EST^ Xuda`nbt`gos vs. @sabe`n Lb‐wbm Nguon`a gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois, K.T. Og. 2>9>83,
Fbo. 4=, 488>

CBN\^6 @sabe`n Lb‐[bm Nguon`a gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois, @on., b agnba cilirbt`go gc egri tmbo
;8 Eusa`e ria`k`gus grkbo`zbt`gos, c`ail b ngepab`ot cgr lbebkis bkb`ost EST^
Xuda`nbt`gos, @on., br`s`ok crge bo brt`nai, wm`nm ribls6

"BABE DB O@OPG7
Ob bok ekb dbdgy bt jbm`t bogok ur` ok mbygp sb E`olbobg by m`ol` j`objb`o ok ekb
Eusa`e7

Xbrb sb jbo`ab bok ekb `tg by `sbok sbkrblgok dbkby. M`ol` o`ab `tg jb`abokbok jb`o`o
jbm`t ob s`ab pb by ebkutge bt ebwbabo ok uabe sb tuw`ok s`ab by jbjb`o. K`obkbwb
o`ab `tgok L`ygs bt s`obsbedb pb o`ab `tg sb tuw`ok brbw ok jbo`abok pbok`ok`a`o abauok-
abag ob sb brbw ob t`obtbwbk o`abok 'Tbeblbo'."

@^^YI6 

g   [/O tm`s `s bo bnt`go cgr licbebt`go (a`dia) gr bo iegt`goba l`striss tgrt bnt`go

MIAL6 

\mi ^upriei Ngurt mial tmbt tmiri `s og nbusi gc bnt`go cgr licbebt`go.

LICBEB\@GO LIC@OIL6 

Licbebt`go, wm`nm `onaulis a`dia bol sabolir, eibos tmi gcciosi gc `ofur`ok b pirsgo's
nmbrbntir, cbei gr riputbt`go tmrgukm cbasi bol eba`n`gus stbtieiots. @t `s tmbt wm`nm
tiols tg `ofuri riputbt`go gr tg l`e`o`sm tmi istiie, rispint, kggl w`aa gr ngoc`lioni `o
tmi pab`ot`cc gr tg ixn`ti lirgkbtgry ciia`oks gr gp`o`gos bdgut tmi pab`ot`cc. @t `s tmi
puda`nbt`go gc boytm`ok wm`nm `s `ofur`gus tg tmi kggl obei gr riputbt`go gc bogtmir gr
tiols tg dr`ok m`e `otg l`sriputi. Licbebt`go `s bo `ovbs`go gc b riabt`goba `otirist s`oni
`t `ovgavis tmi gp`o`go wm`nm gtmirs `o tmi ngeeuo`ty eby mbvi, gr tiol tg mbvi, gc tmi
pab`ot`cc.

KTGYX A@DIA/LICBEB\@GO6 

…wmiri tmi licbebt`go `s baaikil tg mbvi diio l`rintil bt b krgup gr nabss, `t `s

issiot`ba tmbt tmi stbtieiot eust di sg swiip`ok gr baa-iedrbn`ok bs tg bppay tg iviry
`ol`v`luba `o tmbt krgup gr nabss, gr succ`n`iotay spin`c`n sg tmbt ibnm `ol`v`luba `o tmi
nabss gr krgup nbo prgvi tmbt tmi licbebtgry stbtieiot spin`c`nbaay pg`otil tg m`e, sg

tmbt mi nbo dr`ok tmi bnt`go sipbrbtiay, `c oiil di….  

 

\mi stbtieiots puda`smil dy pit`t`goirs `o tmi `ostbot nbsi l`l ogt spin`c`nbaay `liot`cy
ogr ricir tg boy pbrt`nuabr `ol`v`lubas wmg wiri purpgrtilay tmi sudfint gc tmi baaikil
a`diagus puda`nbt`go. Tispgoliots nbo snbrniay nab`e tg mbv`ok diio s`okail gut cgr
sgn`ba niosuri pg`otilay risuat`ok `o lbebkis.

\mi bnt`go a`jiw`si `s ogt cgr iegt`goba l`striss.

Xr`ebr`ay, bo "iegt`goba l`striss" tgrt bnt`go `s pirsgoba `o obturi, `.i., `t `s b n`v`a bnt`go
c`ail dy bo `ol`v`luba tg bssubki tmi `ofur`is tg m`s iegt`goba trboqu`a`ty lui tg pirsgoba
bttbnjs go m`s nmbrbntir. @t mbs og bppa`nbt`go `o tmi `ostbot nbsi s`oni og pbrt`nuabr
`ol`v`luba wbs `liot`c`il `o tmi l`sputil brt`nai gc Duakbr. Basg, tmi purpgrtil lbebki
nbusil dy tmi brt`nai, bssue`ok tmiri wbs boy, cbaas uolir tmi pr`on`pai gc riabt`goba
mbre wm`nm `onaulis mbre tg sgn`ba riabt`gosm`ps `o tmi ngeeuo`ty `o tmi cgre gc
licbebt`go: bs l`st`oku`smil crge tmi pr`on`pai gc ribnt`vi mbre wm`nm `onaulis `ofur`is
tg `ol`v`luba iegt`goba trboqu`a`ty `o tmi cgre gc bo `oca`nt`go gc iegt`goba l`striss. @o tmi`r
ngepab`ot, rispgoliots naibray bssirtil bo baaikil mbre tg tmi stbol`ok gc Eusa`es `o
tmi ngeeuo`ty, ispin`baay tg tmi`r bnt`v`t`is `o prgpbkbt`ok tmi`r cb`tm `o Eitrg Ebo`ab bol
`o gtmir ogo-Eusa`e ngeeuo`t`is `o tmi nguotry. @t `s tmus diygol nbv`a tmbt tmi prisiot
nbsi cbaas w`tm`o tmi bppa`nbt`go gc tmi riabt`goba mbre pr`on`pai gc tgrt bnt`gos cgr
licbebt`go, rbtmir tmbo tmi ribnt`vi mbre pr`on`pai go wm`nm tmi ngonipt gc iegt`goba
l`striss prgpiray diagoks.
 

\glby `s \murslby, Fboubry 23, 4848  

IO DBON

FT.,  pit`t`goirs,

.X. BTN@AAB, BDLYA TB^M@L LI KYVEBO, BA-CBTIL LB ^@ASB bol @DTBM@E D.B. FYO@G,  rispgoliots.

tg ngot`oui wr`t`ok `t. “ 

a`dirt`is tmbt diagok bs wiaa, `c ogt egri, tg tmgsi wmg quist`go, wmg lg ogt ngocgre, wmg l`ccir. Cgr tmi uat`ebti kggl wm`nm wi baa
2
ebrjit “ ogt fust tmi `libs wi lis`ri, dut `onaul`ok tmgsi tmgukmts wi lisp`si.  
usa`e ria`k`gus grkbo`zbt`gos, bol `ol`v`luba Eusa`es BDLYATBMEBO T.\. A@OVBK, @DTBM@E C.X. BTN@AAB, BDLYA TB^M@L L
`li bkb`ost EST^ XYDA@NB\@GO^, @ON., EBT^ N. ABNGO^BP, EPAB N. BKYFB bol BKY^\@OG K. D@OIKB^, FT., br`s`ok crge

sa`e7

`t ob s`ab pb by ebkutge bt ebwbabo ok uabe sb tuw`ok s`ab by jbjb`o. K`obkbwb o`ab `tgok L`ygs bt s`obsbedb pb o`ab `tg sb tuw`o

grls baaul`ok tg tmi p`k bs tmi Kgl gc tmi Eusa`es wbs ogt goay puda`smil gut gc smiir `kogrboni dut w`tm `otiot tg murt tmi ciia`oks
 tmi Eusa`es `o tmi Xm`a`pp`ois dut tmi iot`ri Eusa`e wgral, ispin`baay iviry Eusa`e `ol`v`luba `o ogo-Eusa`e nguotr`is.
 

t`nai l`l ogt eiot`go rispgoliots bs tmi gdfint gc tmi brt`nai bol tmiricgri wiri ogt iot`tail tg lbebkis: bol, tmbt tmi brt`nai wbs e

nbusi gc bnt`go s`oni tmi pirsgos baaikilay licbeil dy tmi brt`nai wiri ogt spin`c`nbaay `liot`c`il “ 

il w`tm spin`c`n`ty. \mi sudfint brt`nai wbs l`rintil bt tmi Eusa`es w`tmgut eiot`go`ok gr `liot`cy`ok tmi miri`o pab`ot`ccs x x x. @t `s tm
oni, `t `s l`cc`nuat cgr bo `ol`v`luba Eusa`e eiedir tg prgvi tmbt tmi licbebtgry riebrjs bppay tg m`e. \mi iv`lioni prisiotil `o tm`s

r crge tmi l`sputil brt`nai tmbt tmi licbebt`go wbs l`rintil tg baa blmiriots gc tmi @sabe`n cb`tm. @t stbtil tmbt p`ks wiri sbnril bol `
s wbs b "nabss su`t" bol tmbt @^ABE@N LB'[BM NGYON@A GC \MI XM@A@XX@OI^, @ON.'s ria`k`gus stbtus bs b Eusa`e uedriaab grkb

i iaieiots gc a`dia,
a `dia, (d) tmi r`kmt gc rispgol
rispgoliots
iots tg `ost`tuti tmi nabss su`t, bol, (n) tmi a`bd`a`ty gc pit`t`goirs cgr egrba lbebkis, ixie

 riputbt`go tmrgukm cbasi bol eba`n`gus stbtieiots. 9 @t `s tmbt wm`nm tiols tg `ofuri riputbt`go gr tg l`e`o`sm tmi istiie, rispint, kg
otg l`sriputi.; Licbebt`go `s bo `ovbs`go gc b riabt`goba `otirist s`oni `t `ovgavis tmi gp`o`go wm`nm gtmirs `o tmi ngeeuo`ty eby mbv

 eiri wgrls gc kioirba bdusi mgwivir gpprgdr`gus, `aa-obturil, gr vixbt`gus, wmitmir wr`ttio gr spgjio, lg ogt ngost`tuti b dbs`s c 

bdai `ol`v`luba. Bdsiot n`rnuestbonis spin`c`nbaay pg`ot`ok gr baaul`ok tg b pbrt`nuabr eiedir gc b nabss, og eiedir gc sunm nabss m
2>

,  wi
t  `o l`se`ssil
Oikrgs b ngepab`ot
Gnn`liotba nab`e`okcgr
tga`dia
mbvibkb`ost
=,988 Oiwswiij, @on 
eiedirs bol ., go tmi`ol`v`luba
.,
sivirba krguol tmbt pr`vbti c`ail
eiedirs, rispgoliots cb`ail su`t
b nabss bnt`go tg stbti b nbusi gc
cgr lbebkis `o bnt`
dim
sabol gc Cibr" `o `ts wiijay oiwsebkbz`oi baaikilay lip`nt`ok Oikrgs Xrgv`oni bs b pabni lge`obtil dy wibatmy abolgwoirs bol su
bol eba`n`gus usi gc cbasimggl, sabotil prisiotbt`go bol/gr e`sriprisiotbt`go gc cbnts `otiolil tg put tmi sukbrnboi pabotirs `o b d
ioirba. [i rbt`gn`obtil “ 

t`ba tmbt tmi stbtieiot eust di sg swiip`ok gr baa-iedrbn`ok bs tg bppay tg iviry `ol`v`luba `o tmbt krgup gr nabss, gr succ`n`iotay spi
br `s ogt b nabss su`t. @t `s ogt b nbsi wmiri goi gr egri eby sui cgr tmi dioic`t gc baa, gr wmiri tmi riprisiotbt`go gc nabss `otirist b
 tmi ngeeuo`ty. \miy lg ogt mbvi b ngeego gr kioirba `otirist `o tmi sudfint ebttir gc tmi ngotrgvirsy.

. ^`oni tmi pirsgos baaikilay licbeil ngual ogt di `liot`c`bdai, pr`vbti rispgoliots mbvi og `ol`v`luba nbusis gc bnt`go: mioni, tmi

a`e, bs pbrt gc tmi abrkir Eusa`e ngeeuo`ty `o tmi Xm`a`pp`ois gc gvir c`vi (9) e`aa`go pigpai, diagoks tg b l`cciriot trbli bol prgciss`

pgrtuo`ty
t w`aa k`vitgtmie
strioktmio tmi`rgr
b ngeego cb`tm bol ilunbti
kioirba `otirist tmi ogo-dia`ivirs
`o tmi bolgctmi
sudfint ebttir tmi"`oc`lias." \miri `s og `ofury tg tmi riputbt`go gc tmi `ol`v`lu
ngotrgvirsy.

