Focus On Grammar 3 Transparencies

Focus on Grammar 3 Transparencies
Grammar Charts
The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-
teach some of the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar
terminology. The Focus on Grammar (FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more
effectively engage students in class as they tackle a new grammar point together.
Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.
• Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure.
For example, for the imperative (FOG 3, Unit 2, page 14), read the affirmative statement,
“Bend your knees,” and ask the class to name the verb. (Bend.) Ask students what form it
is. (The base form.) Ask students what “base form” means. (The simple form without an
ending.) Ask students, “Is there a subject?”(No.) Explain that in the imperative we
understand that the subject is “you.” Ask, “How do we form the negative in the
imperative?” (Add Don’t before the base form.)
• Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the imperative
unit, you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart and change the
affirmative statements to negative ones. (Bend your knees. →Don’t bend your knees.)
• Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context
and find examples that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use
the grammar terms in the charts to label items in Grammar in Context.
• Compare charts. For example, for the simple past (FOG 3, Unit 3, pages 23–25), there
are charts for the past of be and for other verbs. Ask, “How many forms are there for the
simple past of be in affirmative statements?” (Two: was and were.) “How many forms are
there for the simple past of other verbs in affirmative statements?” (One: i.e. moved or
came.) Ask, “Do you use the base form for past yes/no questions with be?” (No.) “Do you
use the base form for past yes/no questions with other verbs? (Yes.) What else do you
use? (Did.)
• Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All
Focus on Grammar charts are clearly labeled (Affirmative/ Negative, Yes/No Questions,
Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form, Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask
questions to make certain students understand what the labels mean.
• Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, FOG 3, Unit 21, page 241,
students could practice the quantifiers by making up sentences about themselves and
classmates. (I baked some cakes. I used a lot of cream. I put in a few strawberries. I
didn’t use much sugar, etc.)
• Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, Unit 32, page 357 of FOG
3, says, “Eva enjoys going to the park. Eva wants to go to the park. ”Ask students to say
what they enjoy and what they want to do. (I enjoy playing soccer. I want to join a soccer
team.)
Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg

Click the links below to view the Grammar Charts for this level.
Grammar Chart Unit 1

Grammar Presentation
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Statements Affirmative Statements

Base Form
Subject Be of Verb + -ing Subject Verb
I am* I
travel.
You are You
He He
She is traveling now. She often travels.
It It
We We
You are You travel.
They They
*For contractions of I am, you are, etc., see Appendix 26 on page A-12.
Negative Statements Negative Statements

Base Form Base Form
Subject Be Not of Verb + -ing Subject Do Not of Verb
I am I do
He is not traveling now. He does not travel often.
We are We do
Yes / No Questions Yes / No Questions

Base Form Base Form
Be Subject of Verb + -ing Do Subject of Verb
Is he traveling now? Does he travel often?
Short Answers Short Answers

Yes, is. Yes, does.
he he
No, isn’t. No, doesn’t.
Wh- Questions Wh- Questions

Base Form Base Form
Wh- Word Be Subject of Verb + -ing Wh- Word Do Subject of Verb
Where are you traveling now? Where do you usually travel?
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 1 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
IMPERATIVE
Affirmative Negative
Base Form Base Form
of Verb Don’t of Verb
Bend your knees. bend your knees.
Don’t
Raise your fists. raise your fists.
SIMPLE PAST: BE
Affirmative Statements Negative Statements

Subject Be Subject Be + Not
I was I wasn’t
You were You weren’t
He He
She was famous. She wasn’t famous.
It It
We We
You were You weren’t
They They
Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Be Subject Affirmative Negative
Was I you were. you weren’t.
Were you I was. I wasn’t.
he he he
Was she famous? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.
it it it
we you you
Were you we were. we weren’t.
they they they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Be Subject
was I
were you
Where he
When was she famous?
Why it
we
were you
they
(continued)
SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

Base Form
Subject Verb Subject Did not of Verb
I I
You moved You move
to Japan. to Japan.
He traveled He travel
She She
didn’t
It It
We came* We come
in 1684. in 1684.
You left* You leave
They They
*Come (came) and leave (left) are irregular verbs. See Appendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.

