a Angus, = st soars woe tAnteT-4 load nivel tact ot eae Elemenctarey Pande cles — Elementary Parficles of nucleare paystct Cen be ethviclet info 3. qrrepe according +o dheter Mase: {Atte ugh hd cliviston may not be -fundatnentet - een . 1) Light particles s(teptons) | ntebring, phele Ty) Heavy Panlieler > Rartegon ction Vi) Brite rmuectiok Parcticley Pot Thine ane severcal af thite bect Knawa Licptons we Chall vette mumtelves te the amd med are He -pien on srinmegt One . m——— te These can enud with charge +e or es thes ty ales an rentbral pier- poop ble pind ek | exist. part daerm ‘the mots , 3 the poen cloes wb mun %& pautch cAetern tm th prepertiet 4 lace tpl A eo the fe the “pion. 94 ee apres at lepton’ Mats rh the nactent Moaruretecs Matom — Metecteor (murs defect AmM= Amp t Nm, ~ m(n*)) An atomic niucheur contain K prspornt wheck & abe. equal -be the teteh no. of 2oe om a neviral atom, and Al ~ niwtrens im a Amal Space sf fine 10 'em . £- eleed vont exit arcound the nuclens ab @ Aittance FF orceen The Fore tye eharcge Of Hee nuelinn 10 Fem . * ne *r. 1 Ge pentated oy an equnR ve cohvecaea Og A electro go that dre afer at a whol appearce Netyonk . AMU > Atomic mate unit . Homi: masses ace matured ace by mass spechoogreph. Formerly atomic: Mats War wefenreed +o hydargen. aterm and Lafert eo Oxon Senge 1460 the amu: has . na ) defined at acre ae Pre Cantey ha aeons eharten be caste. a isdfepes and theiw Pruppotions carte Constant Ba The Pentoatty seceartng Carton . tvitame = d-ceo2i72 if fo Ohbdain the value oh unit a atomic mau mc ede note thet domale ap 6! nat Hee Mass Va gm . Cia x omg} Since 4 male contains Alp =6-0a3xio™ (ones.| | Xo? Mare | heath CP atom ie = tags, | eorex | i Hence sine wit a atomic mateiin c!* i iv Ly tax1c? “Ta SP2a0l x o> "4 = 1-66o05b4 x1 eg | | CThe enemgy equivalent of this aroun th a mate lu du = l4.4a44ar x oe" Tan Mev ‘ , ' : higes Hag cSt ey Binding Enemy t * ig Jn nuclear plugstes we are Con chm th the, matset os neclele fow the experimen Ateamireton dane ae Mask Spectres copy pid, the sebomic fia ates Mnuctees = M — MeZ M 3 atomic mast : ™ aM AC A 7 Tae uP tors art vensy sedvongly bour St weaulaes ener ay ay dire ower off few mallior event welts +0 break awa & nucleon fren A RCE Ce att to ew ee encrerc. 4 Benth se owinttat e a an atom ea the yee: do the the cpecta? Heong! Sh welativth Pre-pounetad bq -Ntbest Lincfein, ite mass M ep * body aE. complet converted Inte Bnergg produ an e4utvalend amount ty encoqey me? xml Cate Of formadton- oe a nucleus , the alamo of energy & equal +o ike bene enutag Ay fhe nucleut taker place alue te the ciseppearance. ofp frraction afr the tep.8 mote FP dhe Zao Ab) Oud of which edeehoan roaches te foamed. The quaantely a Mate Aiseppearting fe Am ly Randeng enemas (BE) Eno = Amcphe For v light ateme AX 40 2 few heavy atome Le Site Ginee Hee Atemic mastterarne 243 tg qeeatew “thaw ARLE now 99 between the vetuer of Ay the atomic. Master ‘ nob? Arce Alighdty Ler than the corredpencl ng Wiaee vo. es ‘Het = Am = 4.00463 —y = 0-002203 226 : ape Weep Ra = AM t+ve Amantity PEF ke males Atomic mare fover mate no. A & quite ctanifica The -ifferince between ™M 2A kk known ag the mace cefect be. Am . AM .= (ALA) —# So Hae pack fraction iz “ntrduced fag Fy Ale), b. matt defect at ator Aivicded ahertie wie noe f= & Knpwn ag Paleing Prracteen, Am = ™(Asa)—a& m(ax) A : a a md > M(A,%). = F(4t4) Kee: te the hats lefect fe gaeaten Ahan xuco fee Lighter RB heavy nuctei “anol fom lets than Aerco fod) Trtermidiade | pardicte Lo th te) found fRat pace? Aw eye emadic mMonnere Poaction $f varcies tlh he mat ro-f. SSN | @ e~ sxFBinding [eactew ¢ 5 o4 ik ate finet at the watto hetyeen bEndir anergy and mess no q| ' Here the. mares a linha ap thet CO om RNS Of above oan has bety pratted nuclet repress The binding fraction af oft - the relative Sheengty Fh Anite banding: forme expmplt tbe Eg (my hin mA / S (100 TBaS iE Loogees — a: 014102) x 4a = 2. ATE mev fe = En ua a e. Eo. age = {-Ha mtl/pere nuclear. 