SEMESTER – IV

(Development of Indian Theater)

EC – 02

CONTEMPORARY INDIA

(2019 - 2021)
E-Content 01

 Unit – II : Topic
A. vkSifuosf'kd ,oa vk/kqfud jaxeap

Vetted by : MkW0 fo|kuan fo/kkrk

Ikzks0 ¼MkW0½ lqjasnz dqekj vfrfFk f'k{kd] bfrgkl foHkkx
foHkkxk/;{k] bfrgkl foHkkx iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk
iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk laidZ % 9472084115
laidZ % 9835463960

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 vkSifuosf'kd ,oa vk/kqfud jaxeap
jaxeap
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk izkjaHk vaxzstksa ds Hkkjr vkxeu ds
Ik'pkr~ gksrk gSA vaxzstksa us gh Hkkjr ds izeq[k O;kikfjd uxjksa tSls
dydÙkk] cEcbZ] lwjr] enzkl esa vius euksjatu gsrq fFk;sVjksa dh LFkkiuk
dh FkhA MsoMsQ us tks :lh ewy ds Fks] dydÙkk esa caxkyh fFk;sVj
uked ukV~;'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dhA 21 uoacj] 1765 bZ0 dks yo bt fn
csLV MkWDVj rFkk fMlxkbt uked ukVdksa dk izn'kZu fd;k x;kA ;g
izn'kZu yksxksa dks bruk ilan vk;k fd yksxksa us vius ?kjksa ,oa cxhpksa esa
fFk;sVj cukdj ukVdksa dk izn'kZu izkjEHk fd;kA rRi'pkr~ dbZ fFk;sVjkas
dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rFkk ukVdksa dk izn'kZu fd;k x;kA

turk esa ukVdksa ds izfr vR;f/kd :fp vR;f/kd :fp gksus ds

dkj.k ukVdksa dk O;kolk;hdj.k Hkh gqvkA vr% fFk;sfVªdy daifu;kW
xfBr gqbZa ftuesa ikjlh fFk;sVj lokZf/kd yksdfiz; gqvkA bu daifu;ksa
}kjk fofHkUu izns'kksa esa ukVdksa dk eapu fd;k x;k ftlls turk esa
ukVdksa ds izfr vR;f/kd :fp mRié gqbZA ;|fi bu daifu;ksa dk izeq[k
mís'; iSlk dekuk gh Fkk vkSj bl dkj.k ukVdys[ku esa mRd`"Vrk ,oa
jaxizLrqfr ds iz;ksx&nksuksa dks gh izksRlkgu u fey ldk] fQj Hkh bUgksua s
ukVdksa dks yksdfiz; cukus esa vewY; ;ksxnku fn;kA

vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jaxeap izkjaHk esa ijaijkxr ,sfrgkfld vkSj

ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa ij ukVd fy[ks x, ijarq dkykarj esa blesa vusd

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ifjorZu gq, rFkk Hkkjrh; jaxeap esa laLd`r ukV~; 'kSyh ,oa yksdukV~;
'kSfy;kW fodflr gqbZaA fofHkUu ukV~; dfeZ;ksa tSls ckny ljdkj]
'kaHkqfe=] fot; rsna qydj] mRiy nÙk] bczkghe vydkth] fxjh'k dukZM]
ch-oh- dkjar bR;kfn us u dsoy ukV~; izLrqfr esa oju~ jaxfo/kku esa Hkh
dbZ u, iz;ksx fd,A lÙkj ds n'kd ds ckn ukV~; ijaijk esa u;k
ifjorZu rc vk;k tc ukVdksa dks izs{kkx`g ls eqDr dj xfy;ksa vkSj
uqDdM+ksa ij ys tk;k x;kA ;g jaxeap ds {ks= esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ cnyko
FkkA

vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jaxeap

vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jaxeap ds bfrgkl esa ikjlh jaxeap dh Hkh nsu
gSA cEcbZ ¼vc eqacbZ½ ds fodkl'khy vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jaxeap ds rks os
vxznwr gSAa ge vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jaxeapksa dh :ijs[kk fuEu izdkj izLrqr
dj jgs gSAa

ikjlh jaxea[k & Hkkjr ds if'peh leqnrz Vh; {ks=ksa esa tks yksx
Qkjl ls vkdj cls] mUgsa ikjlh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s yksx
ewyr% O;kikjh Fks rFkk budk O;kolkf;d dsna z eqacbZ FkkA izkjaHk esa tc
cacbZ fFk;sVj dh 1776 bZ0 esa LFkkiuk gqbZ rc ek= vaxzsth ukVdksa dk
gh eapu gksrk Fkk rFkk vaxzst lSfud gh fFk;sVj tk;k djrs FksA lu~
1835 bZ0 dks lj te'ksnth thth HkkbZ us bl cEcbZ fFk;sVj dks [kjhn
fy;k ijarq nqHkkZX;o'k ;g fFk;sVj can dj fn;k x;kA rRi'pkr~
txékFk lsB us 1846 bZ0 esa cEcbZ esa fFk;sVj izkjEHk fd;kA ;|fi
'kq:vkr esa ek= vaxzsth ukVdksa dk gh eapu gksrk Fkk ijarq ckn esa ogkW
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xqtjkrh] ejkBh vkSj fganh] mnwZ ukVdksa dks Hkh eapu gksus yxkA cacbZ
fFk;sVj ds Msªl ckWDl ds pkjksa vksj cM+h nh?kkZ gksrh FkhA ckWDl esa 75
O;fDr cSB ldrs FksA xSyjh esa 200 rFkk fiV esa 65 n'kZd cSB ldrs
FksA dqy feykdj izs{kkx`g esa 337 n'kZdksa ds cSBus dh O;oLFkk FkhA Msªl
ckDl dh nj 8 :Ik;s vkSj rhu :Ik;s xSyjh dh nj j[kh xbZ FkhA izFke
ckj 1821 bZ0 esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks fFk;sVj ns[kus dk ekSdk feykA cEcbZ esa
^^ikjlh MªkesfVd dksj** dk tUe gqvk ftlesa :Lre tcksyh vkSj
lksgjkc uke ls xqtjkrh ukVd [ksys x;sA lu~ 1854 bZ0 esa ikjlh
fFk;sVj eas rh[ks [kka uke ls ,d izglu [ksyk x;k tks fganqLrkuh Hkk"kk
esa FkkA dkykarj esa lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa ukVd eafpr gksus yxsA