`l`ok pr`on`pai gc krgup a`dia `s tmbt licbebt`go gc b abrki krgup lgis ogt k`vi r`si tg b nbusi gc bnt`go go tmi pbrt gc bo `ol`v`luba u

st baa pirsgos gc tmi Fiw`sm ria`k`go. \mi Ngurt mial tmbt tmiri ngual di og a`dia bkb`ost bo ixtios`vi ngeeuo`ty `o ngeego abw. @o
di bdsgavil.23 [`tm rikbrl tg tmi abrkist sintgrs `o sgn`ity, `onaul`ok ria`k`gus krgups, `t eby di kioirbaay ngonaulil tmbt og nr`e`o

y tmi b`r`ok gc b obt`goba tiaiv`s`go drgblnbst gc b c`ae lip`nt`ok tmi puda`n ixinut`go gc b ^bul` Brbd`bo pr`oniss bnnusil gc bluatir 
bkis br`s`ok crge "bo `otirobt`goba ngosp`rbny tg `osuat, r`l`nuai, l`snril`t bol bdusi cgaagwirs gc @sabe tmrgukmgut tmi wgral, Brbds
licbebt`go wbs tg prgtint `ol`v`lubas: b krgup eby di succ`n`iotay abrki tmbt b stbtieiot ngoniro`ok `t ngual ogt licbei `ol`v`luba k

`btioiss gc boy bnt`go cgr tgrt`gus a`dia `ovgav`ok abrki krgups, bol prgv`lis b sunn`ont `aaustrbt`go6
` aaustrbt`go6
 

nr`pt`go gc tmi eiedirs. Miri tmi prgdaie `s eiriay goi gc ivbaubt`go. @s tmi lisnr`pt`go gc tmi eiedir `epa`n`t `o tmi lisnr`pt`go gc

tmbt baa gc tmi abwyirs wiri smystirs. B nmbrki tmbt tmi abwyirs `o b agnba pg`ot `o b kribt n`ty, sunm bs \`eis ^qubri `o Oiw Pgrj N
smystirs wgual di b spin`c`n nmbrki, sg tmbt boy abwyir mbv`ok bo gcc`ni w`tm`o tmbt du`al`ok ngual sui.

g boygoi `o pbrt`nuabr, s`oni goi e`kmt bs wiaa licbei baa eboj`ol. Ogt goay lgis tmi krgup bs sunm mbvi og bnt`go: tmi pab`ot`cc lg
sis, tmi nmbonis cgr eiedirs gc sunm krgups tg ringvir lbebkis go tgrt`gus a`dia dingei iaus`vi. \m`s pr`on`pai `s sb`l tg iedrbn
ol , tmi a`e`tbt`go go a`bd`a`ty
a `bd`a`ty wgual sbt`scbntgr`ay sbcikubrl
sbcikubrl criilge gc spiinm bol ixpriss`go, bs wiaa bs gc tmi priss, iccint`ok b sg

i pbrt`nuabray licbeil. \mi s`zi gc tmi krgup riolirs tmi ricirioni bs `olitire`obti bol kioir`n bs b s`e`abr bttbnj go Nbtmga`ns, X
ol gtmirs dbsil upgo pga`t`nba bol tmigagk`nba l`st`ont`gos. "Eusa`e" `s b obei wm`nm lisnr`dis goay b kioirba sikeiot gc tmi Xm`a`p

a`bo, Xrisdytir`bo, Autmirbo, bol gtmir krgups tmi issioni gc wm`nm eby a`i `o bo `osp`ril nmbrabtbo, wmgsi tiepai eby di b ngroir
puabt`go eby di l`v`lil `otg sebaair krgups w`tm vbry`ok bkiolb, crge tmi prbyircua ngosirvbt`vi tg tmi pbss`gobtiay rbl`nba. \misi

gursi gc tmi lia`dirbt`gos `o tm`s nbsi. [i ixtios`viay riprgluni miriuolir m`s ngeprimios`vi bol pioitrbt`ok l`snuss`go go krgu

r`ttio, wm`ai tmi gtmir `o kioirba `s grba. @o i`tmir cgre, licbebt`go `s bo `ovbs`go gc tmi `otirist `o riputbt`go bol kggl obei. \m`s `

`ok bol iofgy`ok goi's riputbt`go bs kggl bs goi's nmbrbntir bol ngolunt wbrrbot. \mi eiri cbnt tmbt tmi pab`ot`cc's ciia`oks bol si
irs eby mbvi gc tmi pab`ot`cc. \mi uopr`v`aikil ngeeuo`nbt`go eust di smgwo gc b stbtieiot tmbt wgual tiol tg murt pab`ot`cc's riput

bt`go bnt`go `s upgo tmi baaikilay licbebtgry stbtieiot `tsiac bol `ts pril`ntbdai iccint upgo tm`rl pirsgos. B stbtieiot `s grl`obr`ay
c \grts lic`ois b licbebtgry stbtieiot bs goi tmbt "tiols tg sg mbre tmi riputbt`go gc bogtmir bs tg agwir m`e `o tmi ist`ebt`go gc t

 gc m`s pr`eb cbn`i nbsi tmbt tmi liciolbot (2) puda`smil b stbtieiot tmbt wbs (4) licbebtgry (>) gc bol ngoniro`ok tmi pab`ot`cc.

tgry nmbrki mbs diio ebli. @o tmi Beir`nbo fur`sl`nt`go, og bnt`go a`is dy b tm`rl pirsgo cgr lbebkis succiril dy ribsgo gc licbe
Ivio wmio b puda`nbt`go eby di naibray licbebtgry bs tg sgeidgly, `c tmi wgrls mbvi og pirsgoba bppa`nbt`go tg tmi pab`ot`cc, tmiy b

bppibr tmbt tmi pab`ot`cc `s tmi pirsgo w`tm ricirioni tg wmge tmi stbtieiot wbs ebli. \m`s pr`on`pai `s gc v`tba `epgrtboni `o nbsis

pa`il tg boy eiedir gc tmi krgup, bol bo `ol`v`luba eiedir ngual eb`otb`o bo bnt`go cgr licbebt`go. [mio tmi licbebtgry abokub
s sebaa krgup gr nabss eby di b fury, pirsgos iokbkil `o nirtb`o dus`oissis, prgciss`gos gr iepagyeiots, b ristr`ntil sudl`v`s`go

rsgos, bol tmiri `s ogtm`ok tmbt pg`ots, gr dy prgpir ngaagqu`ue gr `oouiolg nbo di ebli tg bppay, tg b pbrt`nuabr eiedir gc tmi nab
sueil, bol wmiri tmi nabss ricirril tg wbs sg oueirgus tmbt kribt vixbt`go bol gppriss`go e`kmt krgw gut gc tmi euat`pa`n`ty gc su`
epagyeiot, l`rintil bt bssgn`bt`gos gr krgups gc bssgn`bt`go gcc`n`bas, bol tg tmgsi l`rintil bt e`sniaaboigus krgups gr nabssis gc

ki krgup “ wm`nm `c licbeil iot`tais og goi tg sui “ `s ogt bawbys sg s`epai. ^gei butmgr`t`is mbvi ogtil tmbt `o nbsis pire`tt`o
o sgei l`st`oku`sm`ok nmbrbntir`st`n gc tmi `ol`v`luba gr krgup `onribsis tmi a`jia`mggl tmbt tmi stbtieiot ngual di `otirpritil tg bpp
p" `ts pircgreboni: tmi `ol`v`luba wbs b cuaadbnj, `.i., b s`ko`c`nbot pgs`t`go go tmi tibe bol mbl pabyil `o baa dut twg gc tmi tibe's k
 

tmir b stbtieiot w`aa di `otirpritil tg ricir tg iviry eiedir. \mi egri grkbo`zil bol ngmis`vi b krgup, tmi ibs`ir `t `s tg tbr baa `ts
`zi eby di siio tg l`auti tmi mbre tg `ol`v`lubas bol boy risuat`ok `ofury w`aa cbaa dioibtm tmi tmrismgal cgr b v`bdai abwsu`t.

rikg`ok krgup nabss`c`nbt`gos.

nabss`c`nbt`gos. \miri bri baa tmi ria`k`gos gc tmi wgral, tmiri bri baa tmi pga`t`nba bol `ligagk`nba dia`ics: tmiri bri tmi
tis tg priviot ngonirtil iccgrts tg mbrbss e`ogr`ty krgups `o tmi Yo`til ^tbtis dy ebj`ok `t b nr`ei tg n`rnuabti `os`l`gus ruegrs bkb

 cgr a`dia go tmisi krgups, dut viry ciw mbvi sunniilil dinbusi `t ciat tmbt tmi krgups bri tgg abrki bol pggray lic`oil tg suppgrt b

nbaay `liot`cy ogr ricir tg boy pbrt`nuabr `ol`v`lubas wmg wiri purpgrtilay tmi sudfint gc tmi baaikil a`diagus puda`nbt`go. Tispgoliots

k eiotba l`striss bol ogt bo bnt`go cgr a`dia. \mbt gp`o`go `ovgjis Nmbpa`osjy v. Oiw Mbepsm`ri44 wmiri tmi Y.^. ^upriei Ngurt mi
l tmbt mbti spiinm wm`nm lio`krbtis b krgup gc pirsgos `liot`c`il dy tmi`r ria`k`go, rbni gr itmo`n gr`k`o licbeis tmbt krgup bol tmi

egt`goba l`striss" tgrt bnt`go `s pirsgob

pirsgobaa `o obturi, `.i., `t `s b n`v`a bnt`go c`ail dy bo `ol`v`luba 4< tg bssubki tmi `ofur`is tg m`s iegt`go
 tmi brt`nai, bssue`ok tmiri wbs boy, cbaas uolir tmi pr`on`pai gc riabt`goba mbre “ wm`nm `onaulis mbre tg sgn`ba riabt`gosm`ps `o tmi
 ngepab`ot, rispgoliots naibray bssirtil bo baaikil mbre tg tmi stbol`ok gc Eusa`es `o tmi ngeeuo`ty, ispin`baay tg tmi`r bnt`v`t`is `
s cgr licbebt`go, rbtmir tmbo tmi ribnt`vi mbre pr`on`pai go wm`nm tmi ngonipt gc iegt`goba l`striss prgpiray diagoks.

l`striss tmi pab`ot`cc eust smgw tmbt6 (b) \mi ngolunt gc tmi liciolbot wbs `otiot`goba gr `o rinjaiss l`srikbrl gc tmi pab`ot`cc: (d) \mi
.43 

likrii, bs tg kg diygol baa pgss`dai dguols gc liniony, bol tg di rikbrlil bs btrgn`gus, bol uttiray `otgairbdai `o n`v`a`zil sgn`ity.
eiedir gc tmi ngeeuo`ty wgual brgusi m`s risioteiot bkb`ost tmi bntgr, bol aibl m`e gr mir tg ixnab`e, "Gutrbkigus!" bs m`s gr m

t`go, iedbrrbsseiot, bokir, l`sbppg`oteiot, wgrry, obusib, eiotba succir`ok bol boku`sm, smgnj, cr`kmt, mgrrgr, bol nmbkr`o. 40 "^iv
aul`ok pgsttrbuebt`n striss l`sgrlir, oiurgs`s, psynmgs`s, nmrgo`n lipriss`go, gr pmgd`b. >8 \mi pab`ot`cc `s riqu`ril tg smgw, begok
lbebkis.>2 

brrbsseiot, gr bokir. A`bd`a`ty lgis ogt br`si crge eiri `osuats, `ol`ko`t`is, tmribts, boogybonis, pitty ixpriss`gos, gr gtmir tr`v`ba`t`
ls tmbt bri lic`o`tiay `ongos`lirbti bol uoj`ol: tmi eiri cbnt tmbt tmi bntgr jogws tmbt tmi gtmir w`aa rikbrl tmi ngolunt bs `osuat`ok,

gc iegt`goba l`striss. B pbrgly bppibril `o Mustair ebkbz`oi cibtur`ok tmi Beir`nbo cuolbeiotba`st pribnmir bol ivbokia`st Tivi
 L`str`nt Ngurt cgr tmi [istiro L`str`nt gc S`rk`o`b ruail tmbt tmi pbrgly wbs ogt a`diagus, dinbusi og ribsgobdai riblir wgual mbvi
i gc bnt`go tmbt l`l ogt riqu`ri b cbasi stbtieiot gc cbnt tg di ebli. \mi Yo`til ^tbtis ^upriei Ngurt `o b uobo`egus lin`s`go gvir

l eby mbvi diio `otiolil tg nbusi siviri iegt`goba l`striss, dut tmisi n`rnuestbonis wiri ogt succ`n`iot tg gvirngei tmi crii sp
nm.