4 ghee cia, Eyt aeamev | — ¥, 7 Ea = F.0FF meV /nncloon “« . fy he . t That, cthe fo 4 verg Wentlg: baund Comp te the xP Rist My ae os BRB fo 20Birting ergy racleon -bPy tah aad y23e . XX aw x . Bo Go 4p I20 WMO) >The binding enemy. per nucteor. Foe Hitt Rui te very Arnett and) mice reapiolly ith atteining a! valu, Airilag, te & meV per nutten for Aras. Then it stow recta. Anal (ehhaing a max" gg mth ab AY B6. Fon hi A or higher A th feereaseé tte 2 For gave A Por, Dig e , ruclet neers alt nucien, ere” ep Ce Pak‘wht. fon rp ruaches - chet @houk Va the x arc at th cusedae The teueface ener pete Ao the compare bentron Of the quid ‘at Be XR Gunfae (5) = 4a a array RSE Als - Te = an? / Ag = 13 mo a) Covufoms “Pree The long verge force - mnclee tg the Coulomb we pelecon “between Pprefent. Thre Couvtomts eeputiton oe eauel to ths Potential enaray ap * protons potked begethes ene splurt ca Rly Be he Be astembey af a mia wadiue R. She clare =r “t = Ron? t ae dant, P= 8 a . aor? 3 The etectroratc ane ead curly rite reek, ~ Aone int etectoosdetec forces m aacernteling Saved a sphere: The steell of hitexnudt art on fal enengy tie qanface af radiust tel the potent Aw = 1 : , Lan, nee (tA me) Cores 2) _“uxt > Is nts = tl léwt RE f ze )% Whe, 3s Var? 3 = = WME Ry AS 2 =. ae 2a a= 0b Mey Ce have worth done anit Coelomb repulsion ere the Lots of lnineting enenag Be olie to Atthouchre Coufomb energy: : Wehsqmmuiny Eneegy : tH has been chtercved thal muck? ane wmertt Ctabt when nucku: -tonctsts of 2tuak “of pyrefen 2 nection Ae dhe valu a A, tntreates, the nog heuteon tnereatee anof tht deancttion : by Anyokare/Animatina® / orbit Quantum Ale? Orbit que relearn tare Eve Untegee® Values tre Pao,t,.2.h-—p .Vantous Artetes ate esPectiveld atest Aas. by pod tigek convesbonadt valid * 22 6,1p 253 2. - Ly Oabtteal Magnetic Grandi tle, Cm) HB a the COMP oem KO? vin Hee Spectfied ter suck as that ofan appeal magne te field. Sevean beke (anti) possthte Valuer Starkey from -£ to 2 Affering sg) HaSpee Quantum mle e . . hos value Va for pooton, nentron & electron | which follots fermi diac Ctafiedtes and hart obey the Parli's enclusion princifl Ly Magnrette tm Quantum Aloo . Oop = te Component of; Cal on phe specifies advech ceichathat sh an applied magnetic field. Se cam take (A4 +1) valuet foom -Rte Ac. For particles ageth f=L then Mss L Rok . by Radial gquantem nto. Cv): / The pot nee Ye na. (nm) ctoer not vepreser he op the Stetr mm a non-Ceoufomb etd: Ap radial qr nrov(at) antees tn the rradich Wave 29 galt. ‘nor represents po no. of wadial nNooles tn the wavefiun” A can. have valutt Ve1,a,9--. ebe. Oy Tote conanbart. Moementim (7) : (Hon Enelividusl nucleont 4 The total anguder” momentions af nucleon a the veetor Seem af ortHal (2)R speni(a) 7 Png bac nee mentuum , ¢ = 4a | For the parttcle with gat erty a vadues (eh | arte permitted at Gages and fo tle SE =o , only one value of F i atleweet eee = Yas : ly Magnet tote angubin momenhem omg) D4 th the Componint ap va ph. qucntisation clivec™+ I+ Can take Oh Bf t] pestbtr value Aweh as dog- Wee dyn -CD 4: —Ty Jao spin quantum no.i . Alto callet Sobaniec epen qe no or T= ¢pta gus no, Meutvon & proton, ame Aimilat. cre at . “espects, erceept + To cletenBhe” Heer Menken state) qua no utes nas peomes as Tsotwopic Spm. yweno. WH th because the pt aTla rete Ho fhe spi que ne AR Mm. AS Aue netront 2 poston: have Aintlar mosses hence @h te known ar Ttobarcfc Apins > I 7 usefah Ro ah Emp. aur ne as Th te censiclened im niuplas cbreamaformetay ok We tite sith Spek tgs ave tu mabtiplilty agtat : a Fer $= Vn 1 Mer ty S=4 , mos 1,0, 41 A nt we toon ce at an -txoepin A Me Qane-m Pett tivo chareype Cater With Eoepry component yg 1, ean be Aisbinguivted ot prefon Fanci : . Pane is ae prope AR the wave function | leserciha ng a Antantim mechanical Nlen— quantum em. theoater are alwa unele . 44S En varcioglt reflection of Co onclinakes. 94 rrequtires thet all tem oF 24h mutt have.: deme behaviour under reflechroaun. The veffecteon Qarmetring Protneép uy és Cguivelent AO tise ftetement tral Pacts of A closes Sgthem Cen nob change. her Agmmetyy pereperty bales! & ey Be Al by ever) Fer QR nendrog Tespecfit,even’ funn and edd l-) ter etd fon” 06 4, 25) = Cyne SD even oh + pari! ME LY eo8) = (WS) > Cele 0% — Pr oA ys SN aqnekte Dipole meniuent Ang charged ppecrticle maving fn & clee Path produces A a aa ‘Acifounce acts a TO GS ca gnetic Sq eaten | ok cure nk Looe - . bad ~ The - protont imstele rth, racket ant erchtt metten ‘and hdreeferte peiodoce elechrete curereent which wtira yuethar manele fiet4. Each ructien ei ment- wrttely 6 pees i cpartattel to the Sper anel Any the Apinning ef the muscleces - Gr eetreeme. single particle model » the macanette és +o be entirela dus to edd nucleon and As obit anal spin miemendticm + Thi, model +4 cotled eo i : ul eles oroerrert of th mal a i ee he eal of angeles fe tT es et ZB Se * tres —W Aloe the totad magnetic prio rassct (ie) cs ueprre sent ah es th Soe t Ft 44 : “am peo a9 where 9, 2 Fn > apiemegretic ‘ratio of PR teror Roneutren merpectwe freer Rase peeteey. fo of om notte Muoment 2, RAG Tne ng. “aeaece dex te coun replaced by 9p& Fy dat fe the end of magnebte momink pn onbttel. Q apn 4 enguber mementiers - Me £B (a2 4 we) St od nucleon & a prodom vite. = 4 a) 7 op - 4 a ertSOF cd nuckon ie a pemtron thee ayn? &L on Sine Sa T= ht Vy S@etehe PoE Heed. momerten Tow & condant- nase 4 oe Aefine the, efffechive ma mene Hepp = RMT Oe =e iry ia £2] a Bont G2 oe Ts aps ' —— eo é = Dk gre Cr-#)y TL ath ALE = re Pas” atk, [tlr+4) 5 (rev (rvnd) HAC a(t] ae (eae aT(rt4) Tee + Fee +Coae — O% w(t wt 4+ ere ar*+ ar An vf anata ar Va ‘Si eT at pS Ares a cy oy Biyar Fe “ata 'S ar*4+ar; 0-1 (ae Re — . AT(I+!) Ge or te ar(r+t) — t+) rately te * 3r *s= (rta) far-1) aT (1+ 4) —_ Tet-% ts tty de shy east 12) 03 — & Ete ftva fa) Dy 44s] fea Ts fou, oe pa ceding a for mae ot épala af aw odd nacleomn Kluebeere Anau a = Maormentia. A, The angutot momentem ‘po oR opm ta writ be pfonetant af -thy mol ine « tue Caw Paty Bevel everry ncachran GLA the errrcr fore Ep Belin qeentum mo. Bek d “Joe delet angular momertonsy Of a neve teug a Sc Ds fe ‘rt nuclront- cone utunlty ealltel cite char mmomenkent “re . and ie meparesenteot by the muclar op Lgeidol 7when we e can break. the cotptins at eas Bats & tue (at 4) compencbt 2X and ceparcat 2 ty Ss “No feelte cep? thy hectgth “do bocce ab Sse af ee ctenf Sta lL. -to break epting of the nucleons can be proctuceal - Therefore -the behaviour Of Tas tf the nucleus wher were only a single Apnning paatich: For thie weaten At Apin ana fhe correeporcll ng. cpm quantim no, ace useel to tecenebe nuckag | thotes | One important rerrtciedn On The attocde| | values of 2 corset fovm commespel . the posse ble K~ components ob het sett ante mementiarn of the tnclfrtedluak nnetrona Bf we have an aven no. of mucteons, therch eal an exen Ne. of batt erdegaek components GEV tis serene Pant the x compomer® “ tohe2 To Can take only Mntegral values. Thee Wequives tint 1 tHeelf be 27, erbege’ a mo. of nucleons % adel, Hae totak Z 2 compen’ rut be holt integaal and rauet the dot T ole] Ah nucter 27, batt trfegra® even h nuthirT, imtegen® a The measterceel vakut mucha sper Can fel) boul the putters ofr The murcton’ coup -toqettur ca epin-O Pare girs & ee eto 4 . bes an AE Cetectete qucdoapa moments):5 \2 uP ctewn — chramge — eharom Erp brite Proton + =I - -| mim Met fe “ke the the we Aeubren : on Nuctean Force . 2 . : : . ht - Binding enecay Eqn 2 ant mevy Range Ce) = addy v Str = of tatenaction bey? neubroy R prvton ° — - tres GoM Ee ; G ~ a. Anomoly The Hee, pesstble States Sp the te nucleBn | em ia ser (n Cpe La Smt ca 4 Te. cleufrey fe known -fe be shable The nuclear force béndi ne He plevetron can net be. electrical neither “can’t Te beg aravitefionek force: Theis the ctor bining phe clever ie of the tiffpercent oegiy » We chat) AKUME trap the nuclear force & central thet muant interaction potential bet) mentren Q preten te fun? Ap VC) whens tt the lichen Sepact ating +0 nucleont Called relative co-ortinal: We ance atta nay here Squatte well potential ) The square wetl potential clepencle erly on, te. In honixentaR ante be fe the Separrefien bof” two nucleons 2 Sr vertical aacts Vo, potential erecta rf two nucleons . . Beyond (tg), towards the oe ante The. Sete & unbsund. When two nuetepnt ace teparc ated a from each other Phat miant not ow exmi tok Sethe, Gy comer a8. % : pointed daseties Hoe cteadvone EE 4 Page ey eqn in contre aly PRA “sS spore) PVCOTUD = ett) Be WY MH “3 may Wt, af poston yt ™, = PDAS + rand red Qn the cence. af mater Peepatem “Hag awd be age reduces to One booly System Wh & ereducial mead 7 vray te), EVE) Hed = EC) The avercagqe ob “these meses te Gt my. fps te potential my centoaQ fm netor the actuak® wave fun Fore) = uti) plots the 2) re CERE ag Pact) VOD HED = £uln ) Dh Wp = mMy~ ™ Ty = Wp Bem 2 mas MH | ~ am = 4 : | Ae ruta) pVomutey = Ec) Gn Aqua well potential , Vee) = - VM 4» KM , - 0 7 eye Phe parameter : Le corvesperdt to eange Se) TENGE +z r fo mwlbiade of patential thecal PegonMerc) avunti+t ' he conti nanus ea . tint & cquone! inbeg wel met he tira _GlaPotre = frat: ary cpenor at wel” for 29" & UC) = fy Cin Ke Recker Ceseeyl Oo = BUCR) = Aten Kite —t3) Cpeneral caf) for ferub. sent: New af reerty . boty “tla/vice) bound K Unbounsl Acpeteny and it det clitvattve mut be combines, Assit, + C27 0) Arie ety = Xo“ ey Kool Kt = -Y — (Hy The value. of Yin knowy from tie vale dh wh YN. Hen the eqr(H) te welating po oo ramye Ay potential ore to tte oe pth ow Xf, Vo = aGmew Ve 2 & Ea a aemavy 4 verdsw ((e=we Raereting Coe & _ _*. nema ey Ly = le / => —-fw o ot MT am sm aR VOey Can't have note imette the wetl. Rog Th, Ut) wD oh Fhe lowesf> erry level, Pow ay reer] apo ty Kitty AT 2. = ~! kK = 0-09 Fert Ors = oS 4G =). nS Verte = Wy ~ DD Veo = Te ke