THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC TO THE GLOBALIZATION AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

PARAGRAPH FORMATION

1. Introduction to the importance of globalization and how infectious diseases affect the global economy. (globalization and
infectious diseases: a review of the linkages)
2. (How do pandemics impact the global economy?) With a global pandemic silently infiltrating the economy of the globe it has
exposed along various cracks in the global economic system putting the entire system at risk. Question is, for better or for
worse? And what will co vid-19 mean for globalization? Could it bring out the ‘waning of globalization’ or could it be the end of
globalization as we know it? Will it end globalization (negative/positive outcome)?
3. What would become of the future of the global economy, will globalization look very different after the pandemic as the
coronavirus will mark not the end of an era, but its transformation? If so, how do make globalization much better in the making
for a brighter future ahead of us. Globalization will not end but will change in the process.

1. Intro
a. A global pandemic and globalization
b. How do pandemics impact the global economy?
c. One natural question is what covid-19 will mean for globalization
d. Could coronavirus bring about the ‘waning of globalization?’
2. Body
a. Globalization and infectious diseases: a review of the linkages
b. Pandemic exposes cracks in global economic system
c. Now the virus has put the entire system at risk. Question is, for better or for worse?
d. The end of globalization?
3. Conclusion
a. Will globalization look very different after the coronavirus pandemic?
b. The coronavirus will mark not the end of an era, but its transformation
c. How to make globalization better?
d. Future of the global economy after the coronavirus pandemic

THOUGH PAPER: REFERENCES

 No nation is immune to the growing global threat that can be posed by an isolated outbreak of infectious disease in a seemingly
remote part of the world. Today, whether carried by an unknowing traveler or an opportunistic vector, human pathogens can
rapidly arrive anywhere in the world.
 Globalization is by no means a new phenomenon; transcontinental trade and the movement of people date back at least 2,000
years, to the era of the ancient Silk Road trade route. The global spread of infectious disease has followed a parallel course.
Indeed, the emergence and spread of infectious disease are, in a sense, the epitome of globalization.
 Now, two millennia later, human pathogens are experiencing yet another bonanza from a new era of globalization characterized by
faster travel over greater distances and worldwide trade
 As Echenberg (2002) notes, plague epidemics in colonial African cities were closely tied to the increased communication, travel,
and trade that accompanied the advent of the steamship. The economic and social impacts of these epidemics were are profound.
 Thus, the current era of globalization is more properly viewed as an intensification of trends that have occurred throughout history.
Never before have so many people moved so quickly throughout the world, whether by choice or force. Never before has the
population density been higher, with more people living in urban areas. Never before have food, animals, commodities, and capital
been transported so freely and quickly across political boundaries. And never before have pathogens had such ample opportunity
to hitch global rides on airplanes, people, and products.
 The future of globalization is still in the making. Despite the successful attempts of the developed world during the course of the
last century to control many infectious diseases and even to eradicate some deadly afflictions, 13 million people worldwide still die
from such diseases every year (see Figure S-1).
 Although the burden is greatest for the developing world, infectious diseases are a growing threat to all nations. The problem is
compounded by the emergence of new diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),1 that occur unexpectedly
and require urgent interventions (see Figures S-2a and S-2b).
 Will Covid-19 Have a Lasting Impact on Globalization?
 As leaders wrestle to guide their organizations through the Covid-19 pandemic, decisions running the gamut from where to sell to
how to manage supply chains hinge on expectations about the future of globalization.
 The volume of global goods exports in 2020 could fall to a level last seen in the mid-to-late 2000s, according to the latest WTO
forecast. That would be a tremendously painful drop, especially in the context of today’s larger and more complex world economy.
 The collapse of international travel, in contrast, stands out against a much steadier growth trend, and its damage is indisputable.
Tourism contributes more to global output than automotive manufacturing, and business travel facilitates international trade and
investment.
 This unprecedented collapse does, however, follow an international travel boom.
 Ongoing technological shifts such as the adoption of e-commerce, videoconferencing, and robots have all been supercharged by
Covid-19. Before the pandemic, many focused on how new technologies could reduce global flows, e.g. via manufacturers
substituting robots at home for low-cost labor abroad. But many pandemic-induced shifts could also strengthen globalization if they
are not curbed by protectionist policies. Cross-border e-commerce expands export opportunities, especially for smaller companies.
