NAME=SHUBHANKAR KESARI

P.ID NUMBER=19BAJMC024

PROGRAMME= BAJMC

ASSIGNMENT-4
1-WHAT IS SYSTEM SOFTWARE? DESCRIBE THE TWO CATEGORIES OF SYSTEM
SOFTWARE. GIVE TWO EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE?

ANS-System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's

hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model,
the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications..The OS
manages all the other programs in a computer.

THE TWO CATEGORIES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE ARE-:

General purpose system software and Special purpose system software or

two characteristics of system software general purpose system software is
commonly used for daily life purposes computer whereas special purpose
system software is used for special uses like making visiting for big dealers.

TWO EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE ARE-:

1. OPERATING SYSTEM
2. DEVICE DRIVER

2-DESCRIBE THE FUNCATION OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM.NAME ANY

THREE OPEERATING SYSTEM?
 ANS-1.They provide the interface between the user and hardware
through GUI.
2.Manages and allocates memory space for applications.
3.Processes the management of applications, input/output devices, and
instructions.
4. Configures and manages internal and peripheral devices.
5 .Manages single or multi-user storage in local and network
computers.
6. Security management of files and applications.
 7. Manages input and output devices.
8 .Detects, installs, and troubleshoots devices.
9 .Monitors system performance through Task Manager and other
tools.
10 .Produce error messages and troubleshooting options.
11. Implement interface for network communication.
12. Manages printers in single or multi-user systems.
13. Internal or network file management.
THE THREE OPERATING SYSTEM ARE-:
 Windows 10
 Mac OS X
 Ubuntu

3-GIVE AN EXAMPLE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF OPERATING

SYSTEM?
 SINGLE USER AND SINGLE TASK.
 SINGLE USER AND MULTITASKING
 MULTIUSER
 MULTIPROCESSING
 REAL TIME

ANS-1- Single-user, single task - As the name implies, this operating system is
designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one
thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good
example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.
2- Single-user, multi-tasking - This is the type of operating system most people
use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft's Windows and
Apple's MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will
let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. For
example, it's entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a
word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing
the text of an e-mail message.
3-Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows many different users
to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. The
operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various
users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has
sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't
affect the entire community of users. Unix, VMS and mainframe operating
systems, such as MVS, are examples of multi-user operating systems.
4-REAL TIME- “Real time operating system”, and it is also known as
embedded operating system. Real time operating system is totally
depending upon the clock interrupts. This system produces the Interrupt
Service Routine (ISR) interrupts. RTOS implemented the Priority system
for executing all types of process. Entire RTOS is synchronized with the
process, and they can make communication in between all process

4-DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING:

1. ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPUTER
2. SENCOND GENERATION COMPUTER AND THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTER
3. CUI AND GUI
4. SEQUENTIAL ACCESS DEVICES AND DIRECT ACCESS DEVICES
5. CHACHE MEMORY AND RAM
6. PRIMARY MEMORY AND SECONDARY MEMORY
7. RAM AND ROM
8. GUIDED MEDIA AND UNIGUIDED MEDIA

