Foam-filled steel profiles

Bending test
Product solutions 14

Havel Lite® 3D formed parts

• Almost every geometric shape possible

• Non-flammable, no smoke

• Long lifetime

• 100% recyclable

• High energy absorption

• Good crash behavior

• Noise and vibration damping

• Extremely light
with densities of approx. 0.7 g / cm³

Shock absorber element Drink holder 3D element

Industry solutions 19

Automotive
Areas of application Advantages
Stiffening elements in the body area, for example: · High energy absorption in the event
of a crash due to plastic deformation
• Foamed bumpers
· The buckling and compression
• Node areas, joints behavior of steel profiles is greatly
• Side impact protection 3D molded part improved
• Doorsill Shock absorber · Weight savings
• Roof rack, side member, cross member
· Excellent vibration damping,
• Surface elements, e.g. roof bow
e.g. engine vibration
· Increasing the torsional rigidity of
1 Crossbeam the overall body by approx. 10%
4
2 Aluminum foam
· Recyclability
2
3 crash absorber in
1 the luggage net of
an Audi Q7 3D molded part
3 Roof rack
Window frame
4
6 4 Stiffening
elements in nodal
7 areas
5
5 Doorsill

6 Longitudinal
beams

7 3D molded part of 3D prototype

a shock absorber Vehicle roof bow
 Industry solutions 17

Railway industry & infrastructure

Areas of application Advantages
• Floor panels with elements embedded in the foam (pipes, heating systems etc.)
· Shell: self-supporting sandwiches
• Ceiling and wall elements
• Door systems, seats, tables · Moldable / weldable
• Toilet enclosures · Repairable
• Ramps for wheelchairs Weldable · Space saving / elimination of ribs
• Aluminum foam sandwiches in wheel arches (noise reduction)
· High crash absorption
• Freight cars
· 18% weight saving

Powerhead for a high-speed train

Made of molded and welded aluminum foam sandwiches

Various joining techniques

Individual shaping

Classification: Non-flammable
HL3 approval according to EN 45545
Project study in cooperation with: Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, BlueS,
KUKA Systems GmbH, MFPA Leipzig GmbH, Voith Engineering Services GmbH Road & Rail
 Industry solutions 22

Shipbuilding
Areas of application Advantages
• Elements of the ship's hull · Weight savings 20% - 30%
• Hatches, doors, frames
· Less draft
• Cabins, ceilings, exterior and interior walls Connection by MSG process
• Floorboards, planking (Al-Al) and blast-plated welding · Vibration damping
profiles (Al-Steel) · (e.g., transmission structure)
• Chimneys
• Filling of tubes, profiles or segments with metal foam · Reduction of manufacturing costs
through fewer individual parts
• Decorative elements
• Structural component (for example mechanical and plant engineering) · More payload possible
• Staircase elements

Connection of AAS-Steel is
made by blast-plated welding
profiles

ULIVES / MARTEC ERA-NET

Pilot project: hull of an inland vessel Connection of SAS-Steel is
made by MSG process
All-aluminium lifting arm system
stiffness optimisation

Euro-B drivers licence

less than 3500 kg total weight
• 25 m working height
• 11 m outreach

AFS panels welded

ALM GmbH Saarbrücken
mass = 90 kg
 Other possible application on specific stiffness

• Bus Floor Systems and Service Access

67
Fémhab mint processzor hűtőborda

68
NUCLEAR INDUSTRY

69
Project 1.: Aluminium Foam in Nuclear Waste
Transport Packaging
Aluminium foams can protect of falling containers against damage by
ensuring the controlled deceleration of the internal part by selecting
proper density and by this controlled compression strength of the
aluminium foams. Aluminium foams ensure constant strength during 60%
compression therefore constant deceleration and maximised force.
100
F98/1

Compressive stress (MPa)

80

60
5 MPa 10 MPa 20 MPa
40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80
Compressive strain (%)

0.4 g/cm3 density 0.5 g/cm3 density 0.7 g/cm3 density

70
Project 2.: Aluminium Foam Compressible Layer for
Nuclear Wastes Disposal Facility Tunnels
Aluminium foams can serve as compressible layer in order to reduce the long-term rock stress around
the concrete lining of the tunnels of nuclear wastes disposal facility. The aluminium foam can be applied
in 150-200mm thick panels in-between the shotcrete primary support and the long-term concrete lining.
A metal foam with a wide plastic deformation plateau of about 50% of the total strain and starting from
1 ÷ 1.5 MPa, as shown in the picture. Regarding TBM (tunnel boring machine)tunnels, the technical
solution is to modify the pre-fabrication process of the TBM reinforced concrete rings applying a
“concrete-based compressible layer” on the extrados.