Se Vere A ey ae (a)wp as -—Vo The Cemf- FRC ave. attained | fexoen ng emtegaet op! - ever. GAL Spat te eat + FORE te Ane =| > 4 wm Pie) Ae! ar = | as AY unl wera = a Hore to Sas [ DR ede cre hace tf eam [= 4 a Co vi ") any Baten kere bt yam fre oe © A owe [ Sp yauacaied ae bah ei ° xr = in a ) a> ue eae | ee ee oy a ay Le. howe Autusead besfose Acie bert, = Cen Vo yr = ce Vs Cin Kay Now pedtins Ft vedne, Ss A Jee pede 4 a wee om [rom she stvakne | He e7% Cit krty = =} 2k aA re 1a ~ eee i | eR c fa 3 yee Tz bt :) so aee oh ee ve SF” ps Le ate ae =e Eo .ge te Senkie ot a “vn =) en = Sorina z = = — or : am wine, L% aig sin aKrte teh Vite, | = eT sink xe) SIN een 2. Jan oa Je sinakt 4 Abt Kite Sapte A= ot a L sintkrte) + Binks : aK = Rite me & ‘ Y= mE er oh * mo = Lem pis 4 = Yt The wave fun F af the system ee teat Ipotinel ane enctends beyond he rangt 2 onacliare foewce . Property Bentron — Tre treo norredum 4 xc. The spin qu. ro Ho dentren ch . =O The epin ds deutrven i alo a, beste Rasteele cpim 6 & not bound shatt but adeutean has beounol bpm shout bed. mogntic merent a Oeetron - bea My tp otek So theMa fn t KP ch “Gn at Tp a) / Miewton = 0 g9q ek. dy = 113 amp Bp 7274, Mane bic ees ™h: Auttron & Lite bet fmol Soper than fhe fm sf magnetic proment 5 tedren) 2 magnetite. moment af preten Mariteon =~ 0% FY Sh Ab No exettes| o- Ctabe ; Ye —A— reer. Ket Kite = -¥ CaAivicting 7 beg 9) Krtjcot kre = 1 ry f let N= Keto cof we = — ¥ute 4 % ¢ = ~ rte oe Verng Lateatie enerey RAAT 4 o.202 mew 'e'<¢ 3-+m SO, we fend y S 9.a3a Ae < 0-4 - TF we Aaaw the Curves = a Les | The intersection ae root of Ahe ait | Kent =—7. “So Th a thea week are Jegintiy Satadie Sak Se jRut the, coprenk 20M for am & Wa» Stine th kre > 24 wave. on weult boave a@ Noe at Kirt, <7 ce Hae | wave, few Weed not pe tre wave fun of qreuend sted uYR +E 2 a BR ye . 2 MC Coe R = —Vrto (+ €) cot (yt £) = Ht Eh vey very Stal, cot (+E) = ~E (hr) 68) = YT, oh € = + Vy . € = 2% Yt | R= BHE x Kats om ERG Thig eqn ghee theree Can't fe Cee excited 6- ctate * Alon central Forces ft TSenton Force ee ee =e the -fovee which & new center? 2 _ aitpenads apen beth the Separdion alictance re’ anol athe. 2. treat f

4 (RFR) AR) th AT (AD) 3 CRP) 43 Go thea . / b= TONY ast T ) —as*43For Cemgtet Shake Sao tar there ctenter force © to nucleon -fowres & Sow Singit chats - \ For sAetplht State Sod that means dotplet | SfeO A muclant ~~ a mamifertefion off tensor nen-cnten® campencnt of ~ mnclion” pefential, Bub te bath Aingeh & tertplet state BB ti tota2 aongutan none tiny quartiem moe. T chartackertse Hu State. Consider Ash Pew state oF oleutren that We have T= L+s y 2 fered ,@te-, Cots -a)--- les) L = (2), Cs-st), -- --, te Beeb we Know thot Aeutron bar gore the Brite pre qzuadwrapate moment BR efecto a pate reurmionby emtrich cone t4ponds no irxe. oah?tn2 angela ramaucdum value L= 22 doy tue canterad component SP tee At tern force cluutrorn, gervtspendg te Hee 3s, Let. ——.Whee L=0. Hise He space. partty by C8 + Honee fo Be, state Pails So tye grrevene| stots a. Aufeon DB & Mitten, Mh Simglet—efeb—k totpit stall: for Lea, Feo dhe dtetpit sfacte 3p, ib conterved fox ‘deutern | Q the - 4 ohy te even, for cleute og white by a Sh eerved porperts, oh interadion . aoe "s fer as . Magnetic Monier (ha) The, magnetic monic (Mp) of Peeton , Tuyen ( Hn) R Aeutron, (Mag) biave her Vers ac curwatty rALotewrrec| « Ta, Ep T en > By = 0°022nm Thin gets Hat Atuteon ty MocHty | un 3c, aad bet cps a Smell amount by eee othe eteati . So we have to $2 bet We litte Bo Ste that eocplach jhe nog ratic mo minh Op cpr Hic former of Arete clus fo Cvistte® mution Fh Phefen ohoving tye Changs Rue te “Imtermaic cpm tf tack nucleon. be ont Sta Magnetic matenban by = 9 L- . te = 4d (CPacten) = 2 Cnettbvon) fo teh pr = 12 = ¢ Sr ch = "a = hp Fens opin ane Phe mentum, Me = tee, + tv, Eas oe Tot Ka = Bat be+ _ Ma=- Hp Spit to So + & é Cence Ghee matte of ov paefen Q nenteon ae oping qihl to, ene othe oe MAT aacame phat eae ehe Tp tt a nucleons Ganetes yy de ten, orb fta angeles proprentr anedate, | poPth thelw reledive mop tees Lp = bt __— * — . So -pa = & (Fet9n)( Spt Sd TA a = =] a? so 4, 24 Se + ISITE (ts 5n* T° yo eS a : zx (% Sy + an sp) - a = é = L(g +9sh) tts tre) "e +k (IER TTS ~ Fn 7908?) = 1 [splas th) + en Cant ts) _ : wt A Sp (Bem an) in tat) | — f = 4 eprtn) o_o pa= delet? ept ony te 4 = ( ++I) (Set 3 ie os + CTp tan) ts C spts)=s Ka = Ef Gptandt s+) The prvjectian ah OD nette moment | fy lector in bekern along tine g-elivect a4 (fed M4 = Kez = = Cie 3 ar Yittt ne eee Abe = Fy Pac? aac Beet = a0 > Les = LR) eo t bse Ca<*) = te (Pa o's) 33 \ (pt ta) sO e+e) * StS TEA OT 0-5) Fp] Ka = ut T+ Tx ee TiFa | Lanta) (T= EE) oe’ < at (fa t- s) | ce ery Cite] Cant angcsut- ~2Ci sir) Teron sera) BS, J=1 Foy ee ad ~ og Cnt A or 4, (aep eats) -2 Kp thyCe ie, toes ee | = aad FF [. 