 Forced experimentation with remote work, where successful, could spur more services offshoring. And even 3D-printing
sometimes leads to more rather than less trade.
 Business leaders can think productively about Covid-19, technology, and globalization, by taking a structured approach to
considering both internal and external implications. Internally, think how individual functions can harness opportunities afforded by
new technologies, while managing organizational change with sensitivity to the heightened stress employees and teams are
facing. Externally, think about how technological trends could potentially change a company’s standing vis-à-vis its competitors,
customers, suppliers, and so on. For most companies, technological trends should lead to more globalization in some areas and
less in others, rather than a uniform shift in one direction or the other.
 In conclusion, Covid-19 looks like a “bend but won’t break crisis” for globalization. International flows are plummeting, but
globalization — and opposition to globalization — will continue to present business opportunities and challenges. Careful attention
to the drivers of globalization’s future can help companies navigate through and even profit from globalization’s turbulence. A
volatile world of partially connected national economies expands possibilities for global strategy even as it complicates the
management of multinational firms. Now is the time for global corporations to show their value by harnessing the best of the
world’s capabilities to end the pandemic and bolster the recovery.
 Could coronavirus bring about the 'waning of globalization'?
 Pandemics are not just passing tragedies of sickness and death. The omnipresence of such mass-scale threats, and the
uncertainty and fear that accompany them, lead to new behaviors and beliefs. People become both more suspicious and more
credulous. Above all, they become less willing to engage with anything that seems foreign or strange.
 In any case, factory closures and production suspensions are already disrupting global supply chains. Producers are taking steps
to reduce their exposure to long-distance vulnerabilities. So far, at least, financial commentators have focused on cost calculations
for particular sectors: automakers worried about shortages of parts; textile makers deprived of fabric; luxury-goods retailers starved
of customers; and the tourism sector, where cruise ships, in particular, have become hotbeds of contagion.
 But there has been relatively little reflection on what the new climate of uncertainty means for the global economy more generally.
In thinking through the long-term consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, individuals, companies, and perhaps even governments
will try to shield themselves through complex contingent contracts.
 As the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga showed, the period following the Black Death in Europe turned out to be the “waning of the
Middle Ages.” For him, the real story was not just the economic aftereffects of a pandemic, but the mysticism, irrationalism, and
xenophobia that eventually brought an end to a universalist culture. Likewise, it is entirely possible that COVID-19 will precipitate
the “waning of globalization.”
 Globalization Will Look Very Different After the Coronavirus Pandemic
 New barriers are going up at breathtaking speed. The pandemic will accelerate not the demise of globalization but its
transformation.
 The COVID-19 pandemic has spawned new barriers at breathtaking speed. Closed borders, travel bans, paralyzed supply chains,
and export restrictions have prompted many to ask whether globalization itself might fall victim to the coronavirus. In fact,
globalization was already in decline well before the outbreak, having reached its peak before the 2008 global financial crisis and
having never recovered since then. The pandemic will certainly highlight the risks inherent in overdependence on global supply
chains, prompt a renationalization of production, and put stress on the notion of international interdependence. The likely result is
an acceleration of changes that have long been in motion toward a new, different, and more limited form of globalization.
 The worldwide interconnectedness of goods, services, capital, people, data, and ideas has produced undeniable benefits. But
during this pandemic, the risks of dependency have fully entered the public consciousness.
 When every country suddenly fights for itself, the idea of international interdependence appears worth rethinking, to say the least.
 And it will be rethought. Even in its early days, the pandemic has demonstrated the fragility of supply chains, prompted national
responses rather than cooperative international ones, and reinforced nationalist arguments for reshoring manufacturing and more
limited migration. It has also illustrated that national governments remain the primary actors—the responders of last resort to a
pandemic and its economic consequences.
 This will not be the end of globalization. Rather, the world is likely to see a different, more limited version of global integration than
the one we have known over the past three decades. Its contours are barely perceptible, but visible nonetheless.
 Key indicators bear out the change. Before the pandemic, global goods trade was still rising, but relative to the total output of the
global economy, the share of trade is lower today than it was before the financial crisis.
 But globalization is complex, and not every indicator points in the same direction. The intensity of trade in goods is down, but in
services it’s up.