s bo `ol`v`luba pbrt`nuabray s`okail gut gr `liot`c`il 

` liot`c`il  `o
 `o tmi pbrgly bppibr`ok go Mustair ebkbz`oi. Basg, tmi iegt`goba l`striss baaiki

 iegt`goba l`striss baaikilay succiril dy rispgoliots sg siviri tmbt og ribsgobdai pirsgo ngual di ixpintil tg ioluri `t. \miri `s

“ 

iri `osuat, `ol`ko`ty, boogyboni, gr ivio tmribts, wmiri tmi nbsi `s abnj`ok `o gtmir n`rnuestbonis gc bkkrbvbt`go. \mi ribsgos bri o
bd`a`ty gc ngursi nboogt di ixtiolil tg iviry tr`v`ba `ol`ko`ty x x x x \mi pab`ot`cc eust oinissbr`ay di ixpintil bol riqu`ril tg di mb
 

murt. \miri eust st`aa di criilge tg ixpriss bo uocabttir`ok gp`o`go, bol sgei sbcity vbavi eust di aict tmrgukm wm`nm `rbsn`dai tie

tmbt wgual "gpio up b w`li v`stb gc a`t`kbt`go `o tmi c`ial gc dbl ebooirs," bo brib `o wm`nm b "tgukmio`ok gc tmi eiotba m`li" wbs tm
ro ngurts tglby.>; 

iot C`rst Beioleiot lgntr`ois. Dbnj `o s`epair t`eis `o tmi m`stgry gc crii ixpriss`go tmi ^upriei Ngurt bppibril tg ispgusi b t
rissil `o Nmbpa`osjy 6

puo`smeiot gc wm`nm mbvi oivir diio tmgukmt tg rb`si boy Ngost`tut`goba prgdaie. \misi `onauli tmi aiwl bol gdsnioi, tmi prgcbo
bonis bri og issiot`ba pbrt gc boy ixpgs`t`go gc `libs, bol bri gc sunm sa`kmt sgn`ba vbaui bs b stip tg trutm tmbt boy dioic`t tmbt eby

ir`nbo ngurts og agokir bnnipt tmi v`iw tmbt spiinm eby di prgsnr`dil eiriay dinbusi `t `s "aiwl," "prgcboi," "`osuat`ok" gr gtmirw`
o wbs ngov`ntil cgr v`gabt`ok b Nba`cgro`b stbtuti prgm`d`t`ok boy pirsgo crge "l`sturdZ`okU tmi pibni x x x dy gccios`vi ngolunt." \m
l bo "`on`tieiot" tg `aaikba bnt`go ogr "gdsnio`ty." @t l`l ogt ngost`tuti `osuat`ok gr "c`kmt`ok" wgrls cgr `t mbl ogt diio l`rintil bt b p
ba `osuat, ogr wbs tmiri boy lbokir gc ribnt`vi v`gaioni bkb`ost m`e.

`nt`go ngual goay di fust`c`il dy Nba`cgro`b's lis`ri tg ixirn`si tmi drgbl pgwir `o prisirv`ok tmi naiboa`oiss gc l`sngursi `o tmi puda
 bri fust bs issiot`ba `o tmi ixirn`si gc tm`s r`kmt bs tmi puriay ngko`t`vi. Bs Er. Fust`ni Mbrabo sg iagquiotay wrgti6 "ZGUoi ebo's vu
o gc prgvgnbt`vi bol pgtiot`baay gccios`vi spiinm.

i \wg-Nabss \migry  `o `o Nmbpa`osjy  surv`vis

 surv`vis “ Y.^. ngurts ngot`oui tg tribt "gdsnioi" spiinm bs ogt w`tm`o tmi prgtint`go gc tmi C`r 
k tmi tist mial tmbt tmiri wbs og smgw`ok tmbt Ngmio's fbnjit dibr`ok tmi wgrls "Cunj tmi Lrbct" mbl tmribtioil tg prgvgji `ee`oi

l, wmio Dibumbrob`s  wbs lin`lil `o 2094, tmi \wg-Nabss \migry wbs st`aa cagur`sm`ok. [m`ai ngonililay tmi Y.^. M`km \r`duoba l`l
s tmbt libat b nrusm`ok `epbnt go Dibumbrob`s bol rioliril `t baegst nirtb`oay b libl aittir nbsi abw bri Drboliodurk v. Gm`g,<4 bo

yol`nba`se ^tbtuti cgr blvgnbt`ok tmi oiniss`ty, luty bol prgpr`ity gc nr`ei, sbdgtbki, v`gaioni, gr uoabwcua eitmgls gc tirrgr`se b
bs sustb`oil dy tmi Y.^. ^upriei Ngurt, mgal`ok tmbt tmi blvgnbny gc `aaikba bnt`go dingeis puo`smbdai goay `c sunm blvgnbny `s l`
 spiinm `s ogt trbosabtil `otg bnt`go.

odurk  eust
 eust di uolirstggl bs gvirrua`ok Dibumbrob`s bol ia`e`obt`ok tmi pgss`d`a`ty gc tribt`ok krgup a`dia uolir tmi sbei C`rst
C`rs t Be

 pg`otil gut dy
 gc tmi nabss: (d)Er.
tmiFust`ni FgsigcN.tmgsi
prgpgrt`go S`tukebli
lur`okpbrt`is
tmi lia`dirbt`gos, "botgiaieiot
bs `t sg dibrs tmi tgtbagceiedirsm`p
b nabss su`t gc
`s tmi nabss:
bliqubny
bol,gc(n)riprisiotbt`go. @o dl
boy gtmir cbntgr

s tg cuaay prgtint tmi `otirists gc baa ngoniroil. @o tmi prisiot ngotrgvirsy, @sabe`n Lb'wbm Nguon`a gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois, @on., siijs `o i
mir mbvi tmiy diio bdai tg liegostrbti tmi `liot`ty gc tmi`r `otirists w`tm tmgsi tmiy siij tg riprisiot. Yoaiss `t nbo di smgwo tmbt

s bdai tg sbt`scbntgr`ay prgvi tmi ix`stioni gc tmi cbntuba dbs`s cgr tmi lbebkis bol `ts nbusba ngooint`go w`tm tmi bnts ngepab`oil g
kis, go tmi gtmir mbol, eby goay di bwbrlil `c nab`ebot `s bdai tg istbda`sm m`s r`kmt tg egrba, tiepirbti, a`qu`lbtil gr ngepiosbtg

eegopabni bs siac-bppg`otil
siac-bppg`otil nr`t`ns gc kgviroeio
kgviroeiot,
t, `t wgual di egri bpprgpr`bti tg rispint tmi cb`r nr`t`n`se gc ria`k`gus pr`on`pais,
iony gc su`ts begok ria`k`gus cuolbeiotba`sts, wmitmir Nmr`st`bo, Eusa`e, M`olu, Dullm`st, Fiw`sm, gr gtmirs. \m`s wgual uooiniss
 

`ic: oi`tmir lgis `t mbvi tmi butmgr`ty tg ruai go tmi eir`ts gc goi ria`k`go gvir bogtmir, ogr linabri wm`nm dia`ic tg upmgal gr nbst bsu
auioni. Ngurts eust di v`iwpg`ot-oiutrba
v`iwpg`ot-oiutrba wmio `t ngeis tg ria`k`gus ebttirs `c goay tg bcc`re tmi oiutrba`ty pr`on`pai gc crii spiinm r`k
 tmi r`kmt tg crii spiinm, "tmiri `s og sunm tm`ok bs b cbasi `lib. Mgwivir piro`n`gus bo gp`o`go eby siie, wi lipiol cgr `ts ngrrint
tiis gc criilge gc spiinm, gc ixpriss`go, bol gc tmi priss.

200= `s TISIT^IL bol ^I\ B^@LI, bol tmi Lin`s`go gc tmi T\N-Dr. <, Ebo`ab, l`se`ss`ok tmi ngepab`ot cgr abnj gc eir`t, `s TI@

., ngonur.

t`vi tmbo tmbt wm`nm prgtints m`s a`ci, a`dirty gr prgpirty. \mus, tmi abw `epgsis upgo m`e wmg bttbnjs bogtmir's riputbt`go, dy sabol

a`k`gus grkbo`zbt`gos `o tmi nguotry, bol tmi gtmir obeil rispgoliots baa nab`e, w`tm uolirstbolbdai `ol`kobt`go, tmbt tmiy mbvi di

usa`e7

m`t ob s`ab pb by ebkutge bt ebwbabo ok uabe sb tuw`ok s`ab by jbjb`o. K`obkbwb o`ab `tgok L`ygs bt s`obsbedb pb o`ab `tg sb tuw`o

bkb`ost pit`t`goirs, baaik`ok tmbt tmi puda`smil brt`nai wbs licbebtgry bol bo `osuat tg rispgoliots. \mi tr`ba ngurt l`se`ssil tmi ng

ioni gc tmi iaieiots gc a`dia, tmi r`kmt gc rispgoliots tg `ost`tuti tmi nabss su`t, bol tmi a`bd`a`ty gc pit`t`goirs cgr egrba lbebkis, ixi

`a Ngli ringko`zis tmi pgss`d`a`ty gc sunm b n`v`a bnt`go i`tmir pursubot tg Brt`nai 43, pbrbkrbpm (<), tg tmi iccint tmbt batmgukm `t eby
o cgr lbebkis, gr ngosgobotay w`tm Brt`nai >> wm`nm prgv`lis tmbt `o nbsi gc licbebt`go, b n`v`a ngepab`ot cgr lbebkis, iot`riay sipb
ki gr `ofury bs b l`rint ngosiquioni gc tmi liciolbot's wrgokcua ngolunt. @o c`oi, `t eust di smgwo tmbt tmi bnt ngepab`oil gc `s vix

ray Beir`nbo nbsis mbvi ricusil baa rieily cgr eiotba `ofury, sunm bs goi nbusil dy vixbt`go, dinbusi gc tmi l`cc`nuaty gc prggc gr
kigus ngolunt `otiot`gobaay gr rinjaissay nbusis siviri iegt`goba l`striss tg bogtmir `s sudfint tg a`bd`a`ty cgr sunm iegt`goba l`stris
`gus.9 Bnngrl`okay, `t `s kioirbaay linabril tmbt tmiri nbo di og ringviry cgr `osuats, 3 `ol`ko`t`is gr tmribts; wm`nm bri ngos`liril tg b
lbot.
 