Base Form
Did Subject of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
you move I I
to Japan?
he travel he he
she she she
Did Yes, did. No, didn’t.
it it it
we come you you
in 1684?
you leave we we
they they they
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Did Subject of Verb
I
you move
to Japan?
he travel
When she
did
Why it
we come?
you leave?
they
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Was / Base Form
Subject Were (Not) of Verb + -ing
I was
You were
He eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.
She was (not) working when Eve called.
It sleeping while Sal was talking.
We
You were
They

Was / Base Form
Were Subject of Verb + -ing Affirmative Negative
Was I you were. you weren’t.
Were you I was. I wasn’t.
he eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.? he he
Was she working when Eve called? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.
it sleeping while Sal was talking? it it
we you you
Were you we were. we weren’t.
they they they
Wh- Questions
Was / Base Form
Wh- Word Were Subject of Verb + ing
was I
were you
he eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.?
Why was she working when Eve called?
it sleeping while Sal was talking?
we
were you
they
USED TO
Statements
Base Form
Subject Used to of Verb
I
You
He
She used to
be popular.
It didn’t use to
We
You
They

Base Form
Did Subject Use to of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
you I I
he he he
she she she
Did use to be popular? Yes, did. No, didn’t.
it it it
we you you
you we we
they they they
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Did Subject Use to of Verb
I
you
he
she
When did use to be popular?
it
we
you
they
BE GOING TO FOR THE FUTURE
Statements
Base Form
Subject Be (Not) Going to of Verb
I am*
You are
He
She is (not) going to leave soon.
It
We
You are
They
* For contractions of I am, you are, etc., see Appendix 26 on page A-12.

Base Form
Be Subject Going to of Verb Affirmative Negative
Am I you are. you’re
Are you I am. I’m
he he he’s
Is she going to leave soon? Yes, she is. No, she’s not.
it it it’s
we you you’re
Are you we are. we’re
they they they’re
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Be Subject Going to of Verb
When
are you going to leave?
Why
(continued)
WILL FOR THE FUTURE
Statements
Base Form
Subject Will (not) of Verb
I
You
He
She
will (not)* leave soon.
It
We
You
They
* For contractions of I will, you will, etc., see Appendix 26, page A-12.

Base Form
Will Subject of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
you I I
he he he
she she she
Will leave soon? Yes, will. No, won’t.
it it it
we you you
you we we
they they they
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Will Subject of Verb
When will you leave?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE* FOR THE FUTURE SIMPLE PRESENT* FOR THE FUTURE
Statements Statements
Subject + Be (Not) + Base Form + -ing Subject Verb
We’re We leave
(not) leaving soon. Monday at 6:45 A.M.
It’s It leaves
*For a complete presentation of present progressive and simple present forms, see Unit 1, page 3.
FUTURE TIME CLAUSES
Statements
Main Clause Time Clause
I will
I graduate.
I am going to
She will
get a job when she graduates.
She is going to
They will
they graduate.
They are going to

Main Clause Time Clause Affirmative Negative
Will I will. won’t.
I graduate? you you
Am I going to are. aren’t.
Will she will. won’t.
get a job when she graduates? Yes, she No, she
Is she going to is. isn’t.
Will they will. won’t.
they graduate? they they
Are they going to are. aren’t.
Wh- Questions
Main Clause Time Clause
will I
I graduate?
am I going to
will she
Where get a job when she graduates?
is she going to
will they
they graduate?
are they going to
WH- QUESTIONS: SUBJECT AND OBJECT
Questions About the Subject Answers

Wh- Word
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb Object
Harry? him.
Who saw Marta saw
the box? it.
Questions About the Object Answers

Wh-Word Auxiliary Main
Object Verb Subject Verb Subject Verb Object
Who(m) Harry.
did Marta see? She saw
What the box.
REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Reflexive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns

Subject Reflexive Subject Reciprocal
Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun
I myself We each other.
You looked at
You yourself one another.
They
He himself
She herself
looked at in the mirror.
It itself
We ourselves
You yourselves
They themselves
PHRASAL VERBS
Transitive Phrasal Verbs

Object
Subject Verb Particle (Noun)
put on his lab coat.
He
helped out his students.
Object
Subject Verb (Noun / Pronoun) Particle
his lab coat
put on.
it
He
his students
helped out.
them
Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

Subject Verb Particle
She started over.
He grew up in Texas.
They got back early.
ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
Statements
Subject Can / Could (not) Base Form of Verb
Contractions
I
You can (not) now. cannot
= can’t
He can not
She dance
We could not = couldn’t
You could (not) last year.
They