7132 = or B9d6 Kat “geese TS 201 Qea, $=f, Tas pos 4 lantaa) 6) = 3 = +L Cintoe) t 3 (a snetigperee 4 (2Hn tH) +3, esis, ae = OSITK Go the atevfron stag arround “14: f) The apats & Dp vate QR 16x. G che cfaty fe S$ FM OF thee arte Fo BD, otek, shot My = My top - . ' qihcopt: “Gachange A sfonut + ~ Of the nuclease forte % attractive cae ed steste roeeetetoeg R i chert range, Ot ivrerefel be ceen that fm a needens consist of ret Cea per nat cleor. Cheula tyjcrmease with tnentase Qn crealihy no erfteence & contranyg ane s(t nM)-2 @(dri)=4 SC8tH)=aQ ' Ur mast no, > Shi property ef nuke force hat heen explninect by considering the enchange ria erte ob nucltan” forcee . 94 mag Seen vepulsive , for nucteare fore te depenel on whether S=o0 are S=4 and en whither £= eren OFF odd. This behaviour kk due to the fret That the retell. force areeles from the exchange of meet ane thes change leads tpexchange Oy cfort ces: ; So exchange potential can be given at, Ve ver) re there Pe xehange eperetor. Pei 2 re), Hen. (re) te the twe ‘puclean woave -feen”, Untevehanses the. posttion we “Enchewa che muacleone « P 6 - Exchange operator a a fane” of spatial an spin co-evelinates that meant fun” te’ ot “f’. On Other words 4b otk @& Linear Combination of cpace anel spin to-ovdenater. fecordinaley there arce 3 exchange opersior 4) Majoreana space erchenge. operator ( Pre) a) Bartlett cp in exchange operator ( Py) 3B) Heisenberg enthange operator C Pree). 4) Majomana Space enchanqe _op erratoy i= re VOGT te oR) = Ce rs oz) G4 has the effeeh sf interchange dhe cpate co-ordinates of the swe natecke for the twe nucleon System. Suck drevehany of Co rovdineates Causet rrermort, to hecome Hrs omy. That meant the etfect - of, Hae | sparetoe Pr & eq valent tho Hh ob paxil operator which correspo nels bo f=) Lote the ombittal ett ae mudeacnden oe) Bantlelt Spin exthenge operator 3— Pov Cag Grea) = FCI yy)Herne PE interchanges the Spin ol Phe +1390 interaction nucleons. 9+ correcpords te (-1St! 3) Heisenbereg Epace plus Speen exchange operator: Free VMS aaa) = Om er) So Pie Enterchanges beth the spin anef Space co-orelinates Tf the tuo Enterra Aang nucleons in the two particle Cather. Pee vy eparesente (-ipttst! we know that cpace A cpin Co-ortinale ourte. “inedepenclent of eheh other. Hence Pane Pi. ante also tnjelepenclent 5 eack atten. Fe ~ fe Fre RB es 4 = anal rn That means Fhe eigenvalue 2h Fre 1 Re cone Vege are 41. The centrat potentrak corresponcling te the 3 exthange operators arta WiC), Yacred ane Vytrd. The symenedreg anel andi-¢ weretreg, Wave Frunets are determine bg thee fellows may features 2) Peo depends en (-9& 2) FL clepencts on e-198t! 5) Fi olepends en cit tst! Gn Addition to dhe above othe eachang foreus $terce can alto be an orcelinarg— force that means eentoal mon extheange -forcee , Called of Weigner Potential tie Watt . enercah expression fer nucleare pefenttad to given by vey Comtrcne Tb Vnen -cendanel= Ventral exchange v Vermternd nen- T Viren content exchange t Vbiencentoap no = Vote) + Vb) S54 Vga Ort) Pe Meer) P_ + Vad) Reg + Verge £.aP. Vyte) wo the central nen- exchange teen | Vpwlr)S,, & the nen-c4entre! iota o Vem lO S)yPe te thE nen-certaak exe So tearm - othe are center ek exchange teams, The Wretgnere exthange operator ory Vem) Py TOR RE De VNR RD The ‘interaction Petentiak hat the came Stan in oPh States. Since TH ie attra cd? ing_ im 36 states Choo) tb mutt be attas chive te al) Sfater Such a foree olveen’r roodacet saturateon . Sever Potential : _ F Sugyettel 2 potential with & oe Mbt, perceiving Buse Mejor aha potential Gy srelew to- ereplain the! -forniand and backward peaking and i afiven log Vo= Mere) (at Ped ly Sh takes Lrte account the Confetbution ex Hotes. St ontete for a ee of L’ ancl vanishes for edd Ls Sow ocel L, mR =-t ,dihen YO 5h avoids spin Aependuntz” chamarten ante theve U ne +entoT compenint of a Ped: gat sent | ‘Due to the depect % Uquid Anop model | Shell model come tte picture » (9m, Rautel Akop moclh Ub U agumed thal “he nucleont tnfevact stro ott Hed pram li ake nekghtoeurs. Oy Fhe bed ris te R (nuclease Medel) we have emphart nef Phe Pereperties of nueleeng ane Nothing bhout- the single nuckem + This meetel predicts vereg closele trace levels in neiclees which & Contra. Fo Aegenercation at low energy te. tn Low Spaced, wotich can’t be explained by leg ute} Aarep motel * - So ty the Shell mocteh we