riputbt`go gc bogtmir, tmi uopr`v`aikil puda`nbt`go gc cbasi stbtieiots wm`nm obturbaay bol prgx`ebtiay risuat `o `ofury tg bogtmir. 0 @t `
b "riabt`goba `otirist" s`oni `t `ovgavis tmi gp`o`go wm`nm gtmirs `o tmi ngeeuo`ty eby mbvi, gr tiol tg mbvi, gc tmi pab`ot`cc. 22 \mi Ti
dia `s b puda`n bol eba`n`gus `eputbt`go gc b nr`ei, gr v`ni gr licint, riba gr `ebk`obry, gr boy bnt, ge`ss`go, ngol`t`go, stbtus, gr n`rn

l bs `epbrt`ok bo irrgoigus `otirpritbt`go gc b Eusa`e prbnt`ni tmbt tiols tg r`l`nuai tmi @sabe`n cb`tm, `t `s, mgwivir, `epirsgoba go `t
il, bo bsnirtb`oil gr bsnirtb`obdai `ol`v`luba .2< @t `s goay tmio tmbt pab`ot`cc's iegt`gos bol/gr riputbt`go nbo di sb`l tg mbvi diio `of
l gr `liot`c`bdai `ol`v`luba. Bdsiot n`rnuestbonis
n`rnuestbonis spin`c`nbaay pg`ot`ok gr baaul`ok tg b pbrt`nuabr eiedir gc b nabss, og eiedir gc su

 nboogt ribsgobday di `otirpritil tg di pg`ot`ok tg ibnm fulki gr tg b nirtb`o fulki `o tmi Xm`a`pp`ois. \mus, og pbrt`nuabr ebk`strbti
btgry ngolunt ogw ricirs tg b riabt`viay obrrgw krgup tmbt e`kmt yit wbrrbot `ts aggj`ok `otg `o bo bpprgpr`bti su`t. Bol `c tmi brt`nai b

iwir eiedirs.2= [mio stbtieiots ngoniro krgups w`tm abrkir ngepgs`t`go, tmi `ol`v`luba eiedirs gc tmbt krgup wgual di mbrlput
tg l`auti tmi mbre tg `ol`v`lubas bol boy risuat`ok `ofury wgual cbaa dioibtm tmi tmrismgal cgr b v`bdai abwsu`t. 48 \m`s pr`on`pai `s sb`l
) tmi a`e`tbt`go go a`bd`a`ty wgual sbt`scbntgr`ay sbcikubrl criilge gc spiinm bol ixpriss`go, bs wiaa bs gc priss, iccint`ok b sguol n

snmggas, goi snmgga su`ok: 44 gr wmiri tmiri wbs `eputbt`go gc nr`e`oba`ty tg b uo`go, goi eiedir su`ok:4> gr wmiri bo bttbnj wbs e

brjs c`ail dy cgur `ongrpgrbtil bssgn`bt`gos gc sukbr pabotirs `o Oikrgs Gnn`liotba `o dimbac gc baa sukbr pabotirs `o tmbt prgv`oni, bk
btil tmbt bo brt`nai l`rintil bt b nabss gr krgup gc pirsgos `o drgbl abokubki wgual ogt di bnt`gobdai dy `ol`v`lubas ngepgs`ok tmi
siosi wgual tiaa tmgsi tg wmge tmi puda`nbt`go wbs ebli tmbt tmiri wbs rgge cgr pirsgos ngoointil w`tm tmi dgly tg pursui bo u

b'wbm Nguon`a gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois gr tg boy gc tmi `ol`v`luba rispgoliots. \miri `s og l`rint ricirioni gr baaus`go tg tmi cilirbt`go gr
ois, @on., `tsiac, eunm a`ji boy gtmir brt`c`n`ba di`ok gr fur`l`nba iot`ty, mbv`ok ix`stioni goay `o aikba ngotiepabt`go,
ngotiepabt`go, wgual di livg`l g
a riputbt`go.  
4=

ibas, TI@O^\B\@OK tmiridy tmi grlir gc l`se`ssba rioliril dy tmi Tik`goba \r`ba Ngurt.

ba tgrt`gus bnt nbus`ok eiotba l`striss tg tmgsi wmge pr`vbti rispgoliot @sabe`n Lb'wbm Nguon`a gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois: @on. riprisiots.

`vbti rispgoliots stbtil tmi`r nbsi bs cgaagws6

"^tbtieiot gc Nbsi 

`tm fust`ni, k`vi ivirygoi m`s lui bol gdsirvi mgoisty bol kggl cb`tm.' ZBrt. 20U
 

aa `olieo`cy tmi abttir cgr tmi sbei.' ZBrt. 48U

grbas, kggl nustges gr puda`n pga`ny smbaa ngepiosbti tmi abttir cgr tmi lbebki.' ZBrt. 42U

dgr bol gtmir pirsgos. \mi cgaagw`ok bol s`e`abr bnts, tmgukm tmiy eby ogt ngost`tuti b nr`e`oba gcciosi, smbaa prgluni b nbusi gc b

 a`ci, pabni gc d`rtm, pmys`nba licint, gr gtmir pirsgoba ngol`t`go.' ZBrt. 43U

gurt 'b qug' b n`v`a nbsi cgr lbebkis go bnnguot gc b puda`smil brt`nai bt tmi il`tgr`ba sint`go gc tmi liciolbot oiwspbpir x x x." 2 

mio pit`t`goirs stbti `o tmi`r Xit`t`go tmbt "ZpUab`ot`ccs riay mibv`ay go Brt`nai 43 gc tmi N`v`a Ngli pbrt`nuabray pbr. < tmirigc." Xit`t`goi

tieiot. @c tm`s wiri b a`dia nbsi uolir Brt`nai >8 > gc tmi N`v`a Ngli, wm`nm butmgr`zis
butmgr`zis b sipbrbti n`v`a bnt`go tg ringvir n`v`a a`bd`a`ty br
`r bnt`go go Brt`nai >8 gc tmi N`v`a Ngli.

gli. Yoa`ji tmi bnt`go `o Brt`nai >8 gc tmi N`v`a Ngli wm`nm eust br`si crge b "nr`e`oba gcciosi," tmi bnt`go uolir Brt`nai 43 "eby ogt
, `s iedrbnil `o tmi tgrt jogwo bs `otiot`goba `oca`nt`go gc eiotba gr iegt`gob
iegt`gobaa l`striss. \m`s nbsi eust di lin`lil go tmi `ssui gc w

sa`e7 Xbrb sb jbo`ab bok ekb `tg by `sbok sbkrblgok dbkby. M`ol` o`ab `tg
` tg jb`abokbok jb`o`o jbm`t ob s`ab pb by ebkutge bt ebwbab

 kgl , wbs puda`smil w`tm `otiot tg mue`a`bti bol l`spbrbki Eusa`es bol nbst `osuat go @sabe bs b ria`k`go `o tm`s nguotry. \mi puda`nb

i tr`ba ngurt ruail tmbt tmi brt`nai wbs ogt a`diagus dinbusi tmi brt`nai l`l ogt `liot`cy gr obei tmi pab`ot`ccs. Linabril tmi tr`ba ngurt6

io `t pgrtrbyil tmi Eusa`es tg di wgrsm`pp`ok tmi p`k bs tmi`r kgl. A`jiw`si, tmiri `s og lgudt tmbt tmi sudfint brt`nai wbs puda`smil

gt prisiot.

l w`tm spin`c`n`ty. \mi sudfint brt`nai wbs l`rintil bt tmi Eusa`es w`tmgut eiot`go`ok gr `liot`cy`ok tmi miri`o pab`ot`ccs. x x x x."

bs b a`dia nbsi rbtmir tmbo b nbsi cgr lbebkis cgr v`gabt`go gc Brt`nais 20, 48, 42 bol 43 gc tmi N`v`a Ngli ." \mi Ngurt gc Bppibas riv
 

i @sabe`n cb`tm. @t stbtil tmbt p`ks wiri sbnril bol `lga`zil bs kgl dy eiedirs gc tmi Eusa`e ria`k`go. \m`s a`diagus `eputbt`go uolio

tg Eusa`es, nbus`ok wguolil ciia`oks bol eiotba boku`sm tg dia`ivirs gc @sabe. \m`s `s b c`ol`ok gc cbnt tmbt tmi Ngurt `s luty dguol
ti ngurts, wi c`ol tmi oiwspbpir brt`nai `o quist`go lr`pp`ok w`tm ixtriei prgcbo`ty, krgssay gccios`vi bol ebo`cistay gutrbkigus, bo

`ics. \mi goay quist`go `s wmitmir tmi wrgokcua bnt ngee`ttil dy pit`t`goirs, wm`nm lgis ogt ngost`tuti tmi nr`ei gc a`dia, `s b nbsi gc

os eiot`goil `o Brt`nai 43 .

iccint`viay prgtint tm`s r`kmt.

`iw gc tmi abw `o cgrni. Ba`iobt`go gc tmi bccint`go gc bogtmir's w`ci gr musdbol, uoaiss `t ngost`tutil bluatiry gr ngonud`obki, `s ogt
tgal egrba succir`ok tg tmi gtmir spgusi. [my smgual ogt tmisi bnts di tmi sudfint ebttir gc b n`v`a bnt`go cgr lbebkis7 @o Beir`nbo

s gc tmi cbe`ay bkb`ost tmi gtmir eiedirs. @o tm`s ebooir eboy b mbppy cbe`ay `s drgjio up gr istrbokil. [my smgual ogt tmi abw tr 

i ba`iobtil crge m`s cr`iols.

t gc m`s ria`k`gus dia`ics, agway stbt`go `o a`ci, pabni gc d`rtm, pmys`nba licint gr gtmir pirsgoba ngol`t`go. \mi pioba abws bkb`ost licbe

r dy ribsgo gc tmi abttir's ria`k`go.

go `o a`ci. \g b nirtb`o ixtiot tm`s `s `oiv`tbdai, crge tmi obturi gc tmi sgn`ba ebji-up, dut tmiri gukmt tg di b a`e`t sgeiwmiri, ivio
sgukmt dy tmi aikba prgv`s`go uolir ngos`lirbt`go, dut lui rikbrl cgr liniony bol prgpr`ity.

mue`a`bt`go nbst upgo gtmir pirsgos. ^unm tbepir`ok w`tm muebo pirsgoba`ty, ivio tmgukm tmi pioba abws bri ogt v`gabtil, smgual

nnur w`tm uopaibsbot criquiony."3 (Iepmbs`s suppa`il)

baa smgrt gc di`ok nr`e`oba gcciosis. Brt`nai 4< `tsiac ixprissay ricirs tg tgrt`gus ngolunt wm`nm "eby ogt ngost`tuti nr`e`oba gcciosis."
gr sunm bnt dingeis a`bdai cgr "lbebkis, priviot`go bol gtmir ria`ic." @o smgrt, tg prisirvi pibni bol mbregoy `o tmi cbe`ay bol `o

spgos`d`a`ty cgr tgrt`gus ngolunt uolir Brt`nai 43. [miri tmi tgrt`gus bnt mue`a`bt`ok bogtmir dinbusi gc m`s ria`k`gus dia`ics `s puda`s
gt ivio di puda`smil gr drgblnbstil dut eiriay murail  pr`vbtiay  bt
 bt tmi gcciolil pbrty.

dut tmi mbre tg pab`ot`cc's eiotba bol iegt`goba stbti. @o a`dia, tmi k`st gc tmi bnt`go `s tmi `ofury tg pab`ot`cc's riputbt`go. Tiputbt`go `s
bkis. [mbt `s ebtir`ba `s tmi l`sturdboni go tmi-eiotba gr iegt`goba stbti gc tmi pab`ot`cc wmg `s iot`tail tg pibni gc e`ol. \mi gccio
tmi stbtieiot bol `t baaulis tg bo `liot`c`bdai krgup tg wm`nm mi naibray diagoks.

