PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

1. SIGMUND FREUD: PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

BIOGRAPHY
 Eldest, favorite child: Male and Intelligent
 Patriarchal Society
 Seduction Theory: ABANDONED
 JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT: HYSTERIA: HYPNOSIS
 JOSEPH BREUER: CATHARSIS -> FREE ASSOCIATION
 Father’s Death = psychoanalyze self
BASIC TENENTS
 Personality = unconscious, early childhood experiences
 HEDONISTIC
 HOMEOSTATIC/CONSTANCY PRINCIPLE
ANNA O.
 ORIGIN OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
 Hysteria (Wandering Womb) -> Conversion Disorder and
DID
 Methods: CATHARSIS
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
 Dynamic and Motivational Principle: HEDONISTIC AND
HOMEOSTATIC
DRIVES (SAA)
 Cathexis/ Object Cathexis: energy ->fulfill need
 Identification
 “Trieb”: Instinct
o (ISAO)
 o IMPETUS
o SOURCE
o AIM
o OBJECT
 SEX (EROS): libido: erogenous zones
o Narcissism
 Primary: Libido to self
 Secondary: Moderate self-love
o Love
 Sadism
 Masochism
 AGRESSION (THANATOS)
o SELF DESTRUCTION: Final aim
 ANXIETY
o Ego felt
 NEUROTIC ANXIETY: ID
 REALISTIC ANXIETY: Close to Fear
 MORAL ANXIETY: SUPEREGO
 REDUCE ANXIETY
o Fight/Flight
o Defense Mechanisms: By ego -> CONTROL ID
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (DMs)
o Without = neurosis
o George Vaillant
 Neurotic
 Immature and Maladaptive
 Mature and Adaptive

o REPRESSION
 Cornerstone of DMs
  Paranoid Delusions: homosexual wishes
o DENIAL
o PROJECTION
 Attributing unconscious impulse -> another
o INTROJECTION
o REACTION FORMATION:
 Opposite
o REGRESSION
 Temporary
o SUBLIMATION
 -> socially acceptable
o DISPLACEMENT
o FIXATION
 Permanent
o RATIONALIZATION: Justify actions
 Sour Grape: Tsundere
 Sweet Lemon: Like what I dislike
o INTELLECTUALIZATION: detach emotions
o IDENTIFICATION
 Modelling
o UNDOING
o COMPENSATION
 Other areas
LEVELS OF THE MIND/PERSONALITY: Iceberg
 UNCONSCIOUS
o Drives, instincts -> motivates behaviour
o Phylogenetic Endowment
o Preconscious
 Perceptual Conscious
 CONSCIOUS
 o Minor role