te ae heemed thet gach rnicleon — ombt ky wethin the nese Leg arte tndepenclent of att ether mucton«é lent have ang tntevactt an With each other . rit cLeon, Hones The nueleon &« ecc fed a oNEM age feete produced beg the achion eh all, other nucleons . C Mage ruemient )Evidence for Shell Model $ Stu Knew) that nucle te stable FF et bas a Cewtain qjefinite mo. af ctther protons On| eg Th Members arte Kneny As mae , R- AS, 20, ag co, S2z,1RE RIED 2 ee eng tan be pets pret tes Ming Chim ovtttat tes Lis. anal TT: , Coupling « : let's consider ore btn songiePan neo peru Quanhiem no af nitdeons © i-e- Le plea ere world poctthty poeticte tpsetf a8,de, 20,482,126 | Tha—sF Shell aectoseq “ab nuelrenc Mumbert gtren “¢ A(Adtt) preteens anef neutyons © foe ~ P= 5,1,8,3 ete. But Gy this w the Leiwere Cam be elosly at- fe mu c no ottained. “e r — The higher 2 con hoeeever be predicted using a meetet sf the nisctets in eattie enet! nutlen has an & Memuentem Yh elue +e sping Ri. cobttere angular nromentiem of LR The total anghary Momento eee. T= (tr — 2 cone a Spin - Orchet coupli aE An Electro Bonet tn an atom (L-s) toupling): . phe Spin — ott couplt ek an electrons Gn tory oatyinates -foom the interact’) beth f ake ota eT x nee, properly ats oct berk TO Spgs ange bane he force Fo ae Se? iw amet. feet o£ pe -VvThe ener 2 oh re °F etectrte fowce ten F-=ee = 2. +E ore aS P= -1 av 2 are Hperte U & the potentect « op cme, velectty ap he © hen induce] magnetic feett Bo at the ele nu = > 3 —— ¥e , Bra €o CEP) ee Penmittividy = —& (32 xv e aw = — fo av. x mo em | or =. B= —& (3 xP) em ae . = : Bs —ée (efuKP fe (FuxP) ——(V P = nue of +he electron - bee) Hee Te veec, ae anteraction srery yg ° . Conducted magnetic fielel Bo ane the magnetic atsoctated with the elechrom | t= —(h.B) ed with the <7 apo @? ty as : » Dipole moment cacitociat i) Interaction eet raagrtie plpment CMe} an} mag. Rete CR) giving wae te The orifevacken enivgg WO. = Pe = 7 bot @ [pe Magnedre am —~(3) porceten bry— _ = —s (RO am c* S$ she teak nels J peter Ae 7 clip gn oy phe Acatanee 7 tren acters “ waren far AO ecto, Inthe above eq? tT % at once coon spin ombat coupling we-precenbed tg FE wm ¢onteines| in the tnpewaetio . cperebe energy The ehoeve ea beenme ove tativis Peal tewvect , Bf we incoaporate ttre factor Va thet. nee ag Themast Correct tne Se, W= - 4 LL (av a ( oo eo re a) ee 2 alow we can Set ea the eer gg Contribution Ff the Teh ena ctor energy oe perdrn Ww, by recalling The coupling of angele meminte (eer = Lo or-42 0s ener(Bly = a [ Ce+yoCer3) “kin — tert fe =# [ea erce tae ke AIF Shh py a) 2 - 4 _ (Sr = & Cenlt os amtteng eC a) € Aw = =k Tifay \£ for #- 4th, te mz Be “ Stee) for | G2 2Va - L eo oe) “eo = RE ck (22 Sem “Sr ox) Thi 24) tn terme oh the epectoosc opy aah or epreténde diet ane LPR = £ Pat fF aw he P+ ey as ae fer 6 gh =o & jf can mat be ~Ke we we have erly ent yolue ster tnberactoon “19 con respon Aira “to i= Yo AW) © ote R fe dtl *sS f=0, AW=o Se the £ texm with Bylw onbat coup ting Per the he gher epeciposeapy eatcnlal: dhe interacteou Coulomb potential does . L=0 & not cplet terms we can ery bey petena, te Ve xe 4N€e ttr dul, —xe a 2 grterad) eneqy — NeOTT AW = ff! —Cs1) £ s, = RG. f_xet .) ze (sant germere UNE ely dee 8 405 Ko Ae bee umeghe (mere e® urheree a = Te eleetoon spin g-factr- tren eh, tae, fine pfrracdunrt conthent Uneoht « and ‘u equal te | Capproximately ) 134 tees eh fn ht Une he 15. Them oly ~ lo ey . which ecorretperels fo vere fine eplitfas cul dvgsE not wnefleente the ercler ob Filly ol atone whells « pwotentne cometeler Pad f-2. we are talent ie - Aue te oe oe eee ST of pe feem The The corresponding Ccdvenelinger wea” is (i+w)¥ =e ‘ : : Where pe ch yy + Ler) : am ; gn p Snte Pad, note the ahoue 24 leaek the cloublet split? bes . - 2 abe g = 4b Ve Kody = Xo ceeny fot pie bye a few SH 8h Awg =, —2 few j* Vo—Poefate ae Lely — Ploy = a) The degeneracy of the p- state under ho acho win owhtt Gem Splitting UH he he wh Ph : Ge make Pacdicle Shatl Motel 5 ' 5 —————_=_" NS comstden vec2llatbor potenteeR te. Us -V% PL metre te Know tha nuthear attractive fowce fer ma7R, se a shook warge force A So the nuclear radius Choll model wave fur rwell tend +o 0” urherce C= RB, Chk neler crodivs) the potemtie® V0 copia Vp = bmate® —£V 2/2 Know That Ks tea” We. Anwa en ae) Te. ~ 1-38 Fa = 1 [aw “8 Cnet} 4 Tle ™ We te AY -¥s3. tbo me* “ . £2 t/ 4 hed vi : a oF aA) Mer Ceeluteted Value ) fves “fle relation beth Tho. above aq) ye Pevometer (eke a Sy! for = parabalic Potendtad + . Jha aclelitioneQ energy , — Kwa -t/2 for felt. . ph thane at! NR AB (2E) ede moAwe -a'h fer f= A : oe ae (ae yy Bc nN 32. (4) —(B aa a f= ac Rw = cottp foo GF hte Sto = os e ~Cen) - parcing ea (a) RCs) , Freee & asi between both ea- Thi makes thet J= ft Ye Apate ( parallel @ eotbik 2 Spin’) . Deeper Lying on more tightly bounel| Aun Hae 4= 2- Yo atete. So compareatle. wihy rete the cefuation te the experimental rheesvation oy cate parte cue : erry) level. Pesta op poss” Hwrmentc Ofetllator fPopenfiak Wwe exe contider a particle neovi un 3-4 * Hen oom leotoe pt bounel m He potential entoyy vir) sf hoe 0.6 ck ladena pasticle “ix V(r) am re The envy ekgen Vv Enp = Rw (an r£-¥e) = A ta\hw where A = antl—-2A oscillation ne.