ANS-1 . analog technology, a wave is recorded or used in its original form. So,
for example, in an analog tape recorder, a signal is taken straight from
the microphone and laid onto tape. The wave from the microphone is an
analog wave, and therefore the wave on the tape is analog as well. That
wave on the tape can be read, amplified and sent to a speaker to produce
the sound.
(B) digital technology, the analog wave is sampled at some interval, and
then turned into numbers that are stored in the digital device. On a CD,
the sampling rate is 44,000 samples per second. So on a CD, there are
44,000 numbers stored per second of music. To hear the music, the
numbers are turned into a voltage wave that approximates the original
wave.
2 . Second Generation computers, the instructions (program) could be
stored inside the computer's memory. High-level languages such as
COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) and FORTRAN
(Formula Translator) were used, and they are still used for some
applications nowadays.
(B)  Third generation computers, the operating systems allowed the
machines to run many different applications. These applications were
monitored and coordinated by the computer's memory.
3- CUI means you have to take help of a keyboard to type commands to
interact with the computer. You can only type text to give commands to
the computer as in MS DOS or command prompt. There are no images
or graphics on the screen and it is a primitive type of interface.
(B) GUI is what most modern computers make use of. This is an
interface that makes use of graphics, images and other visual clues such
as icons. This interface made it possible for a mouse to be used with a
computer and interaction really became very easy as the user could
interact with just a click of the mouse rather than having to type every
time to give commands to the computer
4-Sequential access storage media such as magnetic tape do not have
unique storage addresses that can be directly addressed. Instead, data
must be stored and retrieved using a sequential or serial process. Data
are recorded one after another in a predetermined sequence (e.g.,
numeric order) on a storage medium. Locating an individual item of
data requires searching the recorded data on the tape until the desired
item is located.
(B)DIRECT ACCESS They mean that an element of data or instructions
(such as a byte or word) can be directly stored and retrieved by
selecting and using any of the locations on the storage media.
5-Cache memory is relatively a smaller and also a faster memory,
which stores most frequently accessed data of the main memory. When
there is request for a memory read, cache memory is checked to see
whether that data exists in cache memory.
(B) RAM (Random Access Memory) is the primary memory used in a
computer. Its individual memory cells can be accessed in any sequence,
and therefore it is called the random access memory.
6- primary memory-It’s a memory which is used to store frequently
used programs which can be directly accessed by the processing unit
for further processing. It’s a volatile memory meaning the data is stored
temporarily and is liable to change or lose in case of power failure.
(B) SECONDARY MEMORY-It’s a non-volatile memory which means data
stays intact even if the computer is turned off. Data cannot be directly
processed by the processing unit in secondary memory; in fact, it is first
transferred into the main memory and then it’s transferred back to the
processing unit.
7-RAM is a volatile memory. RAM stores the data till the power is
switched on. Once the power of the CPU is switched off the whole data
in RAM gets erased. The data which has to be currently
 processed must be in RAM.  The storage capacity of the RAM ranges
from 64 MB to 4 GB.
(B) ROM is a Read Only Memory.  The data in ROM can only be read by
CPU but, it can not be modified. The CPU can not directly access the
ROM memory, the data has to be first transferred to the RAM, and then
the CPU can access that data from the RAM.
8-Guided transmission media are more commonly known as
the wired communication or bounded transmission media. The
electromagnetic signals travel between the communicating devices
through a physical medium/conductor. As the medium for transmission
is a physical conductor, it also provides direction to the signal.
(B) Unguided media is also called unbounded media as it does not have
any border limitation. The unguided media allows the user to connect
all the time, as the communication is wireless the user can connect
himself from anywhere to the network.

5-Explain the purpose of the following application software in one

line.Give an example each of the following application software—
(i) Word processing software,
(ii) Image processing software,
(iii) Accounting software,
(iv) Spreadsheet software,
(v) Presentation software,
(vi) Web browser software, and
(vii) Geographical Information Systems.

ANS-(1) Word processing software is used to create and edit text doc
uments, including business reports, student homework and even creative
works such as novels, poems and screenplays. EXAMPLE=
Microsoft Word.
(2) Image processing software is software that is designed to manipulate
digital images. In particular, it captures the image if that hasn't already
been done, it converts it to a digital form, and it performs a manipulation or
manipulations on it. EXAMPLE=
MATLAB
(3) Accounting software takes you beyond the simple functionalities of
spreadsheets. Most platforms include user interfaces crafted specifically for
accounting transactions such as receivables and payables. Furthermore,
you can process payroll, cash flow, and more in one place. Generating
reports for detailed or high-level analytics are also easy as you have a
centralized database. EXAMPLE=