PROVINCES OF THE MIND: hypothetical constructs

 ID (DAS ES/ “it”)
o Pleasure Principle
o Core
o Primary
o Amoral
o Immediate Gratification
o Wish Fulfilment
 EGO (DAS ICH/ “I”)
o Emerge from ID, cannot exist w/out ID/Horseback
o Reality Principle
o Decision maker
o 0-2 years
 SUPER EGO (UBER ICH/ “Over-I”)
o From Ego (from punishments and rewards)
o Moralistic Principle
o Ego Ideal (Rewards/Should do) =Inferiority Complex
o Conscience (Punishment/Shouldn’t do) =Guilt
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
 INFANTILE PERIOD: most crucial
o ORAL PHASE (0-1):
 ORAL RECEPTIVE/DEPENDENT
 ORAL AGGRESSIVE/SADISTIC
o ANAL PHASE (1-3): Control
 ANAL RETENTIVE
 ANAL EXPULSIVE
  ANAL TRIAD
 Obstinacy/Stubbornness
 Miserliness/Stinginess
 Orderliness/Neatness
o PHALLIC STAGE (3-6)
 MALE OEDIPUS COMPLEX -> CASTRATION
COMPLEX -> Identification with father -> Strong
Superego
 PENIS ENVY -> FEMALE OEDIPUS COMPLEX ->
Identification with the Mother -> Weak Superego
o LATENCY PHASE (6-12)
 No erogenous zone
o GENITAL PHASE (12-ONWARDS)
 Sexual energy to others
 STAGE OF SHARING
o MATURITY STAGE
 Strong ego & consciousness
PSYCHOANALYTIC METHODS
 Active
 More useful in ASSESSMENT THAN THERAPY
 GOAL
o Strengthen censors
o Uncover (FREE ASSOCIATION; DREAM ANALYSIS)
 TRANSFERENCE
o To therapist
 POSTIVE TRANSFERENCE
 Non-threatening reliving
 NEGATIVE TRANSFERENCE
 Hostile feelings to therapist
 COUNTERTRANSFERENCE
  Therapist to client (Hindrance)
 RESISTANCE
o Not disclosing: unconscious: positive sign
 CATHARSIS
o Breuer
o FREE ASSOCIATION (FUNDAMENTAL RULE OF
PSYCHOANALYSIS)
 DREAM ANALYSIS
o Wish Fulfilment: want to have
o Repetition Compulsion: trauma: acts out
o Manifest: Surface
o Latent: Meaning
 PARAPRAXES/FREUDIAN SLIPS
 PROJECTIVE TESTS
o Uncover unconscious
o Derived from defense mechanisms (projection)
 HUMOR
o Laugh at what bothers us (anxiety provoking material)
 HYPNOSIS
o Charcot: abandoned
 SYMBOLIC BEHAVIOR
o Symbolic Representation
 2. CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
BASIC TENENTS
 Conscious and Unconscious = Complex human
 Repressed Experiences + Collective Experiences = Motivation
 LIBIDO: creative life force
PSYCHE (PERSONALITY)
 Interacting = personality
LEVELS OF PSYCHE
 CONSCIOUS
o EGO: Center of consciousness
 UNCONSCIOUS: Core of personality
o PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS: easily retrieved: 1 indi
 COMPLEXES: Emotionally toned; own experiences
o COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS:
 universal: emotionally toned: ancestors
 “big dreams”
 ARCHETYPES/PRIMORDIAL IMAGES/
COLLECTIVE SYMBOLS
 Persona
o Mask
o Inflation of Persona
 Shadow
 o First test
 Anima
o Female in men: irrational, weak
o 2nd test
 Animus
o Male on women: rational, strong
o 2nd test
 Great Mother
o Fertility and Destruction
 Wise Old Man
o Wisdom and deception (meaning no easily
accessed)
 Hero
o One big flaw
o Overwhelming darkness -> ideal Personality