lu~ 1853 esa ikjlh ukVdeaMyh dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftlds laLFkkid

isLVuth ?kuth HkkbZ ekLVj FksA ;s bl eaMyh esa vfHku; Hkh djrs FksA
blds Ik'pkr ikjlh fFk;sfVdy desVh ds uke ls ,d vU; ukVdeaMyh
dh LFkkiuk gqbZA bl ukVdeaMyh ds eq[; ukVddkj tgkaxhj u'ksuth
iVsy ,oa okeuth dkolth FksA tgkaxhj iVsy dk gkL; ukVd QkdM+ks
Qhrqjh ,oa dkolth ds Hkksyh xqy] ckxs cfg'r] okiuk Jki] uwj usdh
oQk esa tQk] nsytax fnysj yksdfiz; ukVd FksA

lu~ 1890 bZ0 rd foDVksfj;k ukVdeaMyh lfgr dbZ ukVd

eaMfy;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftuesa dqN O;kolkf;d rFkk dqN
vO;kolkf;d FkhaA ukVd funsZ'kd dh ns[kjs[k esa Ik;kZIr fjglZyksa ds
Ik'pkr gh fd, tkrs FksA ikjlh fFk;sVj dh yksdfiz;rk cgqr c<+rh tk
jgh FkhA blls dbZ izs{kkx`g fufeZr gq, ftuesa bjkWl fFk;sVj] ,MoMZ

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fFk;sVj] ,Eik;j fFk;sVj] ,yfQLVu fFk;sVj] vkWfjftuy fFk;sVj]
ukWoYVh fFk;sVj] jkW;y vkWijk gkml] foDVksfj;k fFk;sVj] fganh
ukV~;'kkyk vkfn izeq[k gSaA ikjlh fFk;sVj ftl le; izkjEHk gqvk ml
le; vf/kdka'k ukVddkj ikjlh gh Fks tSls Qjsnuw ] yodq'k] te'ksn]
dkolth] ds[kqljks uojkstth] uachlh ,nyth] te'ksnth [kksjh :Lru
vus lksgjkc] tgeokn vus Bxuokn] [kqnkc['k] uwjtsgku] ghjth]
[kackrk ^^vkcs bDyhl** tgkaxhj [kackrk [kqnknkn /kjrh dai vkfnA
ikjlh ukVd eaMfy;ksa esa vCcklvyh uSajxs flre] 'ke'khj egewn fe;ka
cukjlh jkSud] gqlSu fe;ka tjhQ] ukjk;.k izlkj csrkc] esga nh glu
vkfn dqN ,sls izfl) ukVddkj gSa ftUgksaus mnwZ&fgUnh ukVd fy[ksA

izkjaHk esa Qkjl ¼bZjku½ dh dFkkvksa dks ikjlh fFk;sVj dk fo"k;

cuk;k x;k Fkk] ijarq tc bldh yksdfiz;rk c<+ xbZ rc ,sfrgkfld ,oa
ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa ij Hkh ukVd eafpr gksus yxsA ikjlh fFk;sVjksa esa
'kkL=h; laxhr gh iz;qDr gksrk jgk gS tSls Bqejh] nknjk] f>a>ksVh vkfnA
ikjlh fFk;sVj ds izeq[k laxhrdkj u'kjou th vkc[R;kj] vYykfn;k
esgjcku] ekLVj >aMs[kka vkSj ekLVj yky FksA ikjlh fFk;sVj esa banj
lHkk ukVd ftls lS;n vkxk glu us fy[kk Fkk vR;ar yksdfiz; gqvk
vkSj bldk izHkko vkxkeh ukVdksa ij Hkh iM+kA bl ukVd dk vuqokn
ns'k&fons'k dh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh gqvkA nso] ijh] banj vkSj 'kgtknksa ds
:ekuh fdLls vkSj mudk ukVdh; izn'kZu banj lHkk dk izeq[k fo"k;
FkkA banj lHkk ls izHkkfor ukVdksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd ;s lHkh

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ukVd dforkc) FksA budh Hkk"kk mnwZ fefJr gksrh FkhA fryLe vkSj
tknw&ijd ukVdksa us turk dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA

lanHkZ& lwph

1- vtqZu ?kks"k] , fgLVªh vkQ tkok ukV~;eap] 2012] lkxk

ifCyds'ku bf.M;u] ubZ fnYyh

2- Hkjr] ukV~;'kkL= us'kuy cqd] vkWQ bafM;k] fnYyh