164 INDIAN: ARCHITECTURE Two of the most important of these temple-cities are on mountains in Kathiawar, one being on the heights ijaya and the other on those of Gimar. The largest of all is that of Sitrunjaya, south of the town of Palitana, and occupying the twin summits of the mountain, two thousand feet above sea level. Crowning these two ridges each some three hundred and fifty yards long, the line of buildings, several hundreds in number, follows approsimately the shape of letter &, one aroup ruining along the curve af the northern ridge and another the southern with a connecting group on the saddle forming the loop between. Out of this large number of shrines of various shapes and sizes, a characteristic example is the Chaumukh temple of Adinath standing within the Karalaravasi Tuk at theapex of the northern ridge. Built in A.D. 1618, on thesite of amuch earlier structure, it shows how the builders put into effect the plan of the “four faced” shrine, The cell chamber, which twenty-three feet square, is provided with the four requisite entrances, that on the east side being connected in the usizal manner by a doorway with the assembly hall in front. ‘The three other openings have porches leading the surrounding courtyard, while above each porch rises an elegant second story with balconied windows, ture having a definitely secular appearance, the whole buttressed against the lower part of the spire. In addition to this amplification of the vimana there is a range of exterior cells incorporated into its western walls and screened by a pillared verandah, a form of supplementary cloisters considerably enriching this portion of the structure. to produce the effect of one architectural element imposed vt another, there is theless a rich animation about this design which is commendable, ‘Dominating the opposite and southern ridge of Sitrunjaya is another temple, not only typical of the style but celebrated for the antiquity ofits foundation, as it occupies the most sacred site on the mountain, the sanctum sanctoriom of the tirtha, This is the Sri Adisvara which stands within the Vimalavasi Tuk, the present structure dating from A.D. 1530, but it fills the place of a much older temple erected in A.D. 960, and there was probably another still Although simpler in plan than the previous example, as it enshrines only one cella, its architectural elevation, which is notably ornate, has distinctly good features. This specially applies to the eastern frontage with its pillared portico and upper story, the semi-circular arches of each being cusped and braced with the characteristic convoluted strut. Over the mnandapa extends a low pitched roof, moulded in lines resembling tiles, with figures of dragons along the ridges breaking the skyline like cruckets on a Gothie gable, Asa whole this building is however not unified, itis a combination of parts each good in itself, but the process of assembling has not been perfectly accomplished. ‘The other famous temple-city of Kathiawar, that on the hill of Girnar near the historic town of Junagadh (Uparkot), is situated on the top of a great cliff some six hundred feet below the actual summit, but still nearly three thousand feet above sea level. “Although not so numerous a collection of shrines as those on Sitrunjaya, from which it is distant barely a hundred miles, a few of its buildings are of an earlier date, As an instance of this, the largest of the Girnar group, the temple of Neminatha, bearing an inscription indicating that it was restored in the 13th century, is probably not very different in its general appearance from what it was when first built about a ceittury before. “More recent renovations may perhaps have robbed it of some of its original character, but itis still a building of marked size aud distinction, It is possible to obtain a comprehensive view of this temple from a point on the hill above it, the entire scheme depicting a very carefully designed plan, Standing within a quadrangular courtyard measuring 190 feet by 130, it is surrounded by a range of pillared Cloisters containing over seventy cells. The temple building is placed towards the western end of this enclosure leaving a wide sweep of pavement in front to add dignity to its proportions, the structure itself having a plan 1c. ‘The mandapa is a handsome hall 43 feet square with an open space in the c und which is a colonnade of twenty-two pillars forming the aisles. "It is how- ever in the exterior elevation of the vimana that the early character of the temple may be detected, as this is composed of a grouping of turrets around the central tower on a system common in the temple architecture of western India of about the twelfth century, ‘The manner in which the temple builders of these parts endeavoured to adapt their plans to the Jain observances is shown in another early building at Girnar, the temple of Vastupala Tejpala, so named because it was founded by those two famous ministers under the rulers of Gujarat, who, by their munificent patronage, gave such encouragement to the building art in the west of India during the first half of the thirteenth century. ‘This temple is remarkable as it is a triple structure composed of three separate shrines, each leading out of one of tho sides of a square cantral hall, the fourth side providing the entrance. As usual the shrine on the east is the principal sanctuary, as here in the cella is a statue of Mallinatha, the rgth Tirthankar, but the two lateral shrines contain Jain emblems of marked spiritual significance. Each of these side-chambers is in the form of a pillared hall, the centre, or nave of which is almost filled with a monument of solid masonry, called a Samosan, that on the north having a square base and called Sumeru, the fabled mountain of Meru, while that on the south is circular in plan and named Sameta Sikhara. referring to the «cred monnt af Paracanath in Rihar. The lateral arrangement of this temple necessitated a broad frontage having three entrances, above which rise three shallow domes covering the central hall and its two side shrines. In working out this composition,