 Self
o Mandala
 Transcendence: Wholeness
 Transcendent function: Conflict ->
balance
PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTITUDES: Predisposition to act/react ->
source of psychic energy
o INTROVERSION
o EXTRAVERSION
PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS/FUNCTIONS OF THOUGHT
 RATIONAL
o THINKING: logic and reason
 EXTRAVERTED THINKING
  Objective facts, Concrete thinking
 Scientist, Accountants, Mathematicians
 INTROVERTED THINKING
 Interpretation: internal meaning
 Philosophers, Inventors
o FEELING: Judge value of events
 EXTRAVERTED FEELING
 Accepted Standards of Judgement
 Politicians, Businessmen, Real Estate
 INTROVERTED FEELING
 Subjective evaluation
 Art and Movie Evaluators
 IRRATIONAL
o SENSING
 EXTRAVERTED SENSING
 INTROVERTED SENSING
o INTUITING
 EXTRAVERTED INTUITING
 Contrary to sensory data
 INTROVERTED INTUITING
 No semblance to reality
SELF REALIZATION/INDIVIDUATION/PSYCHOLOGICAL
REBIRTH
 Unconscious and Conscious
 Self replaces Ego
 Middle Age
 Dethroning Persona
 TRANSCENDENCE
 RELIGION
 SYNCHONICITY
  ALCHEMY
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY (DATI)
 DOMINANT FUNCTION (CHILDHOOD; birth-adolescence)
o Libidinal energy-> survival-> sexual activities
o HERO ROLE
 ANARCHIC PHASE: Sporadic
 MONARCHIC: Birth of Ego
 DUALISTIC: Ego divided
 AUXILLARY FUNCTION (Youth; puberty-middle life)
o CONSERVATIVE PRINCIPLE: overcome desire to cling
to past
o PARENT ROLE: supports hero function
 TERTIARY FUNCTION (Middle Life; 35-40-old age)
o Most important
o METANOIA: psyche heal self
o RELIEF ROLE
 INFERIOR FUNCTION (Old age)
o Psychological Rebirth
o Death
o ASPIRATIONAL ROLE
PROGRESSION AND REGRESSION
 PROGRESSION
o Energy Forward
 REGRESSION
o Energy Backward
PSYCHODYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY:
 PRINCIPLE OF CONTRAST/OPPOSITES
o Powers Libido of PSYCHE
 o Weak and Strong (BATTERY POLES)
 PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE
o Principle of conservation of energy: energy doesn’t
increase of decrease = constant -> energy is transferred
elsewhere
 PRINCIPLE OF ENTROPY
o Principle of thermodynamics
o Total energy is to be distributed evenly -> work too hard
eventually has to want to rest
THERAPEUTIC ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
 DREAM ANALYSIS (Prospective: prepares us for future &
Compensatory: harmony: overdev’t of one structure in
psyche)
o Big Dreams
o Typical Dreams (archetypal dreams)
 ACTIVE IMAGINATION
o Visualizing to move
 WORD OF ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
o Stimulus -> 1st word = COMPLEXES
 METHOD OF AMPLIFICATION
o Reassess reinterpret symbols
PSYCHOTHERAPY
 PATHOGENIC SECRET (BREUR): Catharsis
 INTERPRETATION, EXPLANATION, ELUCIDATION
(FREUD)
 SOCIAL BEINGS (ADLER)
 TRANSFORMATION
 3. ALFRED ADLER: INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
TENENTS OF ADLERIAN THEORY
 DYNAMIC FORCE: STRIVING FOR
SUCCESS/SUPERIORITY
o FINAL GOAL: Unifies personality
o STRIVING FORCE AS COMPESATION: inferior feelings
 Striving for Personal Superiority
 Striving for Success
 SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS
o FICTIONALISM
 FICTIONS: expectations, not entirely true
o PHYSICAL/ORGAN INFERIORITIES
 UNITY & SELF CONSISTENCY: behaviors -> single purpose
o ORGAN DIALECT
o CONSCIOUS & UNCONSCIOUS
 SOCIAL INTEREST
o Parent-child relationship
o Sole criterion of human values
 o TASKS OF LIFE
 Work/Occupational
 Social
 Love and Marriage
 STYLE OF LIFE
o Building Blocks -> Personality
o Consistent with final goal (end) but flexible on how
 CREATIVE POWER
o Law of low doorway
FOUR MAJOR LIFESTYLE TYPES
 RULING TYPE
 LEANING OR GETTING TYPE: neurotic symptoms
 AVOIDING TYPES
 SOCIALLY USEFUL TYPES
UNHEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
 Too high goals
 Dogmatic style of life
 Own private world
EXTERNAL FACTORS TO MALADJUSMENT
 EXAGGERATED PHYSICAL DEFFECTS
o Inferiority Complex -> Over compensate = Superiority
Complex
 PAMPERED STYLE OF LIFE
o Most neurosis: Parasitic Relationship
 NEGLECTED STYLE OF LIFE
o Unloved and unwanted
o Little self-confidence; overestimate difficulties of life
FAMILY CONSTELLATION
  Birth order, gender, age spread -> lifestyle
 Oldest Child: Nurturing, protective, organizer
 Middle Child: Cooperative, highly motivated
 Youngest Child: realistically ambitious
 Only Child: Socially Mature
MASCULINE PROTEST
 Inferiority of women = no physiology but historical & social
learning
SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (EAW)
 Neurotic and normal people -> Public Disgrace -> Conscious
 EXCUSES
 AGGRESSION (DAS)
o DEPRECIATION
o ACCUSATION
o SELF-ACCUSATION
 WITHDRAWAL (MCHS)
o MOVING BACKWARD
o CONSTRUCTING OBSTACLES
o HESITATING
o STANDING STILL
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
 EARLY RECOLLECTIONS
o Understanding style of life – 8 years old – not causal
 DREAM ANALYSIS
o Uncover for unconscious = style of life
 BIRTH ORDER ANALYSIS
 ADLERIAN COUNSELORS
o Do not believe people are innately immoral
PSYCHOTHERAPY
 Enhance courage, lessen inferiority, encourage social
interest
 HUMOR AND WARMTH
 AUDIENCE = belongingness to community