 Freshbook

(4)  Spreadsheet or worksheet is a file made of rows and columns that

help sort data, arrange data easily, and calculate numerical data. What
makes a spreadsheet software program unique is its ability to calculate
values using mathematical formulas and the data in cells .EXAMPLE=
Google Sheets 
(5) Presentation software sometimes called "presentation graphics"is a
category of application program used to create sequences of words and
pictures that tell a story or help support a speech or public presentation of
information. EXAMPLE=
MS POWERPOINT
(6) Web browser, a browser is a software application used to locate,
retrieve and display content on the World Wide Web, including webpages,
images, video and other files. As a client/server model, the browser is
the client run on a computer or mobile device that contacts the
Web server and requests information .EXAMPLE=
GOOGLE CHROME
(7)  Geographic Information System (GIS Software) is designed to store,
retrieve, manage, display, and analyze all types of geographic and spatial
data. GIS software lets you produce maps and other graphic displays
of geographic information for analysis and presentation. EXAMPLE=
 ArcGIS Esri
Geomedia Hexagon Geospatial

6- List four features of e-mail? Explain the syntax of e-mail

address with example.
ANS- THE MAIN FOUR FEATURE OF EMAIL ARE:-

 emails are automatically date and time stamped

 signatures can be attached
 files, graphics  or sound can be sent as  attachments, often in
compressed formats
  webmail and  mobile email  can be used to receive and send messages
while on the move
THE SYNTAX OF EMAIL ADDRESS ARE-
(1)Recipient name
The recipient name represents an email mailbox that belongs to:

 A specific person
 A mailing list
 A department
 A role within a company (such as sales or customer service)

(2)@ symbol

(3) Domain names may be a maximum of 253 characters and consist of:

 Uppercase and lowercase letters in English (A-Z, a-z)

 Digits from 0 to 9 
 A hyphen (-)
 A period (.)  (used to identify a sub-domain; for example,
email.domainsample)

(4)top-level domains are:

 .com
 .net
 .org

EXAMPLE

SHUBHANKAR.KESHARWANI84@GMAIL.COM

7- What is computer network? Discuss the types of computer

network.Discuss the importance of Networking?
ANS- Computer network, two or more computers that are connected with
one another for the purpose of communicating data electronically. Besides
physically connecting computer and communication devices,
a network system serves the important function of establishing
a cohesive architecture that allows a variety of equipment types to transfer
information in a near-seamless fashion.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK ARE-

LAN(Local Area Network)

o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other
in a small area such as building, office.
o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through
a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.

PAN(Personal Area Network)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual
person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices
of personal use is known as Personal Area Network.

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger
geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger
network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private
industries.

WAN(Wide Area Network)

o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large
geographical area such as states or countries.
o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.

IMPOTANCE OF NETWOKRING ARE- Interacting with people from different

professions, nationalities, and cultures gives you a broader scope of life.
Your open-mindedness increases every time you socialise with people from
diverse backgrounds, ages and points of view. Another advantage of
networking is that this open-mindedness and understanding teaches you to
become a better team player.

8- Define Database .Define the terms table,record,field,key,

and data values?

ANS- Database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily

accessed and managed.You can organize data into tables, rows, columns,
and index it to make it easier to find relevant information.Database
handlers create a database in such a way that only one set of software
program provides access of data to all the users.The main purpose of the
database is to operate a large amount of information by storing, retrieving,
and managing data.There are many dynamic websites on the World Wide
Web nowadays which are handled through databases. 

Field - a field consists of a grouping of characters. A data field represents an

attribute (a characteristic or quality) of some entity (object, person, place,
or event).

Record - a record represents a collection of attributes that describe a real-

world entity. A record consists of fields, with each field describing an
attribute of the entity.

Tables-A database table is composed of records and fields that hold data.
Tables are also called datasheets. Each table in a database holds data about
a different, but related, subject.

Keys - as their name suggests, a key part of a relational database and a

vital part of the structure of a table. They ensure each record within a table
can be uniquely identified by one or a combination of fields within the
table. They help enforce integrity and help identify the relationship
between tables.