71
Project 3.: Aluminium Composite Neutron
Absorber for Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage
Since the long-term integrity of a thermal neutron poison is
essential for effective criticality control of used nuclear fuel during
storage, boron containing alloys or composites have been used in
both used fuel pool storage racks and dual-purpose
(storage/transportation) canisters and dry casks. Boral (max. 10 wt.
% of boron) is currently used in fuel pools and
storage/transportation casks. However, its NRC (Nuclear Regulatory
Commission) license is only 20 years. Al/B4C (max. 35 vol.% of B4C)
Spent Fuel Pool
or Al/BN (machinable) metal matrix composites (MMCs), as
innovative new materials, are considered to be excellent candidates
that used as neutron absorber materials in both dry storage casks
and wet storage pools of spent nuclear fuel for preventing criticality
due to the high neutron absorption cross-section of elemental 10B,
excellent corrosion properties and light weight. Meanwhile, because
Al MMCs have high thermal conductivity and thermal stability, they
are tremendously beneficial for dry storage casks that will be loaded
with mixed oxide (MOX) fuel and highly enriched fuel. Basket Assembly
72
Project 4.: Aluminium Battery for Electrical Storage
Our idea is to implement a high
surface area percolated or cellular
aluminium anode where the oxidation
of the aluminium is properly
controlled.
The implementation of increased
capacity of aluminium batteries
depends on the improved
electrochemistry and the increased
primary and secondary surface of
anode materials.
The battery will be combined with graphene cathode in order to reach
the best performance. 73
ÚJ ENERGIAHORDOZÓ: ENERGIA ALUMÍNIUM

74
Size of global battery fleet need / year

1. Vehicles

109 vehicles *30 kWh/vehicle = 30 TWh of storage

2. Renewable energy storage = 9-30 TWh of storage

We thus consider a global battery fleet of 50 TWh

Requires 140 gigafactories to make, 100 x today capacity

1 gigafactory = 1.3 km2 = 35 GWh/year
600 MW reactor is 5 TWh, 50 TWh = 10 nuclear reactor
75
 Vehicle Application Map
ICE – Internal Combustion Engine
E-REV – Extended Range El. Vehicles
BEV - Battery Electric Vehicles

ICE Electrical energy storage of the

future electron or proton,
battery or fuel cell? Answer is both,
but different applications.

Source: General Motors

400 Wh/kg
76
The Value Chain

By 2050, global car sales growing from 90M to 134M with almost 70% from BEV
(battery electric vehicle).
From Morgan Stanley Research 2017 77
 Battery “Made in Hungary” Companies
Company City Battery Company City Battery
Battery pack Battery
GSYUA GS Yuasa Miskolc Lithium-ion components

Samsung SDI Göd Lithium-ion Shinheung Sec. Monor

SK Innovations Komárom Lithium Amphenol Battery connectors

polymer Jaewon
battery BumChun
Jász-Plasztik Jászberény Lead battery Doosan
Cell components Soulbrain
Toray Industries Nyergesújfalu Separator Recycling
Hungary Ltd. membrane for
(Zoltek) Li battery (and SungEel Hightech Szigetszentmiklós Li-battery recycling
electrodes)

78
 Raw materials demand in Li-Ion Batteries (LIB)

BMW i3
Model 2017
(21.6-33.4 kWh)

Source BMW
35kg Graphite
12kg Cobalt
6kg Lithium
12kg Manganese
12kg Nickel
+ Aluminium

DERA estimated, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenshaften und Rohstoffe, GEOZENTRUM HANNOVER 79

 Material Availability and Cost

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC), Li-manganese LiMn2O4

(LMO) and Li-phosphate LiFePO4 (LFP), Lithium Cobalt Oxide LiCoO2 (LCO), Lithium Nickel
Cobalt Aluminum Oxide LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) 80
 Our main philosophy: Al-based energy economy
• Aluminium is the 3rd most common element of the earth's crust, so the source of
aluminium metal extraction is theoretically almost unlimited.
• Aluminium metal stores a significant amount of energy (energy bank). The theoretical
energy density of the aluminium-air battery is 8.1 kWh / kg (the value is the same as the
density of coal energy and is almost equal to the energy density of gasoline, but only
one-third of the volume).
• New technology has emerged, which will significantly improve the environmental
friendliness of primary aluminium production as O2 is a by-product instead of CO2.
• Scientists justified that the capacity of current rechargeable aluminium-ion batteries can
reach 2.5 times (1 kWh / kg) of lithium-ion batteries.
• If the theoretical energy capacity of 8.1 kWh / kg Al can be exploited with the current
electric cars, only 23 kg of aluminium should be refuelled to drive 1000 km, which is only
8.5 liters of aluminium. At present, it is at least 32 kg and 40 liters of petrol. Alcoa
(Arconic) is working on a new aluminium metal fuelled primary battery pack, in
collaboration with an Israeli start-up company Phinergy driving electrical car more than
1000 km. Thus, due to the higher theoretical efficiency of aluminium compared to petrol
we will need less aluminium to fuel our cars to drive the same distance.
• Aluminium metallurgy in clean energy life cycle using nuclear and/or renewable energy.
• Aluminium foam is an excellent mechanical energy absorber with a controlled
compression curve.
• Aluminium composite materials for use as neutron absorber. Al a rechargeable fuel =
• Hybrid aluminium structures as structural support of renewable energy (photovoltaic, New colour of Energy
wind) power plants.
81
INNOVATION IN BATTERIES
CHEAPER AND BETTER

82
1st driving force for innovation - cheaper

• Cell Material

• Cell Components

• Cell Integration

Battery electric powertrain costs are heavily dependent on the cost of the
battery, much of which is driven by the cost of battery cell materials.
Battery technology will fall below $100/kWh (Morgan Stanley).
83
2nd driving force for innovation - better

Power density, W/kg 105

104

Al-ion

103
Li-
ion

102

101
100 101 102 103 104 84
Energy density, Wh/kg
Al is the winner against Li-battery

Li rechargable battery
practical limit is 300 Wh/kg,
theorethical is 406 Wh/kg.
The theoretical voltage: 2.65 V (Li) and 4 V (Al).