Can / Could Subject Base Form of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
Can you I can. I can’t.
he he he
she dance? Yes, she No, she
we you you
Could you we could. we couldn’t.
they they they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Can / Could Subject Base Form of Verb
can she
How well dance?
could you
(continued)
ABILITY: BE ABLE TO
Statements
Subject Be (Not) Able to Base Form of Verb
I am
You are
He
is (not) able to practice.
She
We
You are
They

Be Subject Able to Base Form of Verb Affirmative Negative
Is she she is. she isn’t.
able to practice? Yes, No,
Are you I am. I’m not.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Be Subject Able to Base Form of Verb
When is she
able to practice?
How often are you
PERMISSION: CAN, COULD, MAY, DO YOU MIND IF
Questions: Can / Could / May Short Answers

Base Form
Can / Could / May* Subject of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
Can he he he
can. can’t.
Could she stay here? Yes, she No, she
may. may not.
May we you you
they they they
*Can, could, and may are modals. Modals have only one NOTE: May not is not contracted.
form. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Statements: Can / May

Base Form
Subject Can / May (not) of Verb
You
can (not)
He stay here.
may (not)
They
Questions: Do you mind if Short Answers

Do you mind if Subject Verb Affirmative Negative
I
we stay
they Not at all.
Do you mind if here? No, I don’t. Yes, I do.
he Go right ahead.
she stays
it
NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.
REQUESTS: CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, WOULD YOU MIND
Questions: Can / Could / Will / Would Short Answers

Can / Could Base Form
Will / Would* Subject of Verb Affirmative Negative
Can mail this letter for me?
Sure
Could (I can).
you drive me to the doctor? Certainly I’m sorry, but I can’t.
Will (I will).
Of course
Would pick up some groceries?
*Can, could, will, and would are modals. Modals do not have -s
in the third-person singular.
Questions: Would you mind Short Answers

Would you mind Gerund Affirmative Negative
mailing this letter for me?
Not at all.
Would you mind driving me to the doctor? I’d be glad to. I’m sorry, but I can’t.
No problem.
picking up some groceries?
NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.
ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
Statements
Should / Ought to / Base Form
Subject Had Better* of Verb
I Contractions
You should not = shouldn’t
He should (not) had better = ’d better
She ought to reply.
We had better (not)
You
They
*Should and ought to are modals. Had better is
similar to a modal. These forms do not have -s in
the third-person singular.

Base Form
Should Subject of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
he he he
Should she reply? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.
we you you
they they they
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Should Subject of Verb
I
How he
When should she send it?
Where we
they
SUGGESTIONS: LET’S, COULD, WHY DON’T, WHY NOT, HOW ABOUT
Let’s Could
Base Form Base Form
Let’s (not) of Verb Subject Could* of Verb
take the ferry. I
Let’s (not) You take the ferry.
stay in a castle.
He
could
She
We stay in a castle.
They
*Could is a modal. Modals have only one form.

They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Why don’t Why not

Base Form Base Form
Why Don’t Subject of Verb Why not of Verb
I take the ferry?
we Why not
don’t take the ferry? stay in a castle?
you
Why
they
he stay in a castle?
doesn’t
she
How about
How about Gerund / Noun
staying in a castle?
How about
a castle?
PRESENT PERFECT: SINCE AND FOR
Statements
Subject Have (not) Past Participle Since / For
I
You*
have (not) been†
We
They since 1995.
here
for a long time.
He
She has (not) lived
It
*You is both singular and plural.

†Been is an irregular past participle. See Grammar Notes on page 185 and
Appendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.

Have Subject Past Participle Since / For Affirmative Negative
I you you
you I / we I / we
Have been have. haven’t.
we you you
they since 1995? Yes, they No, they
here
for a long time?
he he he
Has she lived she has. she hasn’t.
it it it
Wh- Questions Short Answers

Wh- Word Have Subject Past Participle
I
you
have been
we
Since 1995.
How long they here?
For many years.
he
has she lived
it
(continued)
Contractions
Affirmative Negative
I have = I’ve he has = he’s have not = haven’t
you have = you’ve she has = she’s has not = hasn’t
we have = we’ve it has = it’s
they have = they’ve
PRESENT PERFECT: ALREADY AND YET
Affirmative Statements: Already