 Overall, the net fall from globalization’s peak has therefore been more modest, but nonetheless real.
 Globalization is often blamed for financial crises—not only the global one of 2008, but also the 1997 Asian crisis and others in
Russia, Turkey, Ecuador, Cyprus and elsewhere. Many believe that globalization has ushered in cutthroat, worldwide competition
and expanded inequality both among nations and within them. Fragmented supply chains that require goods to be transported
across borders multiple times consume more energy and produce higher greenhouse-gas emissions.
 Perhaps the most explosive charge against globalization is that it promotes the interests of a global elite at the expense of majority
populations. On a global scale, this is not even close to being true—international economic connectedness has dramatically raised
gross domestic product, reduced poverty, raised living standards, improved health, and made information vastly more available
than before. Yet many of those benefits are diffuse and taken for granted, while the costs—lost manufacturing jobs, for instance—
remain concentrated. And those on the losing end of globalization now have a new political voice: populist parties promising
sovereignty, nationalism, and local solutions, as well as a weakening of elite-led, seemingly unaccountable international
institutions.
 To the idealists among us, a worldwide pandemic would seem precisely the kind of common threat that could usher in a new era of
international cooperation.
 The coronavirus pandemic will mark not the end of an era, but its transformation.
 Today’s world is a global village with growing concentrations of people in huge cities, mass migrations forced by social or
economic pressures, and accelerating commerce and travel.
 A global pandemic and globalization
 From re-nationalization of manufacturing to more restricted flow of people, prepare for a new world
 It is now evident that the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) is a systemic global event, one that will have significant consequences
for people’s well-being and lifestyles, national economies, and political leaderships on every continent. It is natural for people to be
considering the secondary implications of the pandemic. Some of the repercussions will be unexpected, and may not be felt
immediately.
 One natural question is what Covid-19 will mean for globalization. Globalization is the accelerated flow of goods, people, capital,
information, and energy across borders, often enabled by technological developments. Over the past three decades, globalizing
trends were assumed to be the new normal. Trade without tariffs, international travel with easy or no visas, capital flows with few
impediments, cross-border pipelines and energy grids, and seamless global communication in real-time appeared to be the natural
endpoints towards which the world was moving, if at different rates for different places
 How could Covid-19 impact these trends? There will almost certainly be calls for the re-nationalization of manufacturing,
particularly for what are considered critical or essential goods. The recent bickering over personal protective equipment (PPE) and
pharmaceuticals have brought this to the fore. This will further complicate trade agreements, both those in force and those under
negotiation.
 The globalization of people, including short-term tourist or business traffic, may face new kinds of restrictions. National
governments will have to weigh the risks of contagious diseases against the benefits of ease of travel or may have to consider
stronger safeguards. In turn, the globalization of finance will be indirectly affected: Less migration and business travel coupled with
incentives to invest at home will hinder transnational capital flows.
 The globalization of information may confront a paradox. On the one hand, information will be more available, important, and
shareable than ever. On the other hand, we may well see greater monitoring of individual information. The SARS epidemic of 2003
was a watershed for the use of mass surveillance and big data by governments in the interest of public health. Similar sentiments
in a post-Covid-19 world may contribute further to the nationalization of data.
 On balance, the coronavirus pandemic may further slow- down (or possibly even reverse) certain globalizing trends that had
already decelerated. The risk of supply chain disruptions will feature to a greater degree in trade calculations. Decisions about
lowering barriers to international travel will face greater scrutiny. Information may continue to become more plentiful, but will be
more jealously guarded. The ongoing phase of globalization has recovered from systemic shocks before, such as 9/11, SARS, and
the GFC. But the omnipresence of Covid-19 presents a challenge of a different magnitude.
 The end of globalization? A reflection on the effects of the COVID-19 crisis using the Elcano Global Presence Index
 The health, economic, social and political crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic will also reconfigure international relations and
globalization.
 the current pandemic and its consequences could precipitate a slowdown in globalization or even result in a process of
deglobalization.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgYOzCThIzc - coronavirus: how the COVID-19 pandemic will impact the
 https://www.cbsnews.com/video/how-do-pandemics-impact-the-global-economy/ - how do pandemics impact the global economy?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnKsrKuUfBc - COVID-19: what will happen to the global economy?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_A_NKh0Lw0 - future of the global economy after coronavirus pandemic
 Globalization and infectious diseases: a review of the linkages
 Globalization is a complex and multi-faceted set of processes that are having diverse and widespread impacts on human societies
worldwide.