Al rechargeable battery: Al-Air battery: In the case of

recent target is 400 electric vehicles (EVs), state-of-
Al is better
Wh/kg but 1060 Wh/kg the-art utilization can approach
theorethical. 1700 Wh/kg. 85
PRIMARY / AL-AIR BATTERY IN MOBILITY:
SUCCESS STORY – “FUEL” YOUR CAR WITH
ALUMINIUM
86
Al battery electrochemistry
1300 (practical), 6000/8000
Specific energy
(theoretical) W·h/kg
Specific power 200 W/kg
Nominal cell voltage

The anode oxidation half-reaction is Al + 3OH → Al(OH) 3 + 3e− +2.31 V.

The cathode reduction half-reaction is O2 + 2H2O + 4e− → 4OH− +0.40 V.
The total reaction is 4Al + 3O2 + 6H2O → 4Al(OH) 3 + 2.71 V.
About 1.2 V potential difference is created, when potassium hydroxide is used as
the electrolyte. Saltwater electrolyte achieves a 0.7 volts per cell. 87
Phinergy – 1000 miles car battery

2018.03.01.
Yunnan
Aluminium Co.
will cooperate
with Israeli
company
Phinergy Ltd.
88
 Conventional
Al-Air: Lighter batteries breathing the air

Phinergy

89
Phinergy’s technological roadmap targets

90
SECONDARY RECHARGEABLE ALUMINIUM
BATTERIES

91
ALION H2020 EU project on Al-Ion batteries
The final objective of this project is to obtain an Al-ion battery module validated in a
relevant environment, with a specific energy of 400 Wh/kg, a voltage of 48V and a
cycle life of 3000 cycles.
Project partners:
• Acondicionamiento Tarrasense
• Torrecid • Solvionic
• Varta Microbattery • NUST
• Albufera Energy Storage • Accurec
• Dechema
• University of Southampton
• TU Berlin
• Acciona Infraestructuras
• CEG Electronica
• Commissariat a l’energie atomique et aux energies alternatives
92
Stanford University - Ultrafast Aluminium Battery
The cathode is enable fast anion diffusion
and intercalation, affording charging times
of around one minute with a current
density of 4,000mA/g (equivalent to
3,000W/kg), and withstand more than
7,500 cycles without capacity decay.

Graphite
foam
cathode 93
 Cornell University
Andrew Scott, Published online 30 November 2018

“Lynden Archer, leader of the research team at Cornell University in the U.S. that
made the breakthrough. … funding and research participation from Saudi
Aramco. The Cornell team found a way to coat aluminum with a thin
chemical film that transforms the behaviour of the surface. The coating is added
by treating the metal with a specific ionic liquid containing chloride ions and
a small nitrogen-containing organic compound. Treated interface layers
spontaneously erode existing aluminum oxide and also prevent any further
oxide formation. Crucially, electrodes carrying this specialized interface can
work in batteries using water-based (aqueous) chemical solutions. “The
many fires widely reported in existing battery technologies stem from the
flammability of the materials they contain,” Archer points out. Aqueous
chemistry could avoid fire hazards while also providing the basis for more
cost effective production. … demonstrated in small test systems.” 94
Current collector shapes (NiCd batteries)

Foam shape
is one of the
bests
among cost
effective
solutions.

95
 Carbon fibre as a structural battery
component in vehicle bodies

Chalmers University of
Technology in Sweden 2018

Weight reduction 50%

Polymer with carbon fibre

Volvo 2013 Insulating fibre glass

Polymer with cathode
coated carbon fibre 96
ÚJ ALUMÍNIUM – KÉT KÖRFORGÁST
ÖSSZEKAPCSOLTUNK ÚTBAN A HÁLÓZATI ANYAG
ÉS ENERGIA GAZDASÁG FELÉ
97
Aluminium Infinite Circular Economy
Geo
Water Solar Renewable + Wind Tide
Nuclear Energy
Scrap Carbon free Carbon free
melting smelting Al2O3

Hybrid Al

Materials Al block Energy Al Energy

Product Al hydroxide

Semi finished
product
Al battery 98
Contact

Innobay Hungary Ltd.

Dr. Norbert Babcsán

Managing Director

Miskolc 3519, Trencséni u. 24.

Hungary

E-mail: info@innobay.hu

www.innobay.hu https://www.linkedin.com/in/norbert-babcsan-1868b08/

99