Subject Have Already Past Participle
They have mailed the invitations.
already
She has gotten her invitation.
Negative Statements: Yet

Subject Have not Past Participle Yet
They haven’t mailed the invitations
yet.
She hasn’t gotten her invitation
Yes / No Questions: Yet Short Answers

Have Subject Past Participle Yet Affirmative Negative
Have they mailed the invitations they have. they haven’t.
yet? Yes, No,
Has she gotten her invitation she has. she hasn’t.
PRESENT PERFECT: INDEFINITE PAST
Statements
Subject Have (not) Past Participle
They have (not) visited Egypt.
She has (not) been there.
See page 183 in Unit 16 for a complete presentation of
present perfect forms.
Statements with Adverbs

Subject Have (not) Adverb Past Participle Adverb
They have never visited Egypt.

just
She has recently been there.
They have (not) visited Egypt twice.

lately.
She has (not) been there recently.

Have Subject (Ever) Past Participle Affirmative Negative
Have they visited Egypt? they have. they haven’t.
(ever) Yes, No,
Has she been there? she has. she hasn’t.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Have Subject Past Participle
have they visited Egypt?
How often
has she been there?
PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST
Present Perfect Simple Past

She has been here since 2003. She was in Detroit in 2000.
They’ve lived here for 20 years. They lived there for 10 years.
We’ve spoken once today. We spoke twice yesterday.
He hasn’t flown this month. She didn’t fly last month.
Has she called him today? Did she call him yesterday?
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Base Form
Subject Have (not) Been of Verb + -ing (Since / For)
I
You*
have (not)
We
They (since 2004).
been writing
(for years).
He
She has (not)
It
*You is both singular and plural.

Base Form
Have Subject Been of Verb + -ing (Since / For) Affirmative Negative
Have you (since 2004)? I / we have. I / we haven’t.
been writing Yes, No,
Has he (for years)? he has. he hasn’t.
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Have Subject Been of Verb + -ing
have you
How long been writing?
has he
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect
They have been living here for 5 million years. They have lived here for 5 million years.
I’ve been reading this book since Monday. I’ve read two books about elephants.
Dr. Owen has been writing articles since 1990. Dr. Owen has written many articles.
She’s been working in Niger for a year. She’s worked in many countries.
NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS
Count Nouns Non-count Nouns

Article /
Number Noun Verb Noun Verb
A
sailor is Oil necessary.
One
brave. is
The
sailors are Sailing dangerous.
Two
Quantifiers and Count Nouns Quantifiers and Non-count Nouns

Quantifier Noun Quantifier Noun
some some
enough enough
a lot of a lot of
I saw I used
a few sailors. a little oil.
several islands. a great deal of salt.
many boats. much honey.
any any
enough enough
I didn’t see I didn’t use
a lot of a lot of
many much
ARTICLES: INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE

INDEFINITE DEFINITE
Singular Count Nouns Singular Count Nouns
A / An (Adjective) Noun The (Adjective) Noun
Let’s read a story. Let’s read the story by Aesop.
This is an old story. It’s the oldest story.
Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns
(Some) (Adjective) Noun The (Adjective) Noun
Let’s listen to stories on this CD. Let’s listen to stories by Aesop.
(some) the
This CD has nice music too. I like old music on this CD.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives Adverbs
They are quiet tenants. They talk quietly.
It’s a fast elevator. It moves fast.
The house looks nice. She described it nicely.
It’s absolutely perfect. It’s absolutely perfect.
Participial Adjectives
-ing Adjective -ed Adjective
The apartment is interesting. One couple is interested in the apartment.
It’s an interesting one-bedroom apartment. The interested couple called again.
My neighbor is annoying. I’m annoyed by his loud music.
He’s an annoying neighbor. Another annoyed tenant complained.
This street map is confusing. People were confused by the street map.
It’s a confusing street map. A confused driver asked for directions.
ADJECTIVES: COMPARISONS WITH AS . . . AS AND THAN
Comparisons with As . . . as
(Not) As Adjective As
large
busy
The new restaurant is (not) as good as the other ones.
interesting
expensive
Comparisons with Than