4. MELANIE KLEIN: OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

BIOGRAPHY
 Extended psychoanalysis
 PLAY THERAPY
DIFFERENCES WITH FREUD’S INSTINCT THEORY
 Interpersonal vs Biological
 Maternal vs Paternal
 RELATEDNESS: motive of human behaviour
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF
 DISRUPTIONS
 ADEQUATE POSITIVE RELATIONS
 SELF REPRESENTATIONS & INTERNALIZED OBJECTS
PSYCHIC LIFE OF AN INFANT
 Representatives of ID
  PHANTASIES
o “good” “bad” breast
 OBJECTS
o Objects that infants see that have a life of their own in
introjected phantasy world
POSITIONS
 Alternate back and forth
 Reduce conflict: Organize to POSITIONS
 PARANOID-SCHIZOID POSITION (3-4 MONTHS)
o Ego splits
o Persecutory feelings -> paranoid (not real)
 DEPRESSIVE POSITION (5-6 MONTHS)
o Fear of losing and wanting to destroy (one and same)
o Resolved: phantasies of resolving & mother won’t
abandon
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 INTROJECTION
o into one's own body the images of external object
o introject good objects as a protection against anxiety
o introject bad objects in order to gain control of them
 PROJECTION
o Own feelings -> another person = ease anxiety
 SPLITTING
o Incompatible -> split
o Excessive = repression
 PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION
o Split unacceptable parts of self -> project -> introject them
in an altered form
INTERNALIZATIONS
 EGO
o Internalizations -> ego’s ability to feel anxiety
o UNIFIED EGO -> after splitting
 SUPEREGO
o Precedes Oedipus Complex
o Harsh and Cruel = Terror
 OEDIPUS COMPLEX
o Parents will take revenge on emptying phantasy
o Boy: “Feminine position”-> no fear of punishment for
sexual feelings of mother -> projects destructive drive to
father -> fear of castration (good relations with both
parents)
o Girl: “feminine position”-> positive feelings breast and
penis -> (sometimes) hostility to mother -> fear retaliate
rob her of babies (without jealousy to mother)
LATER VIEWS OF OBJECT RELATIONS
MARGARET MAHLER (NNS)
 NORMAL AUTISM
o Objectless
 NORMAL SYMBIOSIS
o Omnipotent System
 SEPARATION INDIVIDUATION (DPRRL)
o DIFFERENTIATION
 Breaking away
o PRACTICING
 Autonomous Ego
o RAPPROACHMENT
 Desire to bring mother back
 o RAPPROACHMENT CRISIS
 Conflict, fail to return to symbiotic relationship
o LIBIDINAL OBJECT CONSTANCY
 Inner representation of mother = tolerate separation
HEINZ KOHUT
 Development of self
 Treat infants w/ sense of self -> form sense of self-> unity and
consistency to infant’s expressions
JOHN BOWLBY
 Integrated EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
 Primate infants
 3 STAGES OF SEPARATION ANXIETY
o PROTEST
o DESPAIR
o DETACHMENT
MARY AINSWORTH
 STRANGE SITUATION
 THREE BASIC ATTACHMENT STYLES
o SECURE ATTACHMENT
o AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
o RESISTANT ATTACHMENT
o DISORGANIZED/DISORIENTED ATTACHMENT
PSYCHOTHERAPY
 Reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fear
 Lessen harshness of internalized objects
 5. KAREN D. HORNEY: PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY
SIMILARITIES WITH FREUD
 Id, Ego, Superego
 Importance with Unconscious
 Anxiety & Defense Mechanisms
DIFFERENCES WITH FREUD
 Neurosis not equal to Instincts
 Rigidity to new ideas
 Skewed Ideas to Feminine Psychology
 Overemphasis to biology & pleasure principles
 Did not accept the division of psyche into ID, Ego, Superego
IMPACT OF CULTURE
 Competition -> Feelings of isolation -> Needs for affection ->
Overvalue Love = Neuroses
IMPORTANCE OF CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE
 Neuroses = from childhood
BASIC ANXIETY & BASIC HOSTILITY
 Safety & Satisfaction Needs -> Not met -> Basic Hostility ->
Basic Anxiety (not neurosis but nutritive soil) -> Affection,
Power, Withdraw, Submissiveness
COMPULSIVE DRIVES
 A cycle: compulsive need to remove basic anxiety -> self-
defeating behaviors -> More anxiety
ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES
 BASIC CONFLICT
 NEUROTIC NEEDS &TRENDS
o TOWARDS
(HELPLESSNESS = COMPLIANT = SELF EFFICACING)
 Affection and Approval
 Powerful Partner
 Restrict One’s Life
o AGAINST
(HOSTILITY = AGGRESSIVE = EXPANSIVE)
 Power: Dominate
 Exploit: Gain
 Recognition & Unassailability: Public
 Personal Admiration: Narcissistic
 Personal Ambition & Achievement: Successes
o AWAY
(ISOLATION = DETACHED = RESIGNATION)
 Self Sufficiency & Independence
 Perfection and Prestige
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS:
 IDEALIZED SELF IMAGE: to solve conflicts =GOD LIKE SELF
o NEUROTIC SEARCH FOR GLORY
 NEED FOR PERFECTION
 Tyranny of Shoulds
 NEUROTIC AMBITION
 VINDICTIVE TRIUMPH
o NEUROTIC CLAIMS: Special privilege
o NEUROTIC PRIDE
 SELF HATRED
o RELENTLESS DEMANDS ON SELF
o MERCILESS SELF ACCUSATION
o SELF CONTEMPT
o SELF FRUSTRATION
o SELF TORMENT
o SELF DESTRUCTIVE ACTIONS AND IMPULSES
NEUROTIC COMPETITIVENESS
 COMPETITION AVOIDANCE
o Self-Handicapping
 HYPERCOMPETITIVENESS
SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES
 BLINDSPOTS: Ignoring not aspects of ideal self
 COMPARTMENTALIZATION: Dividing, applying diff rules
 RATIONALIZATION
 EXCESSIVE CONTROL: control expressions
 EXTERNALIZATION: external locus of control
 ARBITRARY RIGHTNESS
 ELUSIVENESS: Never making a decision
  CYNICISM: do not believe in anything
FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY
 Cultural and social not anatomy
 Oedipus complex = learning not biology
 Womb envy
 Personality continues to change