`vbti sipbrbtiay tg ibnm gc tmi pr`vbti rispgoliots, tmi bnt wgual di bnt`gobdai uolir Brt`nai 43 dinbusi `t wgual nbusi eiotba l`st
l dy tmi puda`n`ty. \m`s eiriay `aaustrbtis tmbt tmi riqu`rieiots gc a`dia mbvi og bppa`nbt`go `o `otiot`goba tgrts uolir Brt`nai 43 wmiri
ba l`striss `s ngepaitiay sipbrbti
sipbrbti bol l`st`ont= crge tmi tw`o tgrts gc a`dia bol sabolir.0 
 

 butmgr`ty tmbt b pirsgo "eby ogt ringvir cgr `otiot`goba `oca`nt`go gc iegt`goba l`striss br`s`ok crge b puda`nbt`go uoaiss tmi puda`nbt`
tr`oi `o Mustair  bppa`is
 bppa`is goay tg puda`n c`kuris, bol tmi Y.^. ^upriei Ngurt cguol tmbt "rispgoliot Cbawiaa `s b 'puda`n c`kuri' cgr purp

oba `oca`nt`go gc iegt`goba l`striss dy ribsgo gc puda`nbt`go sunm bs tmi goi miri bt `ssui w`tmgut 'b smgw`ok `o bll`t`go tmbt tmi puda`
(Iepmbs`s suppa`il)

pr`vbti pirsgo bol ogt b puda`n c`kuri ivio `c tmiri `s og smgw`ok tmbt tmi cbasi stbtieiot wbs ebli w`tm bntuba eba`ni. @o tmi `ostbo

s cuaa rispint cgr muebo r`kmts."22 \mi Ngost`tut`go nribtil b Ngee`ss`go go Muebo T`kmts w`tm tmi cuont`go, begok gtmirs, tg "ZEUg
ut`go ricirril tg tmi n`v`a bol pga`t`nba r`kmts iedgl`il `o tmi @otirobt`goba Ngviobot go N`v`a bol Xga`t`nba T`kmts 2> tg wm`nm tmi Xm`a`p

iri`o, dut goay tg tmgsi tmbt pirtb`o tg tmi n`v`a bol pga`t`nbaay riabtil, bs wi uolirstbol `t `o tm`s Ngee`ss`go go Muebo T`kmts.

l n`v`a r`kmts.

a bol Xga`t`nba T`kmts bol tmi @otirobt`goba Ngviobot go Ingoge`n, ^gn`ba bol Nuaturba T`kmts. \mi singol ngviobot ngotb`os baa tmi

si tmi Kiotaiebo mbs spin`c`il.

 x xria`k`gus mbtril
mbtril tmbt
tmbt ngost`tutis
ngost`tutis `on`tieiot
`on`tieiot tg l`snr`e`obt`go,
l`snr`e`obt`go, mgst`a`ty gr v`gaioni
v`gaioni smbaa prgm`d`til dy abw ."
smbaa di prgm`d`til ." \mi Muebo T`kmts

ry aik`sabt`vi eibsuris prgm`d`t`ok tmi bnt`gos ricirril tg tmiri`o. Mgwivir, tmi ripgrts mbvi smgwo tmbt `o sgei ^tbtis sunm bnt`go
o bol prbnt`ni.

prgpbkbolb bol blvgnbny bs lisnr`dil tmiri`o bri ngotrbry tg puda`n pga`ny bol prgv`l`ok cgr bo bpprgpr`bti sbont`go `o nbsi gc v`g

 euo`n`pba abw.23 \mi Ngviobot nbrr`is kribt wi`kmt `o tmi `otirpritbt`go gc tmi sngpi bol eibo`ok gc tmi tire "muebo r`kmts" bs us
o ebolbtis tmi `olipioliot Ngee`ss`go go Muebo T`kmts tg ego`tgr tmi ngepa`boni gc tmi Xm`a`pp`oi Kgviroeiot, wm`nm `onauli

gc m`s ria`k`gus dia`ics. \m`s `s fust b sgct prgm`d`t`go gc blvgnbny gc ria`k`gus mbtril tmbt `on`tis l`snr`e`obt`go, mgst`a`ty gr v`gaioni, tm
bot. ^`oni gur rbt`c`nbt`go gc tmi Ngviobot `o 20=3, tmi Xm`a`pp`ois mbs ogt iobntil boy spin`ba aik`sabt`go tg iocgrni tmi prgv`s`gos
t`go bkb`ost `otiot`goba ngolunt, cbaa`ok smgrt gc b nr`e`oba bnt, blvgnbt`o
blvgnbt`ok k ria`k`gus mbtril tmbt `on`tis mgst`a`ty ditwiio Eusa`es bol

ssay ebolbtis tmi Xm`a`pp`oi Kgviroeiot, wi eust k`vi rilriss uolir Brt`nai 43 tg tmi gutrbkigus prgcbo`ty succiril dy pr`vbti ris
ribty `o kggl cb`tm2; “ `s goi sunm pr`on`pai. \mus, `c wi ricusi tg bppay Brt`nai 43 tg tmi `ostbot nbsi, tmio wi ble`t tmbt wi mbvi o

. Jiikstrb62= 

.X.T. (@otirobt`goba Ngviobot go N`v`a bol Xga`t`nba T`kmts) liegostrbti tmbt tmi prgm`d`t`go gc mbti prgegt`ok ixpriss`go `s ngos`lir 
tint`go gc Muebo T`kmts bol Cuolbeiotba Criilges bri basg gc b`l `o `aaustrbt`ok tmi tiogr gc tmi `otirobt`goba ngeeuo`ty's bpprgb
dbti `otirobt`gobaay (sii, i.k., Obtmbo Airoir, \mi Y.O. Ngoviot`go go tmi Ia`e`obt`go gc Baa Cgres gc Tbn`ba L`snr`e`obt`go (20=8),
 

 mbvi rikbrl tg tmbt ngee`teiot `o `ovist`kbt`ok tmi obturi gc tmi kgviroeiot gdfint`vi dim`ol s. >20(4) gc tmi Nr`e`oba Ngli. \mbt
rtboni gc tmi gdfint`vi dim`ol s. >20(4) bol tmi pr`on`pais gc iquba`ty bol tmi `omiriot l`ko`ty gc baa pirsgos tmbt `ocusi dgtm `otirobt`

 20=; Ngost`tut`go tg prgtint tmi `omiriot l`ko`ty bol muebo r`kmts gc baa `ts n`t`zios.

tmi ngost`tut`goba kubrbotii gc criilge gc ixpriss`go. [grls tmbt mibp ixtriei prgcbo`ty, `otiolil eiriay tg `on`ti mgst`a`ty, mbtril

, `t `s wiaa uolirstggl tmbt tmi r`kmt gc crii spiinm `s ogt bdsgauti bt baa t`eis bol uolir baa n`rnuestbonis. \miri bri nirtb`o wiaa-li
cboi, tmi a`diagus, bol tmi `osuat`ok gr 'c`kmt`ok' wgrls “ tmgsi wm`nm dy tmi`r viry uttirboni `oca`nt `ofury gr tiol tg `on`ti bo `eeil`b
bt eby di lir`vil crge tmie `s naibray gutwi`kmil dy tmi sgn`ba `otirist `o grlir bol egrba`ty. Tisgrt tg ip`tmits gr pirsgoba bdusi
`s suppa`il)

tmbt bri ogt  ngost`tut`gobaay

 ngost`tut`gobaay prgtintil.
prgtintil. Xrgcboi uttirbonis,
uttirbonis, a`ji bssirt`ok tmbt Eusa`es wgrsm`p tmi p`k bs tmi`r Kgl, mbvi og sgn`ba v

gr `epa`il ngotiept gc sbnril tm`oks. \gwo gc \grr`oktgo v. \byagr, 90 [yg. 280, 2>; X.4l 342, 34<: Luonbo v. Y.^., N.N.B. Gr., <=

usi gc tmi obei gc Kgl. Suakbr, `rriviriot, gr ngbrsi abokubki. @t `s b cilirba gcciosi tg uttir bo gdsnioi, `oliniot, gr prgcboi abo

`rst Beioleiot lgntr`ois." \mi ebfgr`ty gp`o`go tmio n`tis tmi 20;2 nbsi gc Ngmio v. Nba`cgro`b 48 bs bo "`aaustrbt`vi" nbsi tmbt "Be
i wm`nm tmi ebfgr`ty gp`o`go basg n`tis, naibray ixpab`os tmi stbti gc Beir`nbo abw go tm`s ebttir, tmus6

nt tg a`e`tbt`gos. [i ringko`zil `o Xbn`c`nb Cguolbt`go tmbt spiinm tmbt `s 'vuakbr, gccios`vi, bol smgnj`ok' `s 'ogt iot`tail tg bdsgaut
m`nm dy tmi`r viry uttirboni `oca`nt `ofury gr tiol tg `on`ti bo `eeil`bti dribnm gc tmi pibni.' \misi a`e`tbt`gos bri dut ringko`t`go gc t
Zgtmir n`tbt`gos ge`ttilU x x x."

is smgual di uo`om`d`til, rgdust bol w`li gpio, tm`s crii lidbti mbs oivir diio eibot tg `onauli a`diagus, gdsnioi gr prgcboi utt

t`go bol iocgrnieiot gc ngost`tut`goba r`kmts." \m`s `s bo `oogvbt`go `o tmi 20=; Ngost`tut`go tg `osuri, `o tmi wgrls gc cgreir Nm`ic Fu
tmi`r ful`n`ba pgwir.4> \m`s prgv`s`go strissis tmbt ngost`tut`goba r`kmts, wmitmir
wmitmir cguol `o tmi D`aa gc T`kmts gr `o gtmir prgv`s`gos gc tm

gost`tut`go, `s tmi r`kmt tg "cuaa rispint cgr muebo r`kmts." \mi tr`ba bol bppiaabti ngurts mbvi cguol tmbt pr`vbti rispgoliots' ria`k`gu
l Xga`t`nba T`kmts. @t ogw dingeis tmi luty gc tmi Ngurt, bs tmi kubrl`bo gc tmi cuolbeiotba r`kmts gc tmi pigpai, tg ixirn`si `ts pgw

 eust dr`ok b nabss su`t. \m`s w`aa bvg`l euat`pa`n`ty gc su`ts ngos`lir`ok tmi oueirgus
oueirgus pgtiot`ba pab`ot`ccs baa gvir tmi nguotry. B fulk
lriss tmi cibr tmbt nbsis w`aa swbep tmi ngurts baa gvir tmi nguotry `c prgcbo`t`is bkb`ost ria`k`gus krgups bri ebli bnt`gobdai uoli

n`ity `o `ts m`stgr`nba liviagpeiot. @o tmi 2098s, cbnil w`tm r`s`ok rbn`ba tios`go `o Beir`nbo sgn`ity, tmi Y.^ ^upriei Ngurt ruail `o
l bs licbebt`go gc bo `ol`v`luba. \m`s wbs tmi goay t`ei tmbt tmi Y.^. ^upriei Ngurt upmial krgup a`dia, bol s`oni tmio, tmiri mbs d
vi `ee`krbt`go gc uobss`e`abtil itmo`n krgups fust`c`il tmi aik`sabturi `o "puo`sm`ok
"puo`sm`ok x x x a`dias l`rintil bt lis`kobtil ngaaint`vis bol
 

bfgr`ty gp`o`go ixpab`os tmbt Drboliodurk , b 2030 lin`s`go, ruail tmbt "blvgnbny gc `aaikba bnt`go dingeis puo`smbdai goay `c sunm
priei Ngurt, `t wbs ogt gvirturoil `o Drboliodurk  wm`nm
 wm`nm l`l ogt ivio n`ti gr eiot`go Dibumbrob`s . [mbt Drboliodurk  gvirturoil
 gvirturoil

l, purpgrts tg puo`sm eiri blvgnbny bol tg cgrd`l, go pb`o gc nr`e`oba puo`smeiot, bssieday w`tm gtmirs eiriay tg blvgnbti tmi li
 bol tmbt lin`s`go `s tmiricgri gvirruail ."
." (Iepmbs`s suppa`il)

iri blvgnbny gc v`gaioni bs b eibos tg bnngepa`sm `olustr`ba gr pga`t`nba ricgre. \m`s `s l`st`ontay l`cciriot crge tmi `ostbot nbsi, wm

 boy sint`go gc tmi puda`n  l`st`oku`smil

 l`st`oku`smil dy ngagr, rbni, ria`k`go gr itmo`n gr`k`o. \mi Nbobl`bo ^upriei Ngurt rifintil tmi naibr bol
riei Ngurt cguol tmi Y.^. ^upriei Ngurt's Dibumbrob`s lin`s`go egri ricaint`vi gc Nbobl`bo vbauis rbtmir tmbo abtir Y.^. lin`s`g
k`o bol ria`k`go. \mi cgaagw`ok pbssbkis `o Jiikstrb bri `ostrunt`vi6

r`sprulioni bs `t pirtb`os tg mbti prgpbkbolb. Niotrba tg egst l`snuss`gos `s tmi 2094 nbsi gc Dibumbrob`s v. @aa`og`s, wmiri tmi ^u
l dy abtir prgoguonieiots gc tmi ^upriei Ngurt (sii, i.k., Kbrr`sgo v. Agu`s`bob, >;0 Y.^. 3< (203<): Bsmtgo v. Jiotunjy , >=< Y.
 prgoguonieiots `s tg prgtint gccios`vi, puda`n `ovint`vi bs agok bs tmi spibjir mbs ogt jogw`okay a`il bol tmiri ix`sts og naibr bo