Comparative Adjective Form Than
larger
busier
The new restaurant is better than the other ones.
more interesting
less expensive
ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVES
Superlatives
Superlative Adjective Form
the largest
the busiest in the world.
the best city of all.
This is
the most interesting I’ve ever visited.
the least expensive
ADVERBS: AS . . . AS, COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES
As . . . as
As Adverb As
hard
played well
The Huskies didn’t play as aggressively as the Gophers.
consistently
Comparatives
Comparative Adverb Form Than
harder
better
The Huskies played than the Gophers.
more aggressively
less consistently
Superlatives
Superlative Adverb Form
the hardest
the best
The star player played of anyone in the game.
the most aggressively
the least consistently
GERUNDS: AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
Gerund as Subject
Gerund (Subject) Verb
Smoking causes health problems.
Not smoking is healthier.
Gerund as Object
Subject Verb Gerund (Object)
You should quit smoking.
We suggest not smoking.
GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS
Preposition + Gerund
Do you have ideas about improving life at school?
Are the teachers against increasing tuition?
The students are for having online courses.
My roommate left before finishing the test.
Verb + Preposition + Gerund

I plan on joining the Student Council.
We’ll succeed in improving the school.
They object to paying higher fees.
Please think about voting for Latoya.
Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

I’m interested in studying math.
Are you tired of hearing complaints?
They are happy about not missing the meeting.
She is used to organizing large groups.
INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
Statements
Subject Verb (Object) Infinitive
I decided (not) to write to Annie.
You urged John (not) to take her advice.
He wanted (her) to advise John.
INFINITIVES OF PURPOSE
Affirmative Negative
I left at 9:00 (in order) to be on time. I left at 9:00 in order not to be late.
INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
Infinitives with Too

Adjective / (For + Noun /
Too Adverb Object Pronoun) Infinitive
We’re (not) young to vote.
They answered too quickly for Kyle to understand the issues.
It’s (not) hard (for us) to decide.
Infinitives with Enough

Adjective / (For + Noun /
Adverb Enough Object Pronoun) Infinitive
We’re (not) old to vote.
They have(n’t) answered clearly enough for Kyle to understand the issues.
It’s (not) easy (for us) to decide.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Gerunds Infinitives
Eva enjoys going to the park. Eva wants to go to the park.
She loves taking long breaks. She loves to take long breaks.
She stopped studying. She stopped to study.
Changing habits is hard. It’s hard to change habits.
She’s worried about finishing her paper.
PREFERENCES: PREFER, WOULD PREFER
Statements
Subject Prefer / Would prefer* Noun / Gerund / Infinitive
I
You prefer Contraction
We would prefer TV news (to newspapers). would prefer = ’d prefer
They watching the news (to reading newspapers).
(not) to watch the news.
He prefers
She would prefer
*Like modals, would prefer does not have -s in the third-person singular.

Noun / Gerund /
Do / Would Subject Prefer Infinitive Affirmative Negative
I you you
Do you I / we do. I / we don’t.
Would we TV news? you would. you wouldn’t.
they prefer watching the news? Yes, they No, they
to watch the news?
Does he he does. he doesn’t.
Would she she would. she wouldn’t.
PREFERENCES: WOULD RATHER
Statements
Base Form
Subject Would rather* of Verb
I
You watch the news (than read newspapers). Contraction
He
would rather would rather = ’d rather
She
We not read newspapers.
They
*Like modals, would rather does not have -s in the third-person singular.

Base Form
Would Subject Rather of Verb Affirmative Negative
you I I’d
Would rather read? Yes, would. rather not.
she she She’d
NECESSITY: HAVE (GOT) TO, DON’T HAVE TO

Have to / Base Form Base Form
Subject Have got to of Verb Subject Do not Have to of Verb
I I
You have to You
don’t
We have got to We
They leave now. They have to leave now.
He He
has to
She She doesn’t
has got to
It It
Contractions
have got to = ’ve got to
has got to = ’s got to
Note: There are no contractions for have to and has to.

Base Form
Do Subject Have to of Verb Affirmative Negative
I you you
you I / we I / we
Do do. don’t.
we you you
they have to leave now? Yes, they No, they
he he he
Does she she does. she doesn’t.
it it it
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Do Subject Have to of Verb
I
you
do
we
When they have to leave?
he
does she
it
(continued)
NECESSITY: MUST, MUST NOT, CAN’T
Must
Base Form
Subject Must* (not) of Verb
I
You must leave early.
He
She
Contraction
It
We must not arrive late. must not = mustn’t
They
*Must is a modal. Modals have only one form.
They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Can’t
Base Form
Subject Can’t of Verb
You
can’t sit here.
They
EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO
Statements
Base Form
Subject Be (not) Supposed to of Verb
am
I
was
You
are
We (not) supposed to sign the marriage certificate.
were
They
He
She is
was
It be a small wedding.