6. ERICH FROMM: HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS

BASIC TENENTS
 HUMAN DILEMMA: Torn away from prehistoric union -> lose
instincts -> replaced with rational thought (CHARACTER) ->
existential dichotomies: freaks of the universe = self-
awareness -> strive to reunited with nature
 BASIC ANXIETY: Separation from nature -> LONELINESS &
ISOLATION (BURDEN OF FREEDOM) -> MECHANISMS OF
ESCAPE / POSITIVE FREEDOM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 HUMAN HISTORY
 FREEDOM: posits psychological problems
 CHARACTER: replaces instincts
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
(PHYSIO: animal AND EXISTENTIAL: rational humans)
 RELATEDNESS: Connection
o Submission
o Power
o Love (Care, Knowledge, Respect, Responsibility)
 TRANSCENDENCE: Rise above accidental existence
o Malignant Aggression
o Creativeness
 ROOTEDNESS: Belongingness
o Fixation
o Wholeness
 IDENTITY: Uniqueness
o Automaton Conformity
o Individuality
 FRAME OF ORIENTATION
o Irrational Goals
o Rational Goals
MECHANISMS OF ESCAPE: from basic anxiety/isolation
 AUTHORITARIANISM: merge w/ others, give up freedom
o Masochism
o Sadism
 DESTRUCTIVENESS
 AUTOMATON CONFORMITY
CHARACTER
 Replaces INSTINCTS
 Permanent way of relating to people or things
 ASSIMILATION
  SOCIALIZATION
CHARACTER ORIENTATIONS
 PRODUCTIVE ORIENTATIONS
o Work: Creative expressions
o Love:
 Brotherly: Most fundamental, strongest, underlying
love. LOVE BET. EQUALS
 Motherly: for the helpless -> want to make them
strong and independent
 Erotic: exclusive, jealousy
 Self-love
 Love of God: highest level, most desirable
o Reason: Concern for others
o Biophilia
 NON-PRODUCTIVE ORIENTATIONS
o RECEPTIVE CHARACTERS: receive don’t give
o EXPLOITATIVE CHARACTERS: aggressive taking
o HOARDING CHARACTERS: lives in past
o MARKETING CHARACTERS: commodities
 SCOI (Saunders Consumers Orientation Index)
THREE SEVERE PERSONALITY DISORDERS
 SYNDROME OF DECAY
o NECROPHILIA
o MALIGNANT NARCISSISM
 Preoccupation with self = great
 Moral Hypochondriasis
 Self-worth=Self Image
o INCENTOUS SYMBIOSIS
TWO KINDS OF UNPRODUCTIVE FAMILY
  SYMBIOTIC FAMILY
 WITHDRAWING FAMILY