 `o tmi Yo`til ^tbtis. Dut `t `s `epgrtbot tg di ixpa`n`t bs tg tmi ribsgos wmy gr wmy ogt Beir`nbo fur`sprulioni eby di usicua `o tm
`nba ixpir`ioni `s `eeiosi, bol smgual ogt di gviraggjil dy Nbobl`bo ngurts. Go tmi gtmir mbol, wi eust ixbe`oi Beir`nbo ngo

st`tut`goba fur`sprulioni `o siij`ok tg iaun`lbti tmi eibo`ok gc Nmbrtir kubrbotiis tmbt mbvi nguotirpbrts `o tmi Yo`til ^tbtis Ngo

m`ok muebo r`kmts `o gur twg nguotr`is br`sio `o

` o tmi sbei ngotixt. @t `s goay ngeego siosi tg ringko`zi tmbt, fust bs s`e`abr`t`is w`aa

gntr`oi. Nril`dai brkueiots mbvi diio ebli tmbt abtir ^upriei Ngurt nbsis lg ogt oinissbr`ay irgli `ts aik`t`ebny (sii, i.k., Jio
Yo`til ^tbtis wm`nm iv`onis b strgokir cgnus upgo tmi wby `o wm`nm mbti prgpbkbolb nbo uolire`oi tmi viry vbauis wm`nm crii sp
rgm`d`t`ok mbti prgpbkbolb (sii, i.k., T`nmbrl Liakblg, "[grls \mbt [guol6 B \grt Bnt`go cgr Tbn`ba @osuats, Ip`tmits, bol Obei-
8: Ebr` Ebtsulb, "Xuda`n Tispgosi tg Tbn`st ^piinm6 Ngos`lir`ok tmi S`nt`e's ^tgry," (20=0), =; E`nm. A. Tiv. 4>48, bt p. 4><=: "

o`til Obt`gos @otirobt`goba Ngviobot go N`v`a bol Xga`t`nba T`kmts wm`nm riqu`ris s`kobtgry stbtis tg prgm`d`t boy "blvgnbny gc x x x
il tmi Ngviobot, tmi Yo`til ^tbtis ebli b risirvbt`go rifint`ok tm`s prgv`s`go `osgcbr bs `t ngoca`nts w`tm Y.^. ngost`tut`goba prgtint`g
gost`tut`go gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois ivio nribtil b Ngee`ss`go go Muebo T`kmts tg "ZEUgo`tgr tmi Xm`a`pp`oi Kgviroeiot's ngepa`boni w

iail ogt goay dy pgvirty dut basg dy tmi pbapbdai ciia`ok begok Eusa`es tmbt tmi Nmr`st`bo ebfgr`ty `s ogt tribt`ok Eusa`es cb`ray. Xr
ts cgr aikba rilriss gc tmi`r kr`ivboni. \miy ngual mbvi ibs`ay ritba`btil dy ca`ok`ok tmi`r gwo dabspmiegus `ovint`vis bkb`ost tmi Nm

al gp`oil tmbt tmi Xrgpmit Egmbeeil wgual mbvi bpprgvil gc tmi dibuty ngotist. \mi oiwspbpir stbtil6 "[mbt wgual Egmbee
s. Pit tmi gccios`vi brt`nai `o tmi O`kir`bo oiwspbpir pbais `o ngepbr`sgo tg tmi uttiray prgcboi oiwspbpir brt`nai `o tmi `ostbot nbs
 

 ria`k`gus grkbo`zbt`gos `o tmi Xm`a`pp`ois, lisirvis ngeeiolbt`go cgr dr`ok`ok tm`s nbsi dicgri gur ngurts cgr b pibnicua bol aikba
dribtmi a`ci tg tm`s agok lgrebot prgv`s`go gc tmi N`v`a Ngli, tg k`vi ivio fust b tgjio rilriss tg ria`k`gus e`ogr`t`is wmg succir eio
o, bol liegostrbti tg gur Eusa`e drgtmirs tmbt tmi`r kr`ivbonis nbo di rilrissil uolir tmi ruai gc abw.

vi blgptil `o tm`s fur`sl`nt`go `o litire`o`o

litire`o`ok
k tmi ngost`tut`goba`ty gc aik`sabt`go tmbt `ep`okis go n`v`a a`dirt`is.>> Ivio uolir tmi naibr
st egvieiot `o tmi ^gutm smgual ebji us egri sios`t`vi tg tmi kr`ivbonis gc gur Eusa`e drgtmirs wmg ngot`oui tg mbvi cb`tm `o tmi

`o quist`go, Brt`nai 43 gc tmi N`v`a Ngli ebolbtis tmbt tmi tgrt`gus ngolunt "smbaa prgluni b nbusi gc bnt`go cgr lbebkis, priviot`g
i, bs luay istbda`smil dy tmi tist`ego`is gc prge`oiot Eusa`es,>< pr`vbti rispgoliots succiril iegt`goba l`striss wm`nm wbs iv`li

boy gc tmi r`kmts iedgl`il tmiri`o wiri ogt yit w`liay bnniptil dy Beir`nbo ngurts, bol `o cbnt ivio ogw bt aibst goi, tmi r`kmt tg
w `o kbavbo`z`ok tmi sbei `o bntuba nbsis. \g lbti Brt`nai 43 stbols baegst bs b eiri lingrbt`vi prgv`s`go `o gur stbtutis: dut `t eb

ai 43. Bppay`ok Brt`nai 43 w`aa ogt uolire`oi criilge gc spiinm s`oni tmi prgcboi puda`nbt`go `o quist`go diagoks tg tmi nabss gc sp
y`ok Brt`nai 43 `epaieiots tmi ngost`tut`goba pga`ny tmbt tmi "^tbti vbauis tmi l`ko`ty gc iviry muebo pirsgo bol kubrbotiis cuaa ris
o`t`is `oca`nt go ria`k`gus e`ogr`t`is `o v`gabt`go gc tmi`r muebo r`kmts.

rba lbebkis, X28,888.88 ixiepabry lbebkis, bol X28,888.88 bttgroiy's ciis tg rispgoliot @sabe`n Lb'wbm Nguon`a gc tmi Xm`a`pp`

t`go gc tmi sudfint brt`nai wm`nm baaulis tg tmi Eusa`es bs ogt ibt`ok pgrj dinbusi `t `s l`rty `s ogt tmi dgoi gc ngotiot`go gc rispgol

gvir wm`nm boy gtmir (obei) tmbo (tmbt gc) Baabm mbs diio `ovgjil. \mio, wmgivir `s lr`vio dy oiniss`ty, ogt lis`r`ok, ogr ixniil`

eba`n`gus puda`nbt`go tmbt tmi Eusa`es wgrsm`p tmi p`k bs tmi`r Kgl wm`nm `s bdsgautiay ngotrbry tg tmi`r dbs`n dia`ic bs Eusa`es tmbt

bo di drgukmt uolir Brt`nai 43 eby basg di sudfint tg bo bnt`go cgr licbebt`go uolir Brt`nai >>. @o sunm b nbsi, tmi bnt`go drgukmt

iot`riay sipbrbti bol l`st`ont crge tmi nr`e`oba bnt`go, eby di drgukmt dy tmi `ofuril pbrty. ^unm n`v`a bnt`go smbaa prgniil `olipiol

bry tmbt rispgoliots bri bdai tg istbda`sm dy pripgolirboni gc iv`lioni tmi cgaagw`ok iaieiots gc licbebt`go6
 

r boy bnt, ge`ss`go, ngol`t`go, stbtus, gr n`rnuestboni.

l .

go licbeil."< 

o gc b v`ni gr licint, riba gr `ebk`obry, gr boy bnt, ge`ss`go, ngol`t`go, stbtus

stbtus gr n`rnuestboni wm`nm tiols tg l`smgogr gr l`snril`t

btril, ngotiept, r`l`nuai, bvirs`go, gr l`skrbni, `oluni bo iv`a gp`o`go gc m`e `o tmi e`ols gc r`kmt tm`oj`ok pirsgos, bol lipr`vi m`e
irbdai bol rispintbdai nabss `o tmi ngeeuo`ty, tbj`ok `otg ngos`lirbt`go tmi iegt`gos, priful`nis, bol `otgairboni gc eboj`ol. ; @t m
 ribl tmi stbtieiots bri ebli tg mbti, lisp`si, sngro gr di ngotieptugus gc tmi pirsgo ngoniro`ok wmge tmi cbasi stbtieiots bri

suei bs b ebttir gc abw tmbt tmiy w`aa tiol tg l`skrbni bol likrbli tmi pirsgo gr mgal m`e up tg puda`n mbtril, ngotiept, r`l`nuai gr
l`skrbni.0 \mi `eputbt`go eust di goi wm`nm tiols tg bccint pab`ot`cc `o b nabss gc sgn`ity wmgsi stbolbrl gc gp`o`go tmi ngurt nbo r 

ol`t`go tg baa Eusa`es `o kioirba, b lir`s`go gc tmi ria`k`gus dia`ics gc tmi Eusa`es bol gc tmi gdfint`vis gc rispgoliot Nguon`a tg mir 

tmi ria`k`gus dia`ics gc Eusa`es. @t mbs diio mial tmbt snbolbagus ebttir `s ogt oinissbry tg ebji b a`dia: `t `s iogukm `c tmi liciolb

`cy sb`l puda`nbt`go. @t nboogt di ngos`liril bs b eiri `ocgrebt`go di`ok l`ssie`obtil. Xit`t`goirs' liciosi tmbt tmi brt`nai `tsiac wbs
gai w`tm tmi gtmir pbrbkrbpms, nbaas tmi bttiot`go gc tmi riblirs tg b stbtieiot gc cbnt, ogt c`nt`go, bol tmbt tmi wr`tir spibjs w`tm but

bt`go. 2< @o ebttirs gc a`dia, tmi quist`go `s ogt wmbt tmi wr`tir gc bo baaikil a`dia eibos, dut wmbt `s tmi eibo`ok gc tmi wgrls mi mbs

 pbrt`nuabr mibrir gr riblir, dy wm`nm tmi bnt`gobdai quba`ty gc tmi wgrls `s tg di litire`oil. @t `s tmi eibo`ok tmbt tmi wgrls `o cbnt
j`ok `otg ngos`lirbt`go bnngepboy`ok ixpabobt`gos bol surrguol`ok n`rnuestbonis wm`nm wiri jogwo tg tmi mibrir gr riblir. \mi

o `s ogt ixnusil dy tmi puda`smir's `kogrboni tmbt `t ngotb`os a`diagus ebttir. 2= \mi stbti gc e`ol gc tmi pirsgo wmg puda`smis b a`dia
rsgo puda`sm`ok tmi a`dia wbs, gr wmitmir mi `otiolil `t tg mbvi b a`diagus eibo`ok gr ogt. 48 \mi liciolbot eby ogt mbvi `otiolil tg
boy ix`st`ok pirsgo, gr bkb`o mi eby mbvi diio bntubtil dy tmi dist egt`vis `o puda`sm`ok tmi wgrls, dut sunm cbnts w`aa usubaay bcc 

ir Brt`nai >> gc tmi N`v`a Ngli. @c tmi `eputbt`go `s licbebtgry,4> tmi Ngurt mbs mial tmbt eba`ni `s prisueil bol tmi durlio gc gvirn

mi prisuept`go gc eba`ni. @o cbnt, tmiri `s ngov`on`ok iv`lioni tmbt tmi puda`nbt`go gc tmi bssb`ail brt`nai wbs eba`n`gus, bs egri ix

t`nai >9< gc tmi Tiv`sil Xioba Ngli, tg w`t6

a`n`gus, ivio `c `t di trui, `c og kggl `otiot`go bol fust`c`bdai egt`vi cgr ebj`ok `t `s smgwo, ixnipt `o tmi cgaagw`ok nbsis6

ba, egrba gr sgn`ba luty: bol

 

`n`ba, aik`sabt`vi gr gtmir gcc`n`ba prgniil`oks wm`nm bri ogt gc ngoc`liot`ba obturi, gr gc boy stbtieiot, ripgrt gr spiinm lia`viril `o

ioni wbs prisiotil tg gvirngei sb`l prisuept`go gc eba`ni.

tilay puda`smil `o tmi oiwspbpir "Duakbr" wm`nm wbs n`rnuabtil `o Eitrg Ebo`ab bol `o gtmir pbrts gc tmi nguotry.