Base Form
Be Subject Supposed to of Verb Affirmative Negative
Am are. aren’t.
I you you
Was were. weren’t.
Are am. ’m not.
you supposed to stand? Yes, I No, I
Were was. wasn’t.
Is is. isn’t.
she she she
Was was. wasn’t.
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Be Subject Supposed to of Verb
am
I
was
are
Where you supposed to stand?
were
is
she
was
FUTURE POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT, COULD
Statements
Base Form
Subject May / Might / Could* of Verb
You may (not)
It might (not) get cold.
They could
*May, might, and could are modals. Modals have only one
form. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.

may (not).
Are you going to fly to Paris?
I might (not).
Are you leaving on Monday?
could.
Are you going to may
Will you be there long? We might be.
Is it possible you’ll could
Note: May not and might not are not contracted.
Wh- Questions Answers

When are you going to Paris? may go next week.
I
might
We
How long are you going to be there? could be there a week.
CONCLUSIONS: MUST, HAVE (GOT) TO, MAY, MIGHT, COULD, CAN’T
Affirmative Statements
Must / May / Base Form
Subject Might / Could* of Verb
I
You
He must
She may
be wrong.
It might
We could
You
They
*Must, may, might, and could are modals. Modals have

only one form. They do not have -s in the third-person
singular.
Negative Statements
Must / May / Base Form
Subject Might / Could / Can Not of Verb
I
Contractions
You could not = couldn’t
must
He
may cannot
She
might not be right. OR = can’t
It
could can not
We
can
You Note: We usually do not contract
They must not, may not, and might not
when we draw conclusions.
Affirmative Statements with Have (got) to

Subject Have (got) to Base Form
I
You
have (got) to
We
They be right.
He
She has (got) to
It
(continued)
Can / Could Subject Base Form Subject Modal
Could must (not).
he know that?
Can may (not).
might (not).
He
could(n’t).
Do Subject Base Form
has (got) to.
Does he know that? can’t.
Yes / No Questions with Be Short Answers

Can / Could Subject Be Subject Modal Be
Could must (not)
he be a detective?
Can may (not)
might (not)
He be.
could(n’t)
Be Subject
has (got) to
Is he a detective? can’t
Wh- Questions with Can and Could

Wh- Word Can / Could Subject Base Form
Who can it be?
What could they want?

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Grammar Chart Unit 1

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT

Affirmative Statements Affirmative Statements

Negative Statements Negative Statements

Yes / No Questions Yes / No Questions

Short Answers Short Answers

Wh- Questions Wh- Questions

Affirmative Statements Negative Statements

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Affirmative Statements Negative Statements

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

BE GOING TO FOR THE FUTURE

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

WH- QUESTIONS: SUBJECT AND OBJECT

Questions About the Subject Answers

Questions About the Object Answers

REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

Reflexive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns

Transitive Phrasal Verbs

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

PERMISSION: CAN, COULD, MAY, DO YOU MIND IF

Questions: Can / Could / May Short Answers

Statements: Can / May

Questions: Do you mind if Short Answers

NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.

REQUESTS: CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, WOULD YOU MIND

Questions: Can / Could / Will / Would Short Answers

Questions: Would you mind Short Answers

NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.

ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

SUGGESTIONS: LET’S, COULD, WHY DON’T, WHY NOT, HOW ABOUT

*Could is a modal. Modals have only one form.

Why don’t Why not

PRESENT PERFECT: SINCE AND FOR

*You is both singular and plural.

Appendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Wh- Questions Short Answers

PRESENT PERFECT: ALREADY AND YET

Affirmative Statements: Already

Negative Statements: Yet

Yes / No Questions: Yet Short Answers

PRESENT PERFECT: INDEFINITE PAST

Statements with Adverbs

They have never visited Egypt.

They have (not) visited Egypt twice.

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST

Present Perfect Simple Past

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT

*You is both singular and plural.