The Mobile Wireless

Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs)
A Wireless sensor network can be defined as a network of devices that can
communicate the information gathered from a monitored field through wireless links.
The data is forwarded through multiple nodes, and with a gateway, the data is
connected to other networks like wireless Ethernet.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to
monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration,
pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the
network to a main location. The more modern networks are bidirectional, also
enabling control of sensor activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was
motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such
networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial
process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on.
 Basic Concept of Wireless Sensor Network

A wireless sensor is a device with limited resources (data

storage, processing, energy and transmission means), that measures a
physical quantity, processes it and transmits the information about it. The
communication between wireless sensors represents the exchange of
information between them through the use of wireless communication
channel. A set of wireless sensors (that can be of the same type or
heterogeneous) with the common goal constitutes a Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN). The possibility for sensors in WSN to communicate with each other is
referred to as network connectivity. Due to the sensors’ limited energy
resources, wireless sensor networks are prone to sensor failures that affect the
operation of the network. The time period measured from the start of the
network operation until the energy exhaustion of a sensor in the network is
referred to as network lifetime.
 WSN Network Topologies
 For radio communication networks, the structure of a WSN
includes various topologies like the ones given below.

Wireless Sensor Network

Star Topologies
Star topology is a communication topology, where each node connects directly to a gateway.
A single gateway can send or receive a message to a number of remote nodes. In star topologies, the nodes are
not permitted to send messages to each other. This allows low-latency communications between the remote node
and the gateway (base station).

Due to its dependency on a single node to manage the network, the gateway must be within the radio
transmission range of all the individual nodes. The advantage includes the ability to keep the remote nodes’ power
consumption to a minimum and simply under control. The size of the network depends on the number of
connections made to the hub.

Tree Topologies
Tree topology is also called as cascaded star topology. In tree topologies, each node
connects to a node that is placed higher in the tree, and then to the gateway. The main advantage of the tree
topology is that the expansion of a network can be easily possible, and also error detection becomes easy. The
disadvantage with this network is that it relies heavily on the bus cable; if it breaks, all the network will collapse.

Mesh Topologies
The Mesh topologies allow transmission of data from one node to another, which is within its
radio transmission range. If a node wants to send a message to another node, which is out of radio
communication range, it needs an intermediate node to forward the message to the desired node. The advantage
with this mesh topology includes easy isolation and detection of faults in the network. The disadvantage is that the
network is large and requires huge investment.
Types of WSNs (Wireless
Sensor Networks)
Depending on the environment, the types of networks are decided so
that those can be deployed underwater, underground, on land, and
so on.
Different types of WSNs include:
1.Terrestrial WSNs
2.Underground WSNs
3.Underwater WSNs
4.Multimedia WSNs
5.Mobile WSNs
1. Terrestrial WSNs
Terrestrial WSNs are capable of communicating base stations efficiently, and
consist of hundreds to thousands of wireless sensor nodes deployed either in
unstructured (ad hoc) or structured (Preplanned) manner. In an unstructured
mode, the sensor nodes are randomly distributed within the target area that
is dropped from a fixed plane. The preplanned or structured mode considers
optimal placement, grid placement, and 2D, 3D placement models.
In this WSN, the battery power is limited; however, the battery is equipped
with solar cells as a secondary power source. The Energy conservation of
these WSNs is achieved by using low duty cycle operations, minimizing
delays, and optimal routing, and so on.
2. Underground WSNs
The underground wireless sensor networks are more expensive than the terrestrial WSNs
in terms of deployment, maintenance, and equipment cost considerations and careful planning. The
WSNs networks consist of a number of sensor nodes that are hidden in the ground to monitor
underground conditions. To relay information from the sensor nodes to the base station, additional
sink nodes are located above the ground.

Underground
WSNs
The underground wireless sensor networks deployed into the ground
are difficult to recharge. The sensor battery nodes equipped with a
limited battery power are difficult to recharge. In addition to this, the
underground environment makes wireless communication a
challenge due to high level of attenuation and signal loss.

3.Under Water WSNs

More than 70% of the earth is occupied with
water. These networks consist of a number of sensor nodes and
vehicles deployed under water. Autonomous underwater
vehicles are used for gathering data from these sensor nodes. A
challenge of underwater communication is a long propagation
delay, and bandwidth and sensor failures.
 Under Water
WSNs

Under water WSNs are equipped with a limited battery that cannot be
recharged or replaced. The issue of energy conservation for under water
WSNs involves the development of underwater communication and
networking techniques.
4.Multimedia WSNs
Multimedia wireless sensor networks have been proposed to enable
tracking and monitoring of events in the form of multimedia, such as
imaging, video, and audio. These networks consist of low-cost sensor
nodes equipped with microphones and cameras. These nodes are
interconnected with each other over a wireless connection for data
compression, data retrieval and correlation.

Multimedia WSNs
The challenges with the multimedia WSN include high energy
consumption, high bandwidth requirements, data processing and
compressing techniques. In addition to this, multimedia contents require
high bandwidth for the contents to be delivered properly and easily.