`nai wbs puda`smil, tmiy basg mial tmbt tmi sudfint brt`nai ngotb`os bo `eputbt`go gc b l`snril`tbdai bnt wmio `t pgrtrbyil tmi Eusa`e

irsgos licbeil. [m`ai tmi tr`ba ngurt mial tmbt tmi a`diagus brt`nai lgis ogt `liot`cy tmi pirsgoba`t`is gc tmi pirsgos licbeil bol tm
gurt `s r`kmt.

s brt`nai eust jogw

j ogw tmbt `t ricirril tg tmi pab`ot`cc.4< @o grlir tg eb`otb`o b a`dia su`t, `t `s
` s issiot`ba tmbt tmi v`nt`e `s `liot`c`bdai batmguk
 m`e bs tmi gdfint gc tmi a`diagus puda`nbt`go.
puda`nbt`go.49 

a`es. \mi pr`on`pai ab`l lgwo `o Oiwswiij, @on. vs. @otireil`bti Bppiaabti Ngurt ,43 tmbt "wmiri tmi licbebt`go `s baaikil tg mbvi di
s gr krgup nbo prgvi tmbt tmi licbebtgry stbtieiot spin`c`nbaay pg`otil tg m`e, sg tmbt mi nbo dr`ok tmi bnt`go sipbrbtiay, `c oiil d
s dia`ic `o Baabm bs tmi goi bol goay Kgl. \mi puda`nbt`go wbs l`rintil bkb`ost baa Eusa`es w`tmgut ixnipt`gos bol `t `s ogt oinissb

g bpprin`bti Brt`nai 43(<) gc tmi N`v`a Ngli, dut tmi bppiaabti ngurt s`epay liavil ixnaus`viay go tmi bppa`nbd`a`ty gc a`dia bol tmi ix`s
mi Ngurt mbs ruail tmbt bo bppiaabti ngurt `s bnngrlil b drgbl l`snrit`gobry pgwir tg ngos`lir irrgrs ogt bss`koil, `ovgav`ok, bego
l l`spios`ok p`inieiba
p`inieiba fust`ni: (4) ebttirs ogt spin`c`nbaay bss`koil bs irrgrs go bppiba dut rb`sil `o tmi tr`ba ngurt bol bri ebttirs
e bttirs
ist`go prgpiray bss`koil, `s lipioliot.  Iv`liotay, baa tmrii ixnipt`gos bppay tg tmi prisiot nbsi.
4=

goliots' nab`e cgr lbebkis.

r licbebt`go, wmitmir `o b nr`e`oba gr n`v`a nbsi, bol goi dbsil go Brt`nai 43. @o a`dia, tmi krbvbeio gc tmi nab`e `s riputbt`goba mbr 
a`ni: (n) puda`nbt`go: bol (l) `liot`c`bd`a`ty gc tmi v`nt`e, >8 eust di istbda`smil, dy eiri pripgolirboni gc iv`lioni `o b n`v`a nbsi wm`
ril `otiot`gobaay, wbotgoay gr dy oika`kioni.>2 Xirsgoba `ofury miri`o ricirs ogt goay tg riputbt`go dut basg iongepbssis nmbrbntir,

ab`ot`cc `s smgwo tg mbvi succiril b wrgok, tmi eiri pbun`ty gc nbsis gr bdsioni gc boy priniliot lgis ogt ngost`tuti succ`n`iot ribs
i kioirba ruais gc abw bppa`nbdai tg tgrts. >< Oi`tmir `s tmi cbnt tmbt b tgrt bnt`go lgis ogt c`t `otg b o`niay lic`oil gr istbda`smil "nudd
`bry's pr`egrl`ba gdfint`vi, wm`nm `s, tmi fust risgaut`go gc l`sputis.

tb`o ogres tmbt spr`ok crge tmi cguotb`o gc kggl ngosn`ioni. \misi ku`lis cgr muebo ngolunt smgual ruo bs kgalio tmribls tmrguk

gc m`s oi`kmdgrs bol gtmir pirsgos. \mi cgaagw`ok bol s`e`abr bnts, tmgukm tmiy eby ogt ngost`tuti b nr`e`oba gcciosi, smbaa prgluni

`o a`ci, pabni gc d`rtm, pmys`nba licint, gr gtmir pirsgoba ngol`t`go." (Iepmbs`s suppa`il )
 

 wgrtm sitt`ok cgrtm virdbt`e6

t`go. \mi tgunmstgoi gc iviry systie gc abws, gc tmi nuaturi bol n`v`a`zbt`go gc iviry nguotry, `s mgw cbr `t l`ko`c`is ebo . @c `o aik`sabt`g
t siot`eiots: `c tmi stbtutis `osucc`n`iotay prgtint pirsgos crge di`ok uofustay mue`a`btil , `o smgrt, `c muebo pirsgoba`ty `s ogt prgpira
b`es gc tmi Xrgfint gc N`v`a Ngli. @ostbonis w`aa ogw di spin`c`il.

eiot`goil `o Brt`nai 43 ."

 xbt`gos eiot`goil .">; (Iepmbs`s suppa`il)

y, ivio tmgukm sunm lg ogt beguot tg v`gabt`gos gc pioba abws. ^gn`ba iquba`ty `s ogt sgukmt, dut s`epay lui rikbrl cgr liniony bol

, (l) sgn`ba `otirngursi, (i) pr`vbny bol (c) pibni gc e`ol.>0 Mgwivir, `t mbs diio mial tmbt tmi v`gabt`gos eiot`goil `o tmi Brt`nai 43
okubki,<2 eby k`vi r`si tg bo bnt`go `o tgrt wmiri sunm abokubki nbusis eiotba gr iegt`goba l`sturdboni, bs `o tm`s nbsi, gr dgl`ay

gus dia`ics c`ols prgpir bppa`nbt`go `o tmi nbsi bt dbr. \mi Ngli Ngee`ss`go strissil `o og uonirtb`o tires tmbt ria`k`gus criilge

e`n Bccb`rs gc tmi Yo`virs`ty gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois, tist`c`il `o tm`s w`si6

rt`nai `t `s ogt 'jbtgtgmbobo'. \g tmi Eusa`e `t `s b dabspmiey. @t `s bo bdusi bol lisinrbt`go bol dia`ic gc tmi Eusa`es bol tmi Eusa`
basg ibt`ok sabukmtiril nm`njio, ngw bol nbrbdbg bol gtmir ogo-prgm`d`til bo`ebas. ^g tg tmi Eusa`es tm`s `s bo `osuat, ogt goay tg t

a`smir bol `t `s b licbebt`go bol lisinrbt`go go tmi ria`k`go gc tmi @sabe.

di wgrsm`ppil bol og gtmir tg di wgrsm`ppil bs`li crge m`e, Mi mbs og dik`oo`ok bol mbs og iol, Mi `s tmi nribtgr gc baa nribtur 

, tmiy nbaa Baabm. Eusa`es bri nbaail Eusa`es dinbusi tmiy s`oniriay dia`ivi `o tmi Rurbo bol tmi Mbl`tm (tmi ^by`ok bol tmi Ngol
, tmi kribtist s`o `o @sabe `s tg wgrsm`p pirsgos gr tm`oks gtmir tmbo Baabm.<9 

brt`nai: wbs b krblubti gc "Ebss Nge": dbsil tmi sb`l brt`nai go mir `otirpritbt`go gc wmbt smi rinbaail smi mbl ribl `o Tiblir's L
 tmi sbei likrii bs tmi cb`auri gc tmi rist gc tmi pit`t`goirs (ixnipt D`oikbs, Fr.) <; tg vir`cy tmi trutmcuaoiss gc tmi sudfint brt`nai, cgr

gusay prgtintil r`kmts `o tmi Ngost`tut`go. Dut tmi ngost`tut`goba r`kmt gc criilge gc ixpriss`go eby ogt di bvb`ail gc tg drgblnbst a`i
 bol gtmir pirsgos." \mi criilge gc spiinm lgis ogt riqu`ri b fguroba`st tg kubrbotii tmi trutm gc wmbt mi sbys gr puda`smis dut `t

mir EST^, Il`tgr-`o-Nm`ic Ebrs N. Abngosby, Bss`stbot Il`tgr bol wr`tir Eyab N. Bkufb (Eyab \bdgrb) ixm`d`til uttir `rrispgos`d`a`t
gc p`k gr sw`oi bol tmus, pirvirtil tmi`r ria`k`gus dia`ics bol lieiboil tmi Eusa`es bs b sikeiot gc muebo sgn`ity. @t dia`ttail tmi
ni gc e`ol, wm`nm bri tmi viry r`kmts bcc`reil dy Brt`nai 43.

r D`oikbs, Fr., bs N`rnuabt`go Ebobkir gc Duakbr, wbs tg supirv`si tmi lia`viry bol tmi l`str`dut`go gc tmi pbpir, ego`tgr tmi bnnguot
r ogt b nirtb`o puda`nbt`go gc Duakbr smbaa di n`rnuabtil: bol tmbt m`s goay luty wbs tg l`str`duti tmi `ssui
` ssui bctir `ts pr`ot`ok.<0 Bs sunm,

i boswir `s `o tmi bcc`rebt`vi. Tispgoliots @LNX bol `ts gcc`nirs mbvi tmi riqu`s`ti pirsgoba`ty tg `ost`tuti tmi su`t `obseunm bs tmi
 

s gc Lgòb Xbz,98  tmus6 

ay goi r`kmt gr nbusi gc bnt`go pirtb`o`ok gr diagok`ok `o ngeego tg eboy pirsgos, ogt sipbrbtiay gr sivirbaay tg l`st`ont `ol`v`lubas

ocgrnieiott gc b r`kmt wm`nm `s fg`ot, ngeego, gr singolbry gr lir`vbt`vi. x x (@t) `s b su`t wmiri`o, dut cgr tmi nabss
ocgrnieio na bss bnt`go liv`ni, tmi

 nabss bnt`go `o Y.^. Cilirba Xrbnt`ni “ '`ovgavis pr`on`pais gc ngepuasgry fg`olir, s`oni x x (wiri `t ogt) cgr tmi oueirgs`ty gc tmi n
sgn`bt`go
s ful`nbtbxiccint
x. B fulkeiot `o litire`obt`go
gc tmi c`oba b trui nabss su`t, wmitmir
gc tmi r`kmt.' cbvgrbdai gr uocbvgrbdai tg tmi nabss, `s d`ol`ok uolir ris ful`nbtb pr`on`pais

bo `otikrba iot`ty, bol ogt bs sipbrbti, l`st`ont `ol`v`lubas wmgsi r`kmts gr a`bd`a`t`is bri sipbrbti crge bol `olipioliot gc tmgsi bcci

gc tmrii (>) issiot`ba iaieiots, obeiay6 (2) tmbt tmi sudfint ebttir gc tmi ngotrgvirsy `s goi gc ngeego gr kioirba `otirist tg eboy

si cgr wmge mi suis, bol tmiri eust di tmbt uo`ty gc `otirist ditwiio m`e bol baa sunm gtmir pirsgos wm`nm wgual iot`tai tmie tg e

ag ok Dbybo, @on. vs. Brboitb, @on .,

.,94 tmus6

tg l`spiosi w`tm tmi prisioni gc baa tmi pbrt`is, wmio oueirgus, ixnipt b litire`obti ouedir, `s ogt goay bo `otirist `o tmi quist`
iio tmi oueirgus pbrt`is, tmiri `s b ngeego t`tai gut gc wm`nm tmi quist`go br`sis, bol wm`nm a`is bt tmi cguolbt`go gc tmi prgniil`
pbrt`is. \miri `s snbrniay b su`t bt abw, gr `o iqu`ty, wm`nm sittais b pr`on`pai gr bppa`is b pr`on`pai tg b k`vio stbti gc cbnts gr `o wm`n

iaa bs b ngeeuo`ty gc `otirist begok tmi eiedirs gc tmbt nabss `o quist`gos gc abw bol cbnt `ovgavil. 9> \mi nabss eust di ngko`zbda
s, dut `t `s ogt oinissbry tmbt tmi ixbnt ouedir ngepr`s`ok tmi nabss di spin`c`il gr tmbt tmi eiedirs di `liot`c`il. 9< 

crge tmi gtmir eiedirs gc tmi kioirba pgpuabni `s tmi Eusa`e pigpai, bol tmi`r ngeego `otirist, uolgudtilay, `s tmi`r ria`k`gus dia`
ics gc tmi Eusa`es.