 As globalization spreads across the world, there is much to be understood about how the wide-ranging changes are impacting on
infectious diseases.
 Globalization and the changing nature of infectious diseases
o …
 Economic globalization and infectious diseases
o …
 I smell a new era after the pandemic, we are experiencing a turning point in our history right now that will change our world forever.
[CONCLUSION]
 For years there has been global backlash against globalization. Now the virus has put the entire system at risk. Question is, for
better or for worse? What’s happening to our world, is the coronavirus killing globalization? Observers say we’re facing three (3)
scenarios. (1) end of an era, first we have to think the unthinkable (it is time to think the unthinkable) and that globalization is
reaching the end of its cycle. But is this a watershed moment? In this scenario politicians and industrialists withdraw behind their
borders, companies localize supply chains, repatriate manufacturing and stock-pile supplies. (2) same old. Globalization is an
external factor, it’s not to blame for the virus, so it’s hard to imagine for everyone to go without the benefits of globalization due
from something beyond the system. To put pressure on finances, prices, and costs. (3) some analysts point to a new reshaping of
globalization, a new normal founded on morals and reason. The crisis could be the moment to push a green economy, a global
green deal. We’ve seen how the climate can be protected, and the coronavirus has shaken us out of complacency towards nature
as well. So does the world see the pandemic merely as a crisis that needs to be mastered or as an opportunity. The mere fact the
question is being posed show how far the parameters of our world have shifted.
 Pandemic exposes cracks in global economic system
 The world is changing in many ways and on many fronts. There is no turning back as countries get interconnected via the internet
or efficient transportation system. As long as businesses prioritize interest over human lives, they will keep looking for how to
produce cheap and sell expensive. Automation that might reduce production cost may also create its own sets of problem. We just
need to learn to productively work with each other and set the right priorities. [CONCLUSION]
 Globalization is inevitable whether we like it or not because technology has dominated our lives and is the forefront of everything
we do. To become it effective, efficient, and equal, everyone should begin to think that we are all human. Regardless of race,
ethnicities, religious belief, etc.
 Globalization was mostly benefiting the rich and greedy corporations with the help of corrupt politicians. The poor were given the
crumbs. Time to level the field a little bit. [3]
 The real globalization has very little to do with the open market or international trade. It’s all about connecting and exposing people
beyond borders and ease of travel. Technology is the real driver behind globalization, and internet is the best example.
Globalization will continue as long as the technology progresses.
 How to make globalization better?
 Globalization is like capitalism, like it or not it’s here to stay.
 Globalization has become a threat because it is based on neoliberal economics, it’s not about celebrating cultural diversity, its
about amoral multinationals looking for new markets and cheaper production costs while destroying the environment
 Globalization over the past few decades has meant trade, finance, and people flowing across borders building an evermore
interconnected economic order. But as the covid-19 pandemic interrupts much of what once moved seamlessly around the globe,
has it exposed weakness in that system such that it may now never be the same?
 As surgical masks become desperately desired items, as schools from Japan to Ireland sit closed, as airlines scrap flights, trade
shows are canceled and stock markets plunge, annihilating trillions of dollars in wealth, the panic seems likely to alter the contours
of globalization.
 The coronavirus’s depressing effects on the global economy and disruptions of supply chains is no doubt driving the last nail into
the coffin of the globalists.
 The months ahead will feel like the presumptive end of an era of globalization. And it may be the end of globalization’s first phase,
with its heady optimism and corresponding ideological and economic backlash. But there will be a next phase, one less rosy-eyed
and less sour as well.
 I think that the most important takeaway is that we have to be aware of our own biases in terms of how we think about
globalization. The most important thing about the coronavirus is that the most pronounced impact that it has had is not necessarily
on the movement of goods or the movement of services but rather obviously the movement of people. Clearly this virus has spread
in no small part because we live in a globalized world because people were able to travel from Wuhan to everywhere else. It is
worth noting that with some important exceptions goods and services haven’t been stopped and, in some ways, the global supply
chains and distribution networks haven’t necessarily been shut down.