5. Mobile WSNs
These networks consist of a collection of sensor nodes
that can be moved on their own and can be interacted with the physical
environment. The mobile nodes have the ability to compute sense and
communicate.
The mobile wireless sensor networks are much more versatile than the
static sensor networks. The advantages of MWSN over the static wireless
sensor networks include better and improved coverage, better energy
efficiency, superior channel capacity, and so on.
Wireless Sensor Networks Applications

Wireless Sensor
Networks
Application
 These networks are used in environmental tracking, such as forest detection, animal
tracking, flood detection, forecasting and weather prediction, and also in
commercial applications like seismic activities prediction and monitoring.
 Military applications, such as tracking and environment monitoring surveillance
applications use these networks. The sensor nodes from sensor networks are dropped
to the field of interest and are remotely controlled by a user. Enemy tracking, security
detections are also performed by using these networks.
 Health applications, such as Tracking and monitoring of patients and doctors use
these networks.
 The most frequently used wireless sensor networks applications in the field of Transport
systems such as monitoring of traffic, dynamic routing management and monitoring
of parking lots, etc., use these networks.
 Rapid emergency response, industrial process monitoring, automated building
climate control, ecosystem and habitat monitoring, civil structural health monitoring,
etc., use these networks.
 8 Examples of Application
1.Area monitoring
Area monitoring is a common application of WSNs. In area monitoring, the WSN is
deployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. A military
example is the use of sensors detect enemy intrusion; a civilian example is the geo-
fencing of gas or oil pipelines.
2.Health care monitoring
The sensor networks for medical applications can be of several types: implanted,
wearable, and environment-embedded. The implantable medical devices are
those that are inserted inside human body. Wearable devices are used on the body
surface of a human or just at close proximity of the user. Environment-embedded
systems employ sensors contained in the environment. Possible applications include
body position measurement, location of persons, overall monitoring of ill patients in
hospitals and at homes. Devices embedded in the environment track the physical
state of a person for continuous health diagnosis, using as input the data from a
network of depth cameras, a sensing floor, or other similar devices. Body-area
networks can collect information about an individual's health, fitness, and energy
expenditure. In health care applications the privacy and authenticity of user data
has prime importance.
 Devices embedded in the environment track the physical state of a
person for continuous health diagnosis, using as input the data from a
network of depth cameras, a sensing floor, or other similar devices. Body-
area networks can collect information about an individual's health, fitness,
and energy expenditure. In health care applications the privacy and
authenticity of user data has prime importance.
Especially due to the integration of sensor networks, with IoT, the
authentication of user become more challenging; however, a solution is
presented in recent work.

3.Environmental/Earth sensing
There are many applications in monitoring environmental
parameters, examples of which are given below. They share the
extra challenges of harsh environments and reduced power supply.
4.Air pollution monitoring
Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities (Stockholm, London,
and Brisbane) to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. These can
take advantage of the ad hoc wireless links rather than wired installations, which also
make them more mobile for testing readings in different areas.

5.Forest fire detection

A network of Sensor Nodes can be installed in a forest to detect when a fire has started.
The nodes can be equipped with sensors to measure temperature, humidity and gases
which are produced by fire in the trees or vegetation. The early detection is crucial for a
successful action of the firefighters; thanks to Wireless Sensor Networks, the fire brigade will
be able to know when a fire is started and how it is spreading.

6.Landslide detection
A landslide detection system makes use of a wireless sensor network to detect the slight
movements of soil and changes in various parameters that may occur before or during a
landslide. Through the data gathered it may be possible to know the impending
occurrence of landslides long before it actually happens.
7.Water quality monitoring
Water quality monitoring involves analyzing water properties in dams, rivers, lakes and
oceans, as well as underground water reserves. The use of many wireless distributed
sensors enables the creation of a more accurate map of the water status, and allows
the permanent deployment of monitoring stations in locations of difficult access,
without the need of manual data retrieval.

8.Natural disaster prevention

Wireless sensor networks can effectively act to prevent the consequences of natural
disasters, like floods. Wireless nodes have successfully been deployed in rivers where
changes of the water levels have to be monitored in real time.
 6 Industrial monitoring
1.Machine health monitoring
Wireless sensor networks have been developed for machinery condition-based maintenance
(CBM) as they offer significant cost savings and enable new functionality.
Wireless sensors can be placed in locations difficult or impossible to reach with a wired system,
such as rotating machinery and untethered vehicles.
2.Data center monitoring
Due to the high density of server racks in a data center, often cabling and IP addresses are an
issue. To overcome that problem more and more racks are fitted out with wireless temperature
sensors to monitor the intake and outtake temperatures of racks. As ASHRAE recommends up
to 6 temperature sensors per rack, meshed wireless temperature technology gives an
advantage compared to traditional cabled sensors.
3.Data logging
Wireless sensor networks are also used for the collection of data for monitoring of
environmental information, this can be as simple as the monitoring of the temperature in a
fridge to the level of water in overflow tanks in nuclear power plants. The statistical information
can then be used to show how systems have been working. The advantage of WSNs over
conventional loggers is the "live" data feed that is possible.
4.Water/waste water monitoring
Monitoring the quality and level of water includes many activities such as checking
the quality of underground or surface water and ensuring a country’s water
infrastructure for the benefit of both human and animal. It may be used to protect
the wastage of water.

5.Structural health monitoring

Wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor the condition of civil infrastructure
and related geo-physical processes close to real time, and over long periods
through data logging, using appropriately interfaced sensors.

6.Wine production
Wireless sensor networks are used to monitor wine production, both in the field and
the cellar.
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