- woOf ho ie even then Q= even Sf L te e444 -then n= odd | The dAtqenetace correspond to each & val ts Ax(aeti) w eG s Commespending to thn Saree value 25 an+teh axe alto degenertte - Cin Ot Qn 5 an-b ta i even for & So the Aegenercated eigen ctnfes Qe =. far » ensk) (2-9 +, 2) 2 : x ven HK Cage 4) L220. (2,97), 0 for A= even = (As), (ghia) = (2 Arad C9) for needa So Ahat fhe nor ek neufoens o7E protenc wtih the eigen, value Fa fer R= eter ok oat Na Aly = z afa Cacti] for aren kL =o6 = ye afacacsy ti] for etd %® Ke 6 + Q-aw even ALA = (At DC 2) = t ott : Ja aki | eed for ePtheer cate, the joyah ne. For alt vel pte & Ea = SOM OOM) af particlew i hoo met Als Lagi lh 3 (At) foreach (nui) (Ate) tn 0 Akw oa de. A, ke i Saw 4 4P 6 ¥ a aw O, me ass ha La Xo 3 Sew 1,3. APE a0 4“o 4 Agee ay Beadle 32° yo aA che levels are of even part hen, the oscillator me KR DB even anel ot4 pavity when: Ke edad de. Ps (1% The harmonic og ct llator poterdio€ pre Sobre Pe Samael elocuee fakes place ee a, 8,20, Uo, to. Reppeeximatty obtur ved valuer cre a, %,A0,b% 5; FA, 126 So TE: Should be. Inbebween these 2 type He | pobenfe abe ‘ | The thrength parameter a te be adjusted so thal the vahue af ot" paeclehey wie hae encperimentat rhenrved sang | The complete energy aan ves oe | En = Met RW ON) Hy 4 coset iladorr energy Level Gn concluce ai ican be caiol tale Ahe open ovbet- coupling EMEVES the Aryenerneg ey the qnantecm no. DL ans |Fe dhe. opletting af diffenent bevels fp, df. et! “nuuates wht, 2. 9+ can become 4a Larae fo a fen ne vale “hak the teem wth the Qa value. ay 2 wae bette can tliole arwr to enexgics a He levele orth gprantory no. ted. na. valk Oy the nacleaa, in wrth tncatng - oh the quantum "12: tn? wethant cregereol oe" etpferent terms. 7M oe ae ee cannes na: comrectty toe Cound L cp) veduce - eee with mattimum 2 anal qo 2th with “the qrteep op Lower ener coger : nett "a 6 resco Pee n 2 z et eth 4 peeteeet Ast ea We, ee * ; - - ; 4 o Ly 2 Sy oO oS = a 3, Fags, A. Yo ¢ L 2 aA a 4 4 Ya fo Aer a 2a Sf 7 . ida, a 3 Ba, 4 ( a Ys a oe Va ‘Faz B 3 fy: x s Ag ae 2 8 “st, Ba ue 2fn 3 4 By. 4 rk. 4p Mines > L Vo 2Femi theo Rete ole cary Found developed thie Torey to ob Lond? rot Enercay cpectrera R Alecagy £2 | for B - erntnttOnd « Peand thee fae nefer : Pema portutated thet re an & photo’) hb veatect - i nuclrar fatomete Ae encttation | the electron A nentrineg are adce ercented ah | AH 4ine of p- eminton & obtained an £ exte fox Aeemy contra foem The TrFfink stacey @5 the parce rte macters bo The fend otate (Ff) ofp the Ae on mucleies (Peynt ot tt i4 4 tated at; He fuvther aisumid phat the interag 4 reste ntabi for pote = weak interact) ce toe qaenbea mie bartedg perterbel? Hoong | be apppliect ms vor He Hina Aepenctert perckrrhatean i dite » brant teen poe Galelt on fente ofp tdnti fo -fenak tate | Acree iS: fron tnttnk (|e = AR eg |> Ange °F “he [Mes | ae > Fermi’ aiden rok | $ of tranci}cey | [Map[> = trencthen materi | = [tf tap Ym 4 | Aine > Ae ntl of fates . Ht b depends upon Tine avel labeler ofr Aslowesf «2 het Revels y= ate ty. Te. = patents nucteus otnte [ Mes|*= 1” te he Hyg Te atxro eights tats * fofel emery | aval Lebte tn the reaction , at, CE, ttpec *o plty 7 TE eee Lat envegy of tenphte Feral 0 Boe tpt bv BEE, Hotes Alo. ah enercat stater between momentum p pre} = votumt _ Unpetp te ae “3 "PR > tibet 2 ain ae P ter 7 => ‘xy el Py =n = a TPherefrote foteR no. a states x Anpany = [én prelp. pyethy _ fen “os Ang ne Manclrau enecery of He -fo~ pockets to te = tpt ty ty = fo - te Ea rpeT+ rey mine Ey = OPy _ Py = Evy = €&- te © a elk, = ato Cc TotoQ cfaty = fn = len® teelte (fonts > bey ¥ ne aSEE SSS Fg ™ ee Nang = LEE Gerke) * bap, Gr - 46) ae ce So the teantition pre babi ih Tep = Or. vf[> a > ae ea ore ar [ee] x len (H-FY PPAPE ~ agne [Mig] "C#-Fe) Pe Pe c : = 64K? tee |™ (e-Fe) PAP Mucbteplguns 2 [og] (Fo Fe) pielPe (ee because wee “AS a pa. p Bao oe oy scobahetle emussecen - LFebeg —~B& > ~per oe des % ake Ba le “Teg = POR) ~ ES [mg |” Cant) hedte