Data values- are what actually take place in the data variable set aside by

the data entities and all its attributes. It consists of facts and figures
of data items, data attribues and data characteristics.

9- Define DBMS. Name two commercial DBMS software.

ANS- Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing

and retrieving users' data while considering appropriate security
measures. It consists of a group of programs which manipulate the
database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and
instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. In large
systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and
retrieve data.

DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their requirement.
The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and other application
programs. It provides an interface between the data and the software
application.
THE TWO COMMERCIAL DBMS SOFTWARE ARE:-

1. Oracle
2. IBM DB2

10- Write short notes on:

1. Database System
2. DBMS
3. Components of database system
4. Data Model

ANS-1-DATABASE SYSTEM- A database is stored as a file or a set of

files. The information in these files may be broken down into records,
each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units
of data storage, and each field typically contains information pertaining
to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database.
Records are also organized into tables that include information about
relationships between its various fields. Although database is applied
loosely to any collection of information in computer files, a database in
the strict sense provides cross-referencing capabilities. Using keywords
and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search, rearrange,
group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create
reports on particular aggregates of data.

2.DBMS- Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for

storing and retrieving users' data while considering appropriate
security measures. It consists of a group of programs which manipulate
the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an
application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific
data. In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party
software to store and retrieve data.

DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their

requirement. The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and
other application programs. It provides an interface between the data
and the software application.

3-COMPONENT OF DATABASE- Components of DBMS

DBMS have several components, each performing very significant tasks in
the database management system environment. Below is a list of
components within the database and its environment.
Software
This is the set of programs used to control and manage the overall
database. This includes the DBMS software itself, the Operating System, the
network software being used to share the data among users, and the
application programs used to access data in the DBMS.

Hardware
Consists of a set of physical electronic devices such as computers, I/O
devices, storage devices, etc., this provides the interface between
computers and the real world systems.

Data
DBMS exists to collect, store, process and access data, the most important
component. The database contains both the actual or operational data and
the metadata.

Procedures
These are the instructions and rules that assist on how to use the DBMS,
and in designing and running the database, using documented procedures,
to guide the users that operate and manage it.

Database Access Language

This is used to access the data to and from the database, to enter new data,
update existing data, or retrieve required data from databases. The user
writes a set of appropriate commands in a database access language,
submits these to the DBMS, which then processes the data and generates
and displays a set of results into a user readable form.

Query Processor
This transforms the user queries into a series of low level instructions. This
reads the online user’s query and translates it into an efficient series of
operations in a form capable of being sent to the run time data manager for
execution.

Run Time Database Manager

Sometimes referred to as the database control system, this is the central
software component of the DBMS that interfaces with user-submitted
application programs and queries, and handles database access at run time.
Its function is to convert operations in user’s queries. It provides control to
maintain the consistency, integrity and security of the data.

Data Manager
Also called the cache manger, this is responsible for handling of data in the
database, providing a recovery to the system that allows it to recover the
data after a failure.

Database Engine
The core service for storing, processing, and securing data, this provides
controlled access and rapid transaction processing to address the
requirements of the most demanding data consuming applications. It is
often used to create relational databases for online transaction processing
or online analytical processing data.

Data Dictionary
This is a reserved space within a database used to store information about
the database itself. A data dictionary is a set of read-only table and views,
containing the different information about the data used in the enterprise
to ensure that database representation of the data follow one standard as
defined in the dictionary.

Report Writer
Also referred to as the report generator, it is a program that extracts
information from one or more files and presents the information in a
specified format. Most report writers allow the user to select records that
meet certain conditions and to display selected fields in rows and columns,
or also format the data into different charts.

4- DATA MODEL- A data model refers to the logical inter-relationships and

data flow between different data elements involved in the information
world. It also documents the way data is stored and retrieved. Data models
facilitate communication business and technical development by accurately
representing the requirements of the information system and by designing
the responses needed for those requirements. Data models help represent
what data is required and what format is to be used for different business
processes..