tmi ruai pire`tt`ok nabss bnt`gos `s tg curo`sm b egli gc gdtb`o`ok b ngepaiti litire`obt`go
litire`obt`go gc tmi r`kmts gc tmi pbrt`is `o sunm nbsis,
ray prgpir `o bo bnt`go wmiri`o tmi pirsgos bri sg euat`tul`ogus bs vixbt`gusay tg prgagok bol prgdbday batgkitmir priviot b cuaa mi

, `t `s m`kmay `eprbnt`nba tg ebji tmie baa pbrt`is gr dr`ok tmie baa dicgri tmi ngurt. @t `s diygol ngotrbl`nt`go tmbt tmi Eusa`es bccinti

ots tmi nabss, `t `s issiot`ba tmbt tmi ria`ic sgukmt eust di dioic`n`ba tg tmi nabss eiedirs, tmi pbrty eust riprisiot tmi iot`ri nabss
i bri pirsgos dicgri tmi ngurt wmg mbvi tmi sbei `otirist bs tmi bdsiot pirsgos bol bri iqubaay nirtb`o tg dr`ok cgrwbrl tmi iot`ri
riprisiotbt`go rbtmir tmbo go tmi ouedir gc riprisiotbt`vi pbrt`is bs ngepbril w`tm tmi tgtba eiedirsm`p gc tmi nabss. 9= \mus, ivi

ivioty (;8) Eusa`e ria`k`gus grkbo`zbt`gos `o tmi Xm`a`pp`ois, bol `ts gcc`nirs wmg bri `ol`v`luba rispgoliots bs wiaa, nbrry tmi riqu`

uzebo, bol @drbm`e D. B. Fuo`g, bs wiaa bs tmi`r w`toiss, Xrgcissgr Bdlua Tbc`m ^byily, ogt goay tist`c`il go mgw tmi bssb`ail brt`na
dir 42, 2004 crge tm`rty-goi (>2) stuliots gc tmi @sabe`n Yo`virs`ty Ebl`obm Ba-Eujbrrbebm, J.^.B., 38 bol tmi siitm`ok aittir gc goi

gr wmiri tmi licbebt`go bkb`ost tmi gcc`nir mbs b l`rint riabt`go tg tmi ngrpgrbt`go's trbli gr dus`oiss bol `t nbusis `ofury 3> .
 

iprisiot, mbvi `otirist sg `liot`nba tmbt tmi egt`vi bol `olunieiot tg prgtint bol prisirvi eby di bssueil tg di tmi sbei `o ibn

kmt, sir`gus box`ity, dise`rnmil riputbt`go, wguolil ciia`oks, egrba smgnj, sgn`ba mue`a`bt`go, bol s`e`abr `ofury, batmgukm `onbpbda

 Kuzebo, bol @drbm`e D. B. Fuo`g, bs wiaa bs tmi`r w`toiss, Xrgcissgr Bdlua Tbc`m ^byily, bs prgpir riprisiotbt`vis gc tmi nabss b

3= 30

oni w`tm Brt`nais 4440  bol 448=  gc tmi N`v`a Ngli.
ngos`liril bs b nabss su`t bol tmiy eiriay bntil bs gcc`nirs bol eiedirs gc tmi pr`on`pba pab`ot`cc-rispgoliot @LNX.

nai `o v`iw gc tmi cbnt tmbt tmi `ostbot su`t `s b nabss su`t. @o b nabss su`t, ibnm eiedir gc tmi nabss cgr wmgsi dioic`t tmi bnt`go `s drg
 pbrt`is, sunm tmbt tmi fulkeiot w`aa di d`ol`ok go baa pirsgos diagok`ok tg tmi nabss riprisiotil. ;8 

`oil bs pbrt`is gr ogt. ;2 \mi nabss bnt`go mbs prinaus`vi iccint bkb`ost goi wmg wbs ogt obeil riprisiotbt`vi gc tmi nabss, bs agok

ri tmiridy prinaulil crge `ost`tut`ok sipbrbti gr `ol`v`luba su`ts cgr lbebkis bkb`ost EST^ Xuda`nbt`gos, @on., it ba., bs tmiy bri dg

abril `o licbuat
licbuat..

, "@sabe`n Lb'wbm Nguon`a gc tmi Xm`a`pp`ois, @on. v. EST^ Xuda`nbt`gos, @on."

l ^botgs, Fr., bol Ngorblg E. Sbsquiz, Fr.

oty, @on. v. @otirobt`goba Drgtm. gc Iain. [grjirs, L.N., @ol .,

., 4;> C. ^t`pp. >2>, >48.
;.
 

v. Ileuolsgo, 23= O.P. E`sn. 2<2.

TXB, 49 ^iptiedir 20=8, 983 C. ^upp. 2=3.

ba l`striss tg bogtmir `s sudfint tg a`bd`a`ty cgr sunm iegt`goba l`striss, bol `c dgl`ay mbre tg tmi gtmir risuats crge `t, cgr sunm dgl`ay

ba Liniony bol tmi A`e`ts gc Iviomboliloiss6 @otiot`goba @oca`nt`go gc Iegt`goba L`striss dy Gutrbkigus Ngolunt, =4 Nga. A. Tiv. <

c \grts, <0 Mbrv. A. Tiv. 28>>, 28>9. ^ii basg ^INGOL TI^\B\IEIO\ GC \MI AB[, \GT\^ 4L § <3.
 

§ <3 n`t`ok Ebkrulir.

a @oca`nt`go gc Iegt`goba L`striss, 33 \uaboi A. Tiv. 4803 (2004) n`t`ok Ebkrulir.

s, 280 X 3<8, [idirpbas v. Fiooy , 2>> OI 34.

 B >38.
 

rimbe Mgtia Ngrp., Euo. Bpp. L.N. 20<3, <0 B4l =2: ^tbvoizbr vs. ^bki-Baaio & Ng., 2090, 2<3 Ngoo. <38, 294 B. 4l. >24.

3> O. I. 089: ^tbti Obt`goba Dboj gc @gwb Xbrj vs. Tgkirs, \ix. N`v. Bpp. 20>9, ^. [. 4l =49.

`a. ;9;: Dgrfba vs. Ngurt gc Bppibas, >82 ^NTB 2.

@on .,
., =< B.L. 4l 440.

20;>), p. 42.
 

tg liebol n`v`a a`bd`a`ty br`s`ok crge b nr`e`oba gcciosi, bol og nr`e`oba prgniil`oks bri `ost`tutil lur`ok tmi pioliony gc tmi n`v`a nb

 Ng., @on. v. Ngurt gc Bppibas , 409 ^NTB <34 (200=): Abkbolbgo v. Ngurt gc Bppibas, 408 ^NTB >>8 (200=): ^bolgvba v. Ngurt gc

i licbebtgry ebttir `s ogt siio gr mibrl dy boygoi ixnipt tmi licbeir bol tmi licbeil, lbebkis tg nmbrbntir riputbt`go nbo ogt
: tmi nmbrbntir `eputil tg b pirsgo dy tmgsi bnqub`otil w`tm m`e. \mbt dy wm`nm wi bri jogwo bol `s tmi tgtba sue gc mgw wi bri

(^ingol) gc \grts.

Muebo T`kmts.

gaaintgr gc Nustges, >= Xm`a. =34 (202=).

ok v`iw `o tmi Y.^. wbs tmbt aiwl, gdsnioi bol prgcboi spiinm wbs ogt ngost`tut`gobaay prgtintil, wmitmir l`rintil bt pr`vbti `ol`v`
 cgr spiinm bol priss riqu`ri b cilirba ruai tmbt prgm`d`ts b puda`n gcc`n`ba crge ringvir`ok lbebkis cgr b licbebtgry cbasimggl riabt`
."
 

 28.

Fguroba gc Ngepbrbt`vi Abw, Cbaa 4884.

ia`k`gus bol rbn`ba. @o tm`s brib, tmi abw gc tmi Yo`til ^tbtis `s prin`siay ngotrbry tg `otirobt`goba muebo r`kmts ogres. Brt`nai 48(4) g
rgm`d`til dy abw."' Lbv`l E. ^ega`o, Ixpgrt`ok tmi C`rst Beioleiot7 Ivbokia`se, Xrgsiayt`se, bol tmi @otirobt`goba Tia`k`gus Crii

g. 9 (Liniedir 20;4).

20=2 Oiw Lby Xuda`sm`ok, Ruizgo N`ty, pp. 40 „

40 „>8.
>8. (E`nmbia F. L`begol `s S`nbr Kioirba gc tmi Xriabturi gc Ebrbw`, Ebrbw` N`ty,

., p. 24;2 n`t`ok Tistbtieiot (^ingol) gc tmi Abw gc \grts, ^int`go 394I.

. 042.
 

iaa A. F. `o Nbss`ly vs. Lb`ay E`rrgr , 4 J.D. >9< (2040): Oiwstibl vs. Agolgo Ixpriss, 2 J.D. >;;, >03 (N.B.) (20<8). ^ii basg 98 B

iaa `o Mioty's Nbsi, 94 A.F.R.D. 4>4 (2==4).

`ok Nurt`s vs. Eussiy, 3 Krby (Ebss.) 432.

=3<): ^mipmibrl vs. [m`tbjir, AT.A. 28 N.X. 984 (2=;9): \gepsgo vs. Lbsmwggl, 22 R.D.L. <> (2==>): Egrr`sgo vs. T`tnm`i, < C.

gwio vs. Mbaa , 3 R.D.L. ><> (2==2): Fgois vs. Muatgo, 4 J.D. 4;0 (2080).

`nbo, <4 Xm`a. ;9; (2044), Ngrpus vs. Nublirog, ^r., 23 ^NTB =8; (2033), bol Xigpai vs. Egotgo, 3 ^NTB =82 (2034).

Ngurt gc Bppibas , >>; ^NTB >9= (4888): S `ntgr`bs E`aa`ok Ng., @on. vs. Ngurt gc Bppibas, >>> ^NTB 33> (4888): Tgebo Nbtmga`n Br 

basg ^y vs. Ngurt gc Bppibas , >>8 ^NTB 998, 999 „

999 „993
993 (4888): Agkrgo`g vs. \baisig, >24 ^NTB 94, 32 „ 34 (2000): Lbolg vs. Crbz 
 „34

, 4<2 ^NTB 92, 90 (2009): Lbiz vs. Sbsquiz , 202 ^NTB 32, 3; (2008).

;<: ^e`tm vs. Dunj , 220 Gm`g ^t 282, 234 OI >=>, 32 BAT 2><>.
 

. Obsmv`aai \rust Ng., 24= \ioo 9;>, 234 ^[ 9=<.

8 BAT >l 0=;.

iots bol Nbsis go N`v`a Abw, 2090 Il., Sga. @, p. <2.

Nbpuagok , 238 ^NTB =32 (20==).

i, 4l., Sga. >D, pp. 4> „

4> „49;,
49;, 4> „49=.
 „49=.

. Nt. 42;.
 

243 Jbo 388 (204=), Tusn`bog & ^go Ngrpgrbt`go vs. E`mbayc` , 2 O.P.^. 4l ;=;, 239 E`sn. 0>4: T.K. Luo & Ng. vs. ^mipp, 02 ^.[.

l =4<.

n`bt`go gc Bklio, 29< X.4l 348, 28; Ytbm ><;.

pp. ;, 0, 48 „42: Bpr`a 2=, 200<, pp. ;, 28 „

 „42: 28 „24.
24.

nt`go cgr tmi puda`n kggl, `o bll`t`go tg tmi egrba, tiepirbti, a`qu`lbtil gr ngepiosbtgry lbebkis.

ir tmbo ful`n`ba ngsts, nboogt di ringviril, ixnipt6

ixpiosis gc a`t`kbt`go smgual di ringviril.

aa`s-Nmbaeirs Ngrp., =3 [`s. 4l 443, 4;2 O.[. 4l =;0: Lrb`obki L`st. Gc A`ongao Nguoty v. J`rjpbtr`nj-Xitt`s Ng., 2<8 Oid 9>8, >8
J`rjpbtr`nj-Xitt`s
 

 
Ngost`tut`go
^tbtutis
Ixinut`vi @ssubonis
Ful`n`ba @ssubonis
Gtmir @ssubonis

Fur`sprulioni
@otirobt`goba Aikba Tisgurnis
BY^A Ixnaus`vi