To Frclute the coubernh effect ha formant i ae _ Gor 40? [Mapj* Con) Lee EY the wre? “| Decoy Pins & Qeongy covet ee cay const A =e py Fae preohabelity af amincog from Trem 0 40 Pram - jab - syne Tz FF atc “en ; (Fe) Pde = 4 4 e Cj oS [Mee | c () 4 Pe? ts] clare) Cee) BA PeTo © Femme Prom Ae berms bone | Mee “2009 | Cry —Fe)” pt vet P op & ROOF x X= 64K? ee x ‘ Be Il” 8L (Fin —2) PMP \ é B= fret ee Fenny mer eh = > "Ree we aad D err eR, — Praca help b= meq ap = Mec Ay) Xe b4 n> Jeg cy , ____ | . Ate 3 peeraee 12, — {oree pore mie cay, =6 ; : cae Hah Jno CE FE F mse eh - on | mcg) came ¢ * Ore _jrn®) Waa +e A = sum? cin, [oug] ecad & CL) os oo - where GO = lr, ja) 14 . N= = (2° Cl me | rig ce@) aa) ' Slayer yea ot fo-wtzdden)— fanabtteg ma? dra nuitety CyE permet Ny dorama ~“ bares 2 —Inthe A Hee wott, Fin fin emery Of the of pobsitcle - Voo= AyRge™ Cowedinger 2a) Bn h at ae (e- ae 4 a ta fis B ‘Ca fe a fruncbeon ape) Av 2 ded ds = efae atc As a arc. u = 2. ae Belge) - ds + de dpe Subset) En 24% Cy . eae + ef (Aly 4 a am am (2- Z%me*)e$ 2 gyre. LVM (e Ag) Ee =o 2 et ee > da bs neglected (4 Lye + An 7 0 (RE - mgt o DRED) D a = a Gas e) #) Aan Difae = em Bae 8) ae 2 Se = A fame) tegn ehe secon] e : 5 othe. Lots abe (Sls : fu 5 oF olecay or tire Ate Ve [fod cet ttl ne. He Hemet TE ogc 2 Bo Pap= Chol econ) _— cong emer = fd = = 4 Glin s = * [vale et % sh rs ¢ » [ely = ett Ts ae Melt > 26 eo, age GAGs) BK we ewe oe ao = de pele Vv & ~ 4 ineste ofp ie le ce ob he hon Ot Ee classie Spoeetbte and onty by qucantern mechantenl tunneling process “Tih particle can cscee io J" height anal come © uk. The wae cteesing spotmh ab a,b . | ocnimiecton cooffictent, = 4 4 2, aye 4 ORD ot ry TCoterre " a _ = 2h. (uF) a Vt = Tits Am. (y-£)+ am = ar F = am_ Uyr ty et)” - (a0 * ue : yyik* So (8B) (4r© (ABE ca Ue Pe oe [tvs fg graye 4(Up-E) E ( = *) = d t+ Ue if tere Pee 4 (WEE 4 (< —e FE (% *) As, U>yd ae So Pa (-ea —J 8B (eee ae (%-£)4a ye A ¢ So -+hea 2nd 4eum ke neglectert Te 4 : _ - 2k Ba ( (reve tp ee [é(r-E)E é 2 ie sheet af As oF Up- Fe barter. evs ( >i ane ceee of the ‘ alae oh Oo, | nee T = Ub? evr (MoE) T= 46(ve-£)E oa Ue‘Brtet — Wegnes formule <= ~ 2, > One Revel (rear to) Se, formule o-4* Breit Wares fina Qevel -foomela for metonence The phenemenon of reetonance E: observed in nucleas pepons caused bey cthe bia mbmvedment- nucle? beth 4 arid wnebaregect poreticke o. vanonetee $0 UI OA teed leg a | otanfo Snenease By the cross section . Tote2 wave fonction imwtons) ecu Oats en) = & UE" Gt Ye J ye pcecss : a a tae L Use eonfine aun em dEiewrciog to 2-0 Case “tCe) = Ie sJaer Tate iten te) z Cer -0m) kere. —ye * for 2-0 we have % A ag - op ate tem Cn) =e 3 (ogo) Kore Reclace? ware fuorefion Ven) = ay = TE 4 fen et TAP i(e —A,% ‘) Yo Vv m When mae, fae Yn thie case > te finite When myo, Pat which kk not persthle because Java frery) choyld be frtf. On thi, case CF mutt be Aero ae de Pe Pte - Unite = JE ote Uv “ . © Cet. Cela rege" Moma R (R= Ragin = 4 the Hanger nuicled hott ctefene 2 cenit ides quantihy ? 0 Bkcer ~ ~ KK “ny, eae > ¢ —? a nye "(Ff -F09 ~» No = $+ ere os F-TER SOF Fu meat then | Me] =4 $e Hxeacton nose geeted 9 7? Phere force there i SEF fi a comp " netonance Le afters “oS fer quantity "T % fof 4+: Ntire thin om—fet ttt [Nol yt yf xe then [Mop <4 _Seatfering ower sects a ee * J@-1] cen | - * fa — free | Ke Ff — TER = . = A — EER - [ ($-7k® ek een rT AIRE atkk ra | fe “_ikRe — ff -QckR FikKR mq Gir) ene q ree = | g(a) -2 eR( eV EE 4) — atk f-zer) EE |S ages | =~ i“ -TeR) eo KR Vy = & BERR atk R a sake =lE + a) (ey fee = 4 [pot t Ares [* Noo = *erKe 4 2 Potential somttexing amplifies Nie = (~BEKR_\ 5 Retonance aealtening amplitne ff -TKR oes T ote eR | aa Zz = Ele e= + Aes eat = ter B_[are nc ek + me] ~ AR je" es ee \— Qi (F-TKRD Cee = Ax oo ee eR, + ke a ¢-t«R)Fr Dep erkKR every Rare at apes ote : So = jim took bse 7 k> KR O& Brake Genk R = IR See = HE (eR)* = UrR™ @ sinker verge pmalh KR2oO Ge oe Hn KR 2 K* UKR-$:) ~ Fe o = Ar _KR® TR Ce Ry + Ee Oo... Se RE feck one oe) Out a cevercal lenercates , “for a alven energy £-F, , f=0 ~ 8 Talon Genie expansion abou! F=E, Te feece) t (e-m)t - -- fe se (€-Fe) § Sem >? ad required} Oefine 4afo 21 -aKk aE re Fl i 2 no. called as energy wiatth f= =aKR (e-) nm weal fo=o te yx R™ — _4wRo ~ reek: x At (KR $7) * + he com?o, = 4a R HEE (€-4)" + CR Ss. = A RE : ea eS Ak R*(E-B) + RE pre oa Un fK™ = Gre) KR Gre) A (ERY F4 ier Pa (ERD “| A | = 8 : SS = afer) Re | u = 4m ar (20 e=Rrea Fon 2| Ke 4 = = the 6c. % z D> The olde fence bet P,-Tyy anol Eat iy, ce ee tt calles erongy Width op “alto Knows az width of the pgsenence | L