NEO FREUDIAN THEORIES

7. HARRY STACK SULLIVAN: INTERPERSONAL THEORY
OVERVIEW:
 First American -> Comprehensive Personality theory
 Interpersonal relations
 PERSONALITY -> ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
TENSIONS: potentiality for action
 EUPHORIA
 NEEDS: Imbalance, Episodic
o Tenderness
o General Needs: Overall well being
 o Zonal Needs: Particular Area
 ANXIETY: From: Organic Needs & Social Insecurity
o Empathy: Transfer of anxiety to another
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS: actions -> reduce anxiety
 DYNAMISMS: characterizes interpersonal reactions; similar to
traits
o MALEVOLENCE: Disjunctive Dynamism
o INTIMACY: Conjunctive Dynamism
o LUST: Isolating Dynamism
o SELF-SYSTEM: Most significant; Security Operations
 Sublimation
 Selective Inattention
 Dissociation
o APATHY
o SOMNOLENT DETACHMENT
PERSONIFICATION: Mental image of self & others
 BAD MOTHER
 GOOD MOTHER
 EIDECTIC PERSONIFICATION\
 THREE ASPECTS OF “ME”
o GOOD ME SELF: meets ego-ideal
o BAD ME SELF: conscience when punished
o NOT ME SELF: not permitted to conscious
COGNITIVE PROCESSES
o PROTOTAXIC LEVEL
o Most primitive: cannot be communicated
o Infants and schizophrenic patients
o Eg. Hungry/Pain = sucking = no reason
 o PARATAXIC LEVEL
o Communicated in distorted form
o Cause and effect on coincidences
o Eg. Please and candy
o SYNTAXIC LEVEL
o Consensually validated + Symbolically communicated
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
o PERSONALITY CHANGE: bet. Stages
o INFANCY (0-2); Birth – Syntaxic
 Tenderness
 Empathic Linkage
 Autistic Language
o CHILDHOOD (2-6)
 Mother
 Personifications merge
 Merges ME personifications
 Imaginary Playmates
 PERIOD OF RAPID ACCULTURATION
 Dramatizations
 Preoccupations
o JUVENILE ERA (6-8/2)
 Playmates/ Single Chum
 Competition, Cooperativeness, Compromise
o PREADOLESENCE (8/2-13)
 Most crucial -> mistakes can be corrected but
mistakes after this stage cannot be corrected
 Intimacy
o EARLY ADOLESENCE (13-15)
 Puberty
 Turning point of personality dev’t
 o LATE ADOLESENSE (15-18)
 Fusion of lust & intimacy -> one person
o ADULTHOOD
 Stable relationship with one person
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
 Interpersonal -> understand -> social network
 2 BROAD CLASSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
o Organic Causes
o Situational Factors
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
 PARTICIPANT OBSERVER
o Syntaxic relationship w/ another
 FAMILY THERAPY
 INTERVIEW
o FORMAL INCEPTION
o RECONNAISANCE
o DETAILED INQUIRY
o TERMINATION/INTERRUPTION
8. ERIC ERICKSON: EGO PSYCHOLOGY
OVERVIEW
 “Identity Crisis”
 Extended Freud’s theory
 Ego not ID and unconscious
EGO ASPECTS
 EGO: center of personality
o BODY EGO: experiences w/ body
o EGO IDEAL: image of self vs ideal -> satisfied/not with
identity
 o EGO IDENTITY: self according to social roles
 EGO DEVELOPMENT
o Society’s Influence
 Pseudospecies
 EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE
o Fixed sequence; established rate
o IDENTITY CRISIS:
 Biological
 EGO SYNTONIC VS EGO DYSTONIC
 Basic Strength
 Core Pathology
 NEGATIVE IDENTITY: results from identity crisis
 Resolved properly: loyal vision of the future,
and take their place in society
 Not resolved properly: negative identity: act in
scornful and hostile towards ways accepted by
the community. Loyalties are with people and
ideologies which are destructive.

EGO DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

 Identity diffusion- Lack firm commitments and are not in crisis
(active period of struggles in terms of career, partner choice,
values and principles to follow). Lack clear sense of identity
and exhibit negative emotional states.
 Identity foreclosure- never experienced a crisis but is
committed to certain goals, beliefs, values.
 Identity moratorium- Currently in crisis and considering
alternatives to arrive at solutions to problems
 Identity achievement- Experienced a period of crisis